农林院校高等职业技术教育的思考与实践

该文根据农林院校的办学特点,结合山东农业大学高等职业教育的办学实际,从高等职业教育在高等教育中的地位、高等职业教育的人才培养目标、高等职业教育的人才培养模式以及高等职业教育与区域经济的关系四方面对高等职业教育的办学定位进行了探讨;并从高等职业教育的专业设置与调整、教学计划开发、课程体系构建、教学内容改革、实践教学环节、师资队伍建设等方面论述了高等职业教育的办学特色。     

高等职业教育室内装饰设计专业实训模式体系研究

本文系统地分析了我国室内装饰行业存在的问题和教育现状，根据我国高等职业教学实训环节存在的问题，结合教学实际阐述了高等职业教学实训环节的培养模式，为其它专业的高等职业实训教学提供了建设性意见。     

林业高等职业技术教育 实践教学体系初探

林业高等职业技术教育的课程体系主要包括理论知识教学和实践能力教学两部分。现代经济和社会发展对高等林业人才的客观需要，决定了林业高等职业技术教育的人才培养目标，即培养林业生产与建设一线的应用型、实用型中高级技术人才。随着林业科学技术的加速发展，人才规格也由传统的实践技能为主转到以知识智能型为主的实践技能，要求学生不仅具有丰富的林业专业技术知识，而且更要具有较强的专业实践动手能力等。因此林业高等职业技术教育的人才培养目标确立了实践教学在林业高等职业技术教育中的核心地位。实践教学体系的构成与实施是林业…     

高等职业教育"室内与家具设计"专业教学体系初探

高等职业教育是以培养从事生产、建设、管理、服务第一线工作的、适应当今社会需要的、具有技术应用能力和良好职业道德的高等技术应用型人才为目标。高等职业教育的培养目标明确了其应用性和职业性的特征,因此教学体系的建立、规划和设计必须围绕着这个目标。高等职业教育的教学体系是指学校为实现一定的育人目标所确定的整个教学内容、教学计划、教学大纲、实训大纲和教材等一系列教学活动的总和。教学体系是专业模式的体现,不同的专业应具有不同的教学体系。高等职业教育“室内与家具设计”专业的教学体系建立是人才培养模式体系建立的前…     

关于高等林业院校举办高等职业教育若干问题的思考

１９９９年，部分高等林业院校为了扩大在校生规模，提高学生与教职工比例，充分挖掘学校人力、物力资源潜力，提高人力、物力资源利用率，向所在省争取高等职业教育招生计划，开始举办高等职业教育教学班。对于以培养本科生为主的高等院校来说，虽然师资整体学术水平较高，实验室条件比较好，具备举办高等职业教育的条件，但由于高等职业教育的目的、性质、内涵与普通高等教育不完全相同，其培养目标、培养规格、教育教学模式、教学内容、教学方法和手段与普通高等教育也有很大差别，因此，必须遵循高等职业教育的规律，根据其教育特点，…     

高等职业技术教育人才培养模式的特点和要素

该文认为,高等职业技术教育有别于普通高等教育,这种区别主要体现在人才培养模式上;高等职业技术教育的基本特点可以归纳为职业性、应用性与实践性。基于此,该文研究探讨了高等职业技术教育在培养目标、培养方式、专业设置、教学内容、教学方法、教学重点、师资要求、评价要求、办学形式等人才培养模式的各个要素方面,相对于普通高等教育存在的显著不同;提出高等职业技术教育的人才培养具有应用型人才层次的高级性、知识和能力的职业性、应用型人才的技术性和技能性、人才培养手段的多样性等特点。     

对林业高等职业教育人才培养模式的思考

该文在对高等职业教育发展历史进行回顾和对高等职业教育人才培养模式进行解读的基础上,阐述了高等职业教育人才培养模式的概念及其内涵;并结合林业生产的特点,总结了林业高等职业教育人才培养模式的内涵特征;提出了构建林业高等职业教育人才培养模式的基本思路,以及林业高等职业教育人才培养模式的评估标准。     

高职院校“现代学徒制”与“双创”教育的保障体系融合研究

指出了高等职业教育是我国高等教育的重要组成部分,担负着培养具备创新精神的高素质、高技能专业人才、服务区域经济和行业发展的历史重任。现代学徒制和双创教育都是当前职业教育教学的热点和焦点,必须从源头上、模式上杜绝和改变孤立式、平行化发展现状,促进二者全方位、全维度融合发展,形成统一的、科学的高等职业教育教学理论,现代学徒制和双创教育的基本保障要素进行融合,是二者高质量发展的必然要求,是关键之举,基础之要。     

林业高职教育在西部开发中面临的机遇、问题与应对措施

西部大开发和加入WTO,给林业高等职业教育的发展带来了前所未有的机遇,也给林业高等职业教育带来了重大影响和冲击。本文通过对林业高等职业教育现状的分析,提出了当前林业高等职业教育中的问题和应对措施。     

高等职业教育人才培养目标下的课程体系建设

指出了以高等职业院校人才培养目标为导向,依据高等职业教育人才培养目标要求及实际人才培养过程,进行课程结构解构重建,可以为高等职业院校专业人才培养模式与就业企业有效结合提供依据。据此,阐述了高等职业教育人才培养目标下课程体系建设特点,分析了高等职业教育院校课程体系建设现状。并针对存在问题提出了高等职业教育人才培养目标下的课程体系建设措施。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.