Efficiency of the first component of complement (C'1) in the hemolytic reaction

With the use of the first component of guinea pig complement (C'1) labeled in vivo with (14)C-amino acids, we have obtained evidence that, under the conditions required for the assay of C'1, each molecule of C'1 capable of interaction with cell surface antigen-antibody complexes is capable of initiating the reaction sequence that leads to lysis of the cell.     

Biosynthesis of C4 (fourth component of complement) by hybrids of C4-deficient guinea pig cells and HeLa cells

Peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs homozygous for a genetic deficiency of the fourth component of complement (C4) were fused in vitro with a cell line of human origin (HeLa). The resulting hybrid cells, derived from cell lines each incapable of C4 synthesis by themselves, synthesized functionally active human C4.     

The neutrophil-activating protein (NAP-1) is also chemotactic for T lymphocytes

T lymphocyte chemotactic factor (TCF) was purified to homogeneity from the conditioned media of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human blood mononuclear leukocytes by a sequence of chromatography procedures. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified TCF showed identity with neutrophil-activating protein (NAP-1). Both TCF and recombinant NAP-1 (rNAP-1) were chemotactic for neutrophils and T lymphocytes in vitro supporting the identity of TCF with NAP-1. Injection of rNAP-1 into lymphatic drainage areas of lymph nodes in Fisher rats caused accelerated emigration of only lymphocytes in high endothelial venules. Intradermal injection of rNAP-1 caused dose-dependent accumulation of neutrophils and lymphocytes.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒主要结构蛋白基因及其表达产物免疫学试验

用传染性法氏囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）ＶＰ２、ＶＰ３重组质粒ＤＮＡ及其大肠杆菌表达产物全菌裂解液油乳剂苗肌肉注射１４日龄仔鸡,免疫后１４和２１ｄ测定血清ＥＬＩＳＡ抗体效价,并于免疫后２１ｄ用ＩＢＤＶ南京野毒株攻击。结果显示：（１）ＶＰ２基因重组质粒ＤＮＡ除可诱导产生较高的ＥＬＩＳＡ抗体外,还可明显降低仔鸡ＩＢＤＶ攻击所引起的急性发病率和死亡率;（２）ＶＰ３－ＧＳＴ融合蛋白表达产物全菌裂解液可较早地诱导产     

Eta-1 (osteopontin): an early component of type-1 (cell-mediated) immunity

Cell-mediated (type-1) immunity is necessary for immune protection against most intracellular pathogens and, when excessive, can mediate organ-specific autoimmune destruction. Mice deficient in Eta-1 (also called osteopontin) gene expression have severely impaired type-1 immunity to viral infection [herpes simplex virus-type 1 (KOS strain)] and bacterial infection (Listeria monocytogenes) and do not develop sarcoid-type granulomas. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-gamma production is diminished, and IL-10 production is increased. A phosphorylation-dependent interaction between the amino-terminal portion of Eta-1 and its integrin receptor stimulated IL-12 expression, whereas a phosphorylation-independent interaction with CD44 inhibited IL-10 expression. These findings identify Eta-1 as a key cytokine that sets the stage for efficient type-1 immune responses through differential regulation of macrophage IL-12 and IL-10 cytokine expression.     

Chemotactic and anaphylatoxic fragment cleaved from the fifth component of guinea pig complement

The fifth component of guinea pig complement, with a sedimentation coefficient 7.8S, is cleaved by sensitized sheep erythrocytes treated with the first four components of complement into two fragments with sedimentation coefficients of 7.4S and 1.5S. The smaller fragment, with a molecular weight of about 15,000, possesses chemotactic activity for rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes, as well as anaphylatoxic activity for guinea pig ileum.     

Alterations in T4 (CD4) protein and mRNA synthesis in cells infected with HIV

Cells infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) show decreased expression of the 58-kilodalton T4 (CD4) antigen on their surface. In this study, the effect of HIV infection on the synthesis of T4 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein products was evaluated in T-cell lines. Metabolically labeled lysates from the T4+ cell line Sup-T1 were immunoprecipitated with monoclonal antibodies to T4. Compared with uninfected cells, HIV-infected Sup-T1 cells showed decreased amounts of T4 that coprecipitated with both the 120-kilodalton viral envelope and the 150-kilodalton envelope precursor molecules. In four of five HIV-producing T-cell lines studied, the steady-state levels of T4 mRNA were also reduced. Thus, the decreased T4 antigen on HIV-infected cells is due to at least three factors: reduced steady-state levels of T4-specific mRNA, reduced amounts of immunoprecipitable T4 antigen, and the complexing of available T4 antigen with viral envelope gene products. The data suggested that the T4 protein produced after infection may be complexed with viral envelope gene products within infected cells. Retroviral envelope-receptor complexes may thus participate in a general mechanism by which receptors for retroviruses are down-modulated and alterations in cellular function develop after infection.     

Bone marrow-derived lymphoid cells (B cells): functional depletion with cobra factor and fresh serum

Treatment of rat spleen cells with cobra factor and fresh rat serum provided a simple, rapid means of functionally eliminating complement receptor lymphocytes. Cells able to differentiate into plaque-forming cells in a syngeneic, irradiated host were diminished, but cells able to induce a graft-versus-host reaction were not diminished. There was no effect on plaque-forming cells from an immune spleen.     

Human monocytes: distinct receptor sites for the third component of complement and for immunoglobulin G

Human monocytes contain two distinct receptor sites, one specific for the third component of complement (C'3), the other for immunoglobulin G(gammaG). The two receptors may function either independently or cooperatively in the induction of phagocytosis. Ingestion of erythrocytes coated with immunoglobulin M antibody requires a relatively large number of bound C'3 molecules per cell. Ingestion of erythrocytes sensitized with gammaG antibody is independent of complement; however, the reaction is inhibited by concentrations of gammaG far below those in normal serum. Inhibition by gammaG-globulin is overcome by a relatively small number of bound C'3 molecules per cell. The two monocyte receptors exert a cooperative effect on ingestion by monocytes of erythrocytes coated with gammaG antibody in the presence of inhibitory amounts of free gammaG.     

牙鲆纤维蛋白原相关蛋白(FREP1)基因的克隆和表达分析

利用RACE-PCR技术获得了牙鲆FREP1(fibrinogen-related protein)基因1 131 bp cDNA全长序列,其中开放阅读框786 bp,所编码的蛋白C端含有纤维蛋白样结构域标签(WWYSRCGSAGLNG).RNA整体原位杂交检测发现只在孵化后2d和5 d(2 dph、5 dph)仔鱼的肠道中有FREP1基因表达,而在9 dph和13 dph仔鱼胸鳍、肠道、鳃和皮肤中均有表达.荧光定量PCR检测显示该基因主要在成鱼的肠、鳃、皮肤和鳍条上表达,而脾脏、心脏、肾脏、肝脏和肌肉表达量很低或没有表达.鳍条和皮肤较其他组织均有极显著差异(P＜0.01),鳃和肠相比其他组织具有显著差异(P＜0.05).由于该基因主要在鳍条、皮肤、肠和鳃中表达,提示FREP1基因可能和牙鲆先天性免疫相关.研究亮点:FREP在鱼类免疫方面的报道很少,本研究所克隆的牙鲆FREP1,不管是牙鲆仔鱼还是成鱼,其仅在与外界直接接触的皮肤、鳃、肠道等组织中表达,提示其与牙鲆的先天免疫相关.     

降解食品中胆固醇的芽孢杆菌T12—1的筛选与应用研究

以胆固醇为惟一碳源和能源，从食肉动物肠道的19份样中筛选出有胆固醇降解酶活性的菌株40株；通过比较，选出了在培养液中速度较快和产 酸能较强的4株菌，进而选出胆固醇降解活性较高的菌株T12－1，菌株T12－1发酵上清液应用在蛋白黄胆固醇降解中，作用显著，经动物试验，T12－1菌株在食品中应用安全、无毒。     

大豆GmNHX1基因克隆及其在酵母中的耐盐性分析

Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因在植物响应盐胁迫中具有重要作用。本研究从耐盐大豆品种‘冀豆7号'克隆Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因GmNHX1,并利用酵母突变体对该基因的功能进行了初步研究。结果发现,GmNHX1包含1 641 bp的开放阅读框,编码546个氨基酸,有典型的Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白特征,与已知功能的液泡膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白具有较高同源性。半定量分析结果表明,GmNHX1受盐胁迫上调表达,在相同浓度盐胁迫下该基因在叶片中的表达量高于根系;耐盐品种‘冀豆7号'在200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,其GmNHX1的表达相较0 mmol/L NaCl处理下的表达增加了225%,而盐敏感品种‘冀豆17'只增加了94%。利用nhx1盐敏感酵母突变体进行功能互补试验,结果发现在50,200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,转GmNHX1酵母突变体菌株生长速度高于对照,GmNHX1具有恢复nhx1酵母突变体耐盐性的功能。     

Crystal structure of a complex of acridine, cytosine and water (1:1:1)

X-ray structural analysis of a crystalline complex between acridine C(13)H(9)N, cytosine C(4)H(5)N(3)O, and water (1:1:1) has been completed. The cytosine and water molecules form a sheet-like structure through a series of hydrogen bonds. The acridine molecules are bound to this layer through a hydrogen bridge from the water to the ring nitrogen. The acridine molecules stack in a parallel fashion normal to the cytosine-water sheets, with an average interplanar spacing of 3.5 angstroms.     

A型口蹄疫病毒结构蛋白VP1的原核表达、纯化及鉴定

[目的]通过原核表达及纯化获得A型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)结构蛋白VP1,为建立A型FMDV的ELISA诊断方法及开发安全、高效、广谱的新型基因工程疫苗提供技术支持.[方法]以含A型FMDV VP1基因的重组质粒pMD18-T-A-VP1为模板,通过特异性引物扩增A型FMDV的VP1基因,构建表达质粒pET-32a-VP1和pGEX-6p-1-VP1,然后转入感受态细胞E.coli BL21 (DE3)中诱导表达融合蛋白.[结果]诱导表达获得的VP1融合蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在,分别经His· Bind和GST· Bind柱层析纯化,SDS-PAGE分析结果表明融合蛋白纯度较高;Western blotting检测分析发现,VP1融合蛋白能与豚鼠抗A型FMDV阳性血清发生特异性结合,但不与豚鼠抗O型和Asia1型FMDV阳性血清反应.[结论]经原核表达及纯化获得的A型FMDV VP1融合蛋白具有良好的特异性和抗原性,可用于易感动物的免疫及血清抗体筛查.     

栗疫菌CpIAP基因生物信息学分析及功能研究

寻找栗疫菌的凋亡抑制蛋白( inhibitor of apoptosis proteins,IAPs)类蛋白,明确该蛋白与其他物种IAPs的进化关系,并对CpIAP基因功能进行初步研究.以IAPs家族的典型结构域“BIR”为靶标,对栗疫菌基因组数据库进行BLAST搜索.运用生物信息学对预测的CpIAP蛋白结构进行分析并构建系统进化树;采用同源重组的策略,构建CpIAP基因缺失突变体,并重新导入该基因全长片段获得互补株.结果从栗疫菌中鉴定了1个IAP基因,Southern blot验证为单拷贝.生物信息学分析表明:CpIAP基因全长2 997 bp,编码920个氨基酸,具有2个BIR结构域;进化关系上CpIAP与人Survivin和酵母IAP较近.CpIAP敲除突变体命名为△IAP,△IAP菌落形态改变,生长速率减慢,致病力下降,丧失产孢能力.上述结果表明:CpIAP参与了栗疫菌的菌落形态建成、分生孢子形成和致病过程.     

Dynamics of T lymphocyte responses: intermediates, effectors, and memory cells

The immune response is initiated in organized lymphoid tissues where antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) encounter antigen-specific T cells. DCs function as packets of information that must be decoded by the T cell before an appropriate immune response can be mounted. We discuss how the dynamics of DC-T cell encounter and the mechanism of T cell differentiation make the decoding of this information stochastic rather than determinate. This results in the generation of both terminally differentiated effector cells and intermediates that play distinctive roles in protection, immunoregulation, and immunological memory.     

石斑鱼虹彩病毒主要衣壳蛋白的表达及其生物学功能分析

【目的】明确石斑鱼虹彩病毒（Singapore grouper iridovirus,SGIV）主要衣壳蛋白（Major capsid protein,MCP）的生物学功能,为阐明SGIV感染致病机理及研发抗病毒产品提供理论依据。【方法】使用实时荧光定量PCR检测SGIV感染过程中MCP基因的转录时序及其在SGIV感染石斑鱼脾脏、肝脏、肾脏、肠道、胃和鳃组织中的表达水平;将SGIV MCP基因分别克隆至真核表达载体pEGFP-N3和pcDNA3.1上,构建重组质粒pEGFP-N3-MCP和pcDNA3.1-MCP,然后以重组质粒pEGFP-N3-MCP转染石斑鱼脾细胞（Grouper spleen cell,GS）进行亚细胞定位分析,同时以重组质粒pcDNA3.1-MCP转染胖头鲤细胞（Fathead minnow cells,FHM）构建能稳定表达MCP蛋白的FHM细胞系（FHM-MCP）,用于分析MCP蛋白对宿主细胞生长增殖及SGIV感染压力下细胞存活率和病毒复制的影响。【结果】在SGIV感染8 h后即可检测到MCP基因的特异性转录,即MCP基因是一个晚期基因。在SGIV感染24 h后,MCP基因在石斑鱼脾脏中的相对表达量最高,其次是在肝脏、肾脏和肠道组织中,而在胃和鳃组织中的相对表达量较低,提示胃和鳃组织并非SGIV感染的主要靶器官。SGIV的MCP蛋白主要定位于细胞核附近的胞质中。细胞生长增殖曲线和细胞计数结果均证实,MCP蛋白能调节细胞生长及促进细胞分裂增殖。在SGIV感染后24和48 h,FHM-MCP细胞的存活率均显著高于FHM-Vector细胞（真核表达载体pcDNA3.1转染FHM细胞）,其存活率分别是FHM-Vector细胞的1.12和1.15倍。此外,FHM-MCP细胞在SGIV感染24和48 h后,其病毒滴度均高于FHM-Vector细胞,即MCP蛋白能促进SGIV病毒复制。【结论】SGIV的MCP基因是一个晚期基因,其编码蛋白主要定位于细胞核附近的胞质中,通过促进宿主细胞分裂增殖及病毒复制,最终提高SGIV的病毒滴度和感染力。     

降解胆固醇的芽孢杆菌T12—1的培养条件研究

以胆固醇为惟一碳源和能源 ,从食肉动物雪豹肠道分离出一株胆固醇降解酶活力较高的 T12 - 1菌株 ,初步鉴定为好气性芽孢杆菌。经实验确定 ,其胆固醇降解酶产生的最适宜条件为培养温度 32℃ ,培养基p H6 .5～ 7。用 2 50 m L三角瓶装 6 0 m L培养基 ,振荡培养 10 h,培养基中酵母膏含量为 5g.L-1、胆固醇含量为 1g.L-1、吐温 80含量 1m L.L-1,其胆固醇降解酶活力可达 3.6 1× 10 -3 μU.m L-1。