西澳州桉树林地土壤菌根菌剂接种潜力研究(英文)

对澳大利亚西澳州桉树人工林菌根类型及其形成情况进行了调查 ,并采用生物测定法 (Bioas saymeasurement)研究了桉树林地土壤菌根菌剂的接种潜力 .根系菌根检查和生物测定法试验均表明 ,在自然条件下桉树可以和不同真菌共生而形成三种类型的菌根 ,即外生菌根、VA菌根和混合菌根 ;林分成熟程度与菌根形成有一定的相关性 ,与共生体的类型也有一定影响 .在幼林中 ,桉树根系主要与内囊霉菌共生形成VA菌根 ,而成熟林主要与担子菌共生形成外生菌根 ,混合菌根表现为一种中间类型 .在收集的林地土壤中移植的菌根诱饵植物 (三叶草和蓝桉 )分别检测出土壤中存在有一定量的VA菌根菌和外生菌根菌 ,但菌根菌繁殖体数量及接种潜力相对较小 ,并且也揭示了按树年龄对土壤菌剂的相对接种潜力影响较大 .本文对桉树人工林土壤菌剂接种潜力进行了评价 ,并就引进优良菌根菌对桉树人工林生产的重要性进行讨论     

油松抗猝倒病外生菌根菌种的筛选

采用菌根组织分离法,从油松幼苗根系分离出4种菌根真菌,经鉴定为多根硬皮马勃、高环柄菇、尖顶丝膜菌和丝膜菌.对4个菌种培养基质和特性的研究表明,多根硬皮马勃在酸性麦芽汁琼脂培养基和豆芽汁蔗糖琼脂培养基上生长最快,而高环柄菇适宜在查氏合成培养基上培养,尖顶丝膜菌和丝膜菌适宜在各种天然培养基上培养.4种菌根真菌对镰刀菌的拮抗试验表明,尖顶丝膜菌的拮抗性最强,其次为高环柄菇和丝膜菌,多根硬皮马勃无拮抗性.4种菌根真菌和镰刀菌对3种农药的抗性试验表明,4种菌根真菌的抗药性明显不同,多根硬皮马勃抗药性最强,丝膜菌对多菌灵抗药性最强,尖顶丝膜菌对各种农药的抗性居中,镰刀菌对多菌灵的抗药性最弱.综合分析认为,尖顶丝膜菌是抗油松猝倒病的优良菌剂.     

尾叶桉混合菌根合成及其接种效应研究(英文)

尾叶桉是我国南方重要的速生造林树种之一．同其它桉属树种一样,尾叶桉不仅可以形成外生菌根或内生菌根,而且可以同时与这两种类型的菌根真菌形成混合菌根．试验采用优良内生菌根菌苏格兰球囊霉（ Ｇｌｏｍ ｕｓ ｃａｌｅｄｏｎｉｕ ｍ） 和外生菌根菌彩色豆马勃（ Ｐｉｓｏｌｉｔｈｕｓ ｔｉｎｃｔｏｒｉｕｓ） 对尾叶按进行接种．根系显微观察结果表明,接种菌株均能感染根系并合成相应类型的菌根,在混合菌根合成过程中,两种真菌间存在一定的竞争作用．试验苗根系菌根感染率与苗木５ 个月时的生物量呈正相关（ ｒ２ ＝０７９ , Ｐ ＝ ００５ ） ．与未接种对照苗相比,３ 种接种处理苗生长量和生物量均有显著增加,差异极显著（ Ｐ ＝ ００１） ．接种菌根菌还有利于促进苗木根系对基质营养元素的吸收,其中混合接种方式效果更佳．研究证实了尾叶桉苗期菌根依赖性较大,其中对混合菌根的依赖性最大．     

华南地区松、桉树种外生菌根调查*

室外调查结果表明,华南地区的松、桉树种已知有菌根真菌11种,其中彩色豆马勃与多根硬皮马勃为本地区的常见种,可与多种松、桉形成外生菌根。在平均气温达20℃以上,相对湿度达80％以上及有相当降雨量的条件下,子实体产生较多;不同立地条件下,外生菌根菌的分布也不相同。     

蓝桉的尾叶桉混合菌根研究：Ⅰ.菌根合成及真菌间的相互作用

采用蜡磨菌与ＶＡ菌根真菌分别对蓝桉和叶桉进行单接种或混合接种，研究结果表明，两种菌根类型的真菌均能在桉树苗木根系上成功地定殖，分别合成了外生菌根、ＶＡ菌根和混合菌根，证实了桉树不仅是菌根营养型树种，而且能形成多种菌根类型。ＶＡ菌根感染率在接种初期较高，但随时间的推移有降低的趋势；而外生菌根菌初期合成菌根的速度较慢，但单位长度根段内菌根根尖数目有明显增加趋势。与单接种ＶＡ根真菌苗木相比，外生菌根真菌     

四川松树、桉树外生菌根菌种类调查

对四川省马尾松、湿地松、火炬松、桉树等人工幼林及少数天然林的外生菌根菌进行了调查研究。研究表明,我省松树林下外生菌根真菌资源丰富,鉴定出9科18属50种,其中马尾松林下有40种,占80％,松、桉幼林下的种类单一、采色豆马勃、多根硬皮皮勃、黄色须腹菌为松类人工幼林下的优势菌根菌,随着树龄的增加,菌根种类也不断增加。桉树林下仅发现大孢硬皮马勃。     

蓝桉和尾叶桉混合菌根研究 Ⅰ.菌根合成及真菌间的相互作用

采用蜡磨菌与ＶＡ 菌根真菌分别对蓝桉和尾叶桉进行单接种或混合接种,研究结果表明,两种菌根类型的真菌均能在桉树苗木根系上成功地定殖,分别合成了外生菌根、ＶＡ 菌根和混合菌根,证实了桉树不仅是菌根营养型树种,而且能形成多种菌根类型。ＶＡ 菌根感染率在接种初期较高,但随时间的推移有降低的趋势;而外生菌根菌初期合成菌根的速度较慢,但单位长度根段内菌根根尖数目有明显增加的趋势。与单接种ＶＡ菌根真菌苗木相比,外生菌根真菌抑制了ＶＡ 菌根菌在根系上的进一步侵染,体现在较低的ＶＡ 菌根感染率;而外生菌根菌显示出了较强的竞争能力,并能在接种后９ 周时开始形成子实体。在混合菌根中,外生菌根有逐步替代ＶＡ 菌根的发展趋势,两种类型的菌根真菌间存在一定的竞争性作用关系。基质磷（Ｐ）素水平对菌根的形成也有一定的影响     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林中马尾松菌根研究

通过对浙江天童常绿阔叶林中马尾松的菌根研究,比较分析了马尾松在不同样地及不同季节菌根感染率的状况,结果表明,菌根感染率与季节及样地类型有密切的联系,12月份左右,在裸地中菌根感染率较低,只有2.67%;而7月份左右,在马尾松林中,菌根感染率达到了76%.其次,通过一年多对各样地子实体的采集研究和实验室分析,确定在这个阔叶林中与马尾松共生的菌根真菌共4科6属8种,其中硬皮马勃科（Scleroderrnataceae）豆马勃属（Pisolithus）的彩色豆马勃（P.tinctorius（Pers.））和大包硬皮马勃（S.bovista Fr.）以及红菇科（Russulacese）乳菇属（Lactarius Dcex Gray）的松乳菇（L.deliciosus（L.ex.Fr）Gery）分布较广泛,在多数样地中均可找到相应的子实体.最后,本文通过菌根在生态系统中的作用,初步探讨了菌根与常绿阔叶林整体退化机制之间的关系.     

巨桉林下马勃分子系统发育的关系

采集巨桉林下马勃子实体,培养其菌丝体,提取子实体及菌丝体基因组DNA,进行rDNA-ITS区序列的扩增、克隆和序列测定,并对rDNA-ITS不同区域作序列分析,首次构建马勃的系统发育树.结果表明:野外采集获得马勃子实体l0种,其中成功培养6种,测序结果表明马勃rDNA-ITS区长度在607～766 bp之间,系统发育分析表明硬皮马勃属(Scleroderma)与豆包菌(Pisolithus)亲缘关系较近,秃马勃属(Calvatia)、马勃属(Lycoperdon)及横膜马勃属(Vascellum)之间亲缘关系较近,ITSl-5.8S rDNA-ITS2区可建立马勃类真菌属间系统发育树,ITS2区可用于建立马勃类真菌属内系统发育树,3个待定种硬皮马勃Scleroderma sp.11-1,Scleroderma sp.2-2和Scleroderma sp.5-2为金黄硬皮马勃(S.aurantium)的可能性较大.此研究可为探讨巨桉人工林下外生菌根种类与作用机制、马勃分类系统学及菌丝体的开发研究奠定基础.     

不同生境黄檗AM真菌菌群结构分析

以3个不同生境黄檗菌根为研究对象,采用酸性品红染色法分析黄檗根系AM真菌侵染情况;利用PCR-DGGE技术并结合DGGE图谱分析、DNA测序及系统发育分析,研究黄檗菌根AM真菌菌群组成及多样性,揭示不同生境黄檗AM真菌菌群动态变化规律,为黄檗菌根功能菌群的研究奠定基础。结果表明:不同生境黄檗根系与AM真菌均能形成良好的共生关系,并且侵染率、DGGE图谱条带丰度和优势度存在差异。城市人工林地区菌根的侵染率、丰度、优势度、多样性指数均高于天然次生林和天然原始林,且天然原始林地区菌根各项检测指标最低。DGGE条带测序和系统发育分析显示:全部序列可分为4类菌群,即球囊霉属、盾孢囊霉属、多孢囊霉属和肉盘菌科。城市人工林、天然次生林和天然原始林黄檗根系样品中最具优势的AM真菌均为Glomus属。     

印度西高止山药用植物丛枝菌根真菌多样性

调查了印度西高止山脉南北Goal区内25个科的36种药用植物的丛枝菌根真菌多样性。30个物种带有丛枝菌根真菌,其余6个物种没有丛枝菌根真菌定植。在根际士壤中,共发现了来自5个菌属（球囊霉属、无梗囊霉、盾巨孢囊霉、巨孢囊霉属和Ambispora）的42种丛枝菌根真菌。本研究区内,球囊霉属是优势属,聚线绣球菌是优势种。定植百分比和孢子密度间存在显著负相关。南、北Goa区内,Simpson和ShannonWeiner多样性指数差异不显著,说明该区具有稳定、多样的植物群落。     

四川桉树内生菌根真菌的研究

四川省桉树内生菌根资源菌较丰富，共14种，隶属接合菌亚门内囊霉科的3个属。其中以球囊霉属（Glomus)的近明球囊霉（G.claroideum Schenck and Smith)，缩球囊霉（G.constrictum Trappe)，地表球囊霉（G.versiforme(Karsren)Berch)，摩西球囊霉（G.mosseae)，有较广泛的宿主，为优势菌群，小果球囊霉，大果球囊霉，微丛球囊霉为零星出现，感染宿主相对较窄。通过5种桉树固定标准地的调查，我们发现不同桉树树种内生菌化率有显著差异，且内生菌根真菌随林分年龄增加而增多。     

木麻黄人工林AM菌资源调查与苗木接种试验

通过对我国华南地区木麻黄主要种植区人工林野外调查 ,收集了我国木麻黄人工林下AM菌资源 15种 ,分别隶属 3个科共 5个属 ,其中有 4种分别为有关土样中的优势种。球囊霉属 9种 ,占已知种类的 6 0 % ,其余无梗囊霉层、巨囊霉层、盾巨囊霉属及硬囊霉属分别仅有 1　 2种。木麻黄幼苗的温室接种效果表明 ,AM菌可显著改善木麻黄苗高和地径的生长 ,菌种或菌株间有明显差异 ,其中V95 0 8,V90 0 4 ,V95 0 2、V95 0 7和V95 0 3菌株的接种效果较好 ,苗高比对照增加 4 3 4 8%　 84 78% ,地径比对照增加 4 0 0 0 %　 73 0 0 %。     

Growth response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia mangium</Emphasis> Willd. seedlings to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and four isolates of the ectomycorrhizal fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisolithus tinctorius</Emphasis> (Pers.) Coker and Couch

Some Acacia mangium Willd. plantations in Asia grow poorly due to low soil fertility and the absence of compatible mycorrhizal fungi. This legume tree can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi but inoculation is not routinely practiced. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of AM fungi and four isolates of the ECM fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch (Pt) in promoting growth of A. mangium seedlings under glasshouse conditions. AM inoculants were: Glomus etunicatum, G. fasciculatum, G. macrocarpum and Gigaspora margarita and mixed species extracted from rhizosphere soil of a Populus stand in Suwon (AMKFRI), and Carex (AMM6) and Populus (AMM7) growing in mine tailings in Korea. Pisolithus isolates were from Philippines (PtPhil) and Korea (PtKFRI, PtMKACC, PtKACC). Generally, ECM fungi promoted height and diameter growth of A. mangium more than the AM inoculants. The Korean Pisolithus increased plant dry weight by 122–145%, mixed AM inoculants by 61–97%, and Glomus and Gigaspora by 45–72% over the control. PtKACC gave the highest root colonization and promoted the highest growth and concentration of most nutrients. Mycorrhizal root colonization was positively correlated with plant dry weight, Na, Fe and Cu concentrations and N, P, K, Ca, Na, Fe and Cu contents. In conclusion, the results provide strong evidence for benefits of mycorrhizal inoculation on A. mangium seedlings under glasshouse conditions. The Korean Pisolithus isolates (particularly PtKACC), and two AM fungi (AMKFRI and AMM6) are potential mycorrhizal inoculants but their effectiveness and persistence should be determined on degraded lands in tropical countries where A. mangium is being planted for rehabilitation.     

Specific Variations of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi in Potential Timber Yielding Tree Species From the Western Ghat Region of Goa,India

Studies were carried out on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal association in four potential timber yielding tree species from four forest areas of the Western Ghat region of Goa, India. The edaphic factors selected for the study varied within the four study sites. Significant positive and negative correlations were exhibited between spore density and root colonization of AM fungi at two sites, Collem and Dharbandoda. The study recorded the presence of 21 AM fungal species belonging to three genera—viz., Acaulospora, Gigaspora, and Glomus. The present study suggests that there is a site specific variation in root colonization (except at Mollem) and spore density as well as edapho-specific variation in association, composition, and distribution of AM fungi associated with potential timber yielding trees from four forest areas in the Western Ghat region of Goa. Further investigations of AM fungal dynamics if carried out can help elucidate the ecological significance of AM fungal associations in the Western Ghat region of Goa. To add, learning more about the ecology and intricacies of the AM association is crucial for attaining a good understanding of its life cycle and functions in edapho-climatic conditions of the Western Ghat region of Goa to further use it in the management of reforestation practices.     

毛白杨苗期VA菌根菌与外生菌根菌接种的研究

1998～1999年在田间条件下布置了毛白杨VA菌根(包括根内球囊霉菌和单孢球囊霉菌)与外生菌根硬皮马勃混合接种试验.结果表明接种菌根菌对毛白杨苗高生长量有促进作用,且以根内球囊霉菌作用最明显,单孢球囊霉菌处理次之,硬皮马勃处理最差.水涝大大降低人工接种菌根菌的效果,严重影响VA菌根和外生菌根菌单独接种及混合接种的效应,根内球囊霉菌甚至会抑制毛白杨苗木的高生长,VA菌根和外生菌根间的负交互作用也不对苗高生长产生影响.菌根真菌的感染率随时间变化出现较大的波动和变化.     

Biodiversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in mangroves of Goa in West India

Seventeen mangrove species of eight families at seven riverine and fringe habitats in Goa West India were surveyed for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungal diversity. Sixteen species were found to be mycorrhizal and one species showed no AM fungal colonization. AM root colonization was recorded at all seven sites and ranged from 6%-77%. Maximum root colonization was recorded in Excoecaria agallocha (77%) and minimum colonization in Avicennia marina (6%). Paris-type colonization was predominant at all sites. Auxiliary cells were recorded in roots of Acanthus ilicifolius, Ceriops tagal and Sonneretia alba. AM fungal root colonization and spore density varied by plant species and site. Site average spore density ranged from 1.84 spores·g-1 to 0.54 spores·g-1 of soil. In total, 28 AM fungal species of five genera, viz. Glomus, Acaulospora, Scutellospora, Gigaspora and Entrophospora, were recovered. Glomus was the dominant genus, three species of which were sporocarpic forms. Maximum site species richness (SR) ranged from 16 to 5. Species richness was maximum in A. ilicifolius where seven species of three genera were recovered. Based on relative abundance (RA) and isolation frequency (IF), two common species, viz. G. intraradices and A. laevis, were recovered from all seven sites.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in different forest tree species of Hazarikhil forest of Chittagong, Bangladesh

Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and AM fungal spores were studied in the roots and rhizosphere soils of Acacia catechu (L.f). Wild., A. mangium Willd, Anthocephala cadamba Miq., Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb., Chickrassia tabularis A. Juss., Swietenia macrophylla King., Tectona grandis L. from plantations; Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth., A. falcataria L., Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker., Hydnocarpus kurzii (King.) Warb., Heynea trijuga Roxb., Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers., Messua ferrea Linn., Podocarpus nerifolia Don., Swintonia floribunda Griff., Syzygium fruticosum (Roxb.) DC., S. grandis (Wt.) Wal. from forest and nursery seedlings of A. polystachya, A. chaplasha, Gmelina arborea Roxb. and S. cuminii (L.) Skeels from Hazarikhil forest, Chittagong of Bangladesh. Roots were stained in aniline blue and rhizosphere soils were assessed by wet sieving and decanting methods. The range of AM colonization varied significantly from 10%-73% in the plantations samples. Maximum colonization was observed in A. mangium (73%) and minimum colonization was observed in C. tabularis (10%). Vesicular colonization was recorded 15%-67% in five plantation tree species. The highest was in A. cadamba (67%) and the lowest was in T. grandis; A. chaplasha and C. tabularis showed no vesicular colonization. Arbuscular colonization was recorded 12%-60% in four plantation tree species. The highest was in A. mangium (60%) and the lowest was in A. cadamba. Roots of Artocarpus chaplasha, C. tabularis and T. grandis showed no arbuscular colonization. Among 12 forest tree species, nine tree species showed AM colonization. The highest was in A. falcataria (62%) and the lowest was in S. fruticosum (10%). Significant variation in vesicular colonization was recorded in seven forest tree species. The highest was in H. trijuga (52%) and the lowest was in L. speciosa (18%). Hydnocarpus kurzii, M. ferrea, P. nerifolia S. fruticosum and S. grandis showed no vesicular colonization. Arbuscular colonization was recorded in seven forest tree species. The highest was in A. falcataria (60%) and the lowest was in A. procera (10%). All the nursery seedlings showed AM colonization and the range was 10%-73%. Vesicules were recorded in G. arborea (40%) and S. cumini (40%). Arbuscular colonization was recorded in G. arborea (100%) and S. cumini (100%). Spore population was recorded 77-432/100 g dry soils, 80-276/100 g dry soils, and 75-153/100g dry soils in plantation, forest and nursery, respectively. Glomus and Acaulospora were dominant genera among the six AM fungi recorded. Significantly positive correlation was observed between AM colonization and AM fungal spore population in Hazarikhil plantation tree species, forest tree species and nursery tree seedlings. The present study showed the biodiversity of root colonization and AM fungi are active in nutrient cycling, survivals and seedling establishment of the plants in the Hazarikhil forest, plantation and nursery.