氮磷供应状态对水曲柳幼苗氮磷吸收与生长的影响

氮(N)和磷(P)是植物所需的最重要的2种营养元素,其可利用性对植物的生长发育产生重大影响,如生长与光合(Whiteheadet al.,1997;Masarovi埁ov偄et al·,2000;Broadleyet al.,2001)、生物量分配(Masarovi埁ov偄et al.,2000)、根系统结构(Linkohret al.,2002)以及细根的形成和寿命     

缙云山常绿阔叶林木本植物种子大小变异及成因探讨

在植物的性状中,种子大小处于中心地位(张世挺等,2003),种子大小对物种生物学和生态学特征产生一系列影响(Thompson et al.,1998;Moles et al.,2003;Howe et al.,2001;Xiao et al.,2004;Pearson et al.,2003;Tungate et al.,2002;Christie et al.,2003;Rodríguez-Gironés et al.,2003;Tumbull et al.,1999;Tsuyoshiet al.,2001).种间种子大小变异被认为是种子大小变异的中心问题(Haig,1989;Silvertown,1989),因此,从植物区系组成的角度比较种间的种子大小是种子生态学研究中的一个重要内容(Fenner,2001),它对深入认识一个地区植被的物种多样性维持机制,保护和合理利用乡土植物资源都有重要意义.     

水曲柳种群性比及空间分布

雌雄异株植物的雌雄植株在营养和繁殖结构的大小、颜色及寿命,资源获得与分配,与群落其他物种相互作用等方面均存在差异(Delph et al.,1996;2002;Pickering,2000;Gehring et al.,1994).种群性比是雌雄异株植物的一个重要结构指标,尽管雌树多于雄树(Opler et al.,1978;Alliende et al.,1989),以及性比不显著偏离1:1(Morellato,2004)的种群结构已经被发现,但大量研究显示雄树通常多于雌树(Pickering,2000;Gauquelin et al.,2002;Pickering et al.,2002).     

杨树农田防护林带单木枝面积的变化

枝面积指数同叶面积指数一样,是重要的林分结构特征,但叶面积指数更受重视,而枝面积指数常被忽略(Weiskittel et al.,2006).枝面积对总呼吸、光能辐射及降雨截留等多种生理生态过程具有重要意义(Bosc et al.,2003;Keim,2004);枝面积及其垂直分布对森林生物多样性具有重要意义( Ingram et al.,1993).由于受重视程度不够,目前对枝面积 研究仅限于较少的几个树种(Baldwin et al.,1997;Bosc et al.,2003;Halldin,1985;Ingram et al.,1993;Jennings et al.,1990;Keim,2004;Weiskittel et al.,2006),且研究的深度和广度比较有限.林带的结构影响着防护林的防护效能,而枝面积是重要的林分结构特征,因此,研究农田防护林带的枝面积及其分布对研究林带的防护效能具有重要意义.     

气候变暖背景下内蒙古大兴安岭林区森林火灾发生日期的变化

森林火灾是一种自然灾害,它的发生和蔓延很大程度上受气象条件的制约(林其钊,2003;宋志杰,1991),气候波动是过去几千年来林火动态(forest fire regime)发展演变的重要影响因子(Whitlocka et al.,2006;Yalcin et al.,2006;Talon et al.,2005;Carcaillet et al.,2001;Hallett et al.,2006;Grenier et al.,2005;Goff et al.,2007;Hu et al.,2006).当前气候变暖已是不争的事实,IPCC(Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change)第四次<全球气候变化评估报告>称(Morton et al.,2007):过去100年(1906-2005年)中,全球平均地表气温升高了0.74℃.气候变暖必然会对林火的发生和蔓延产生重要影响(田晓瑞等,2006).     

施肥对板栗林土壤水溶性有机氮的影响

土壤水溶性有机氮(WSON)是指通过0.45 μm滤孔,且能溶解于水的,具有不同结构及分子质量大小的有机氮化合物.它是陆地生态系统中最活跃的氮素组分之一,一方面,WSON可以被植物和微生物直接吸收,从而对提高土壤生物学活性,改善土壤肥力具有重要意义(Nsholm et al.,1998;Barak et al.,1990);另一方面,它可以随水流失,会造成环境污染(Perakis et al.,2002).     

辽东山区次生林3种大小林窗夏季近地面气温及土壤温度比较

20世纪70年代以来,林窗已成为森林小尺度干扰研究的热点(Whitmore,1989;王进欣等,2002).林窗是森林中具有特殊性质的微结构(Clinton et al.,1993;Gray et al.,1997;梁晓东等,2001;Gagnona et al.,2004),它影响着森林群落的发展方向、物种组成以及种群动态(Spies et al.,1990;安树青等,1997;Zhu et al.,2006),如有些物种只能通过林窗才能进行更新(谢宗强,1999;贺金生等,1999).     

连栽杉木林不同生育阶段林下植被生物量

林下植被是森林生态系统的一个重要组成部分,亦是森林生态系统中有机物质的生产者,在森林生态系统的物质循环研究中具有重要作用(Chpin,1983;Chastain et al.,2006),如维持森林生物多样性(褚建民等,2007)、提高人工林的水土保持功能(袁正科等,2002)和保护环境(刘苑秋等,2004;Fabia et al.,2002;Kume et al.,2003;Taylor et al.,2006).对森林林下植被结构和生态功能的研究已有不少报道(Taylor et al.,2006;吴鹏飞等,2008;李春义等,2007;段劼等,2010).     

退耕造林对土壤氮矿质化的影响

土壤中供林木吸收利用的氮元素主要来自于微生物对有机质的分解,其矿化率常常是林木生长的主要限制因素(Reichet al.,1997)。矿化氮含量常作为土壤供氮能力的一项重要指标(Campbellet al.,1995),由于缺乏田间条件下测定矿化率的有效方法,矿化率和其他生物化学过程间关系的确定受到制约,因此,一直以实验室培养来模仿田间氮矿质化过程,好气性培养法(Stanfordet al.,1972;Bondeet al.,1987;Maimoneetal.,1991;Motavalliet al.,1995)是广泛采用的方法,但缺乏对土壤中氮动态变化的长期研究(Richteret al.,1994a;Leighet al.,1994;Richteret a…     

浙江龙王山自然保护区藤本植物资源及园林应用

藤本植物又称攀缘植物,是一类不能自行直立,需要通过主茎缠绕或攀援器官攀援他物升高的植物的总称(熊济华等,2000),包括木质藤本和草质藤本.藤本植物有着复杂多样的繁育系统(Bawa et al.,1985;Putz et al.,1991),可影响群落的动态结构,在热带森林群落中占据重要地位(Appanah et al.,1984;Putz et al.,1987;Stevens et al.,1980).     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。