瘤胃肽代谢的研究进展

瘤胃是反刍动物特有的消化器官，瘤胃蛋白质代谢的调控将是今后长时期内反刍动物营养研究的重点。肽作为蛋白质降解的中间产物，在氨基酸消化、吸收和代谢中起着重要作用。肽是瘤胃微生物的重要营养来源，包括细菌、原虫和真菌都具有水解蛋白质的能力，利用蛋白质降解产物-肽、氨基酸和氨-作为氮源以维持其生长，并合成微生物蛋白。作者从蛋白质在瘤胃消化过程中肽的释放和降解、瘤胃内肽的吸收、瘤胃肽代谢的调控、肽对瘤胃微生物的营养作用等方面阐述了当前瘤胃肽代谢的研究进展。     

反刍动物肽代谢的研究进展

肽是蛋白质降解的中间产物,是反刍动物和瘤胃微生物的重要营养来源,具有比氨基酸更强的刺激瘤胃微生物生长的作用,是近年来反刍动物营养研究的热点。文章从肽的产生和降解机制、吸收等方面阐述了反刍动物肽代谢的研究进展。     

反刍动物肽代谢的研究进展

肽是蛋白质降解的中间产物,是反刍动物和瘤胃微生物的重要营养来源,具有比氨基酸更强的刺激瘤胃微生物生长的作用,是近年来反刍动物营养研究的热点.文章从肽的产生和降解机制、吸收等方面阐述了反刍动物肽代谢的研究进展.     

反刍动物瘤胃饲料蛋白的降解及氨的产生与抑制

在瘤胃蛋白降解的过程中,微生物蛋白水解酶的活力及蛋白质的可溶性在许多情况下是一个限速步骤。在瘤胃液中游离氨基酸浓度很低时,小肽物质的累积给瘤胃微生物的摄取与利用提供了有效的基质,表明小肽(而不是游离氨基酸)是瘤胃微生物直接摄取的主要氮源,其摄取速度也是一个限速步骤。瘤胃中的 Bacteroides ruminicola Megasphaera elsdenii 和 Selenomonas ruminantium 曾被认为是主要产氨菌,但对瘤胃氨代谢中的许多矛盾现象仍难于解释。而新分离的瘤胃高效产氨菌(Strains C,F and SR)的产氨速度大约是他们的20—30倍。这些高效产氨菌只能生长在小肽或氨基酸中,并对瘤胃素(5μM)十分敏感;虽然这些产氨菌不能有效地降解蛋白质,但它们可以利用其他瘤胃细菌的蛋白酶或肽酶水解的产物小肽与氨基酸。这些高效产氨菌的总数不超过瘤胃菌群的5%,但产氨量却占30—50%。从而使一些瘤胃氨代谢中矛盾的现象得到合理的解释,并为今后对瘤胃产氨控制的研究建立了一定的基础。     

奶牛饲料原料中蛋白质组分及RDP、RUP动态计算

饲料粗蛋白质 (CP)在瘤胃中的降解是影响奶牛瘤胃发酵和提供氨基酸的一个重要因素。瘤胃降解蛋白质 (RDP)和瘤胃非降解蛋白质 (RUP)是饲料CP中两个功能截然不同的组分。饲料CP在瘤胃中的降解为微生物的生长和微生物蛋白质的合成提供了所需的肽、游离氨基酸和氨 ,瘤胃合成的微生物蛋白质提供了小肠氨基酸中的绝大部分。瘤胃非降解蛋白质是动物吸收氨基酸的第二重要来源。了解瘤胃中饲料蛋白质的降解 ,是科学配制饲粮使瘤胃微生物获得充足RDP和宿主动物获得充足RUP的基础。在NRC《奶牛营养需要》的第 7次修订版中 ,将饲料中的CP划分…     

反刍动物肽营养的研究进展

肽作为蛋白质的主要消化产物,是反刍动物和瘤胃微生物的重要营养来源。文章综述反刍动物对肽的吸收特点及影响因素、肽的吸收代谢机制、肽对瘤胃微生物的调控及对反刍动物生产性能发挥的作用,并阐述饲料蛋白源活性肽的开发应用及肽营养研究与应用前景。     

反刍动物肽营养研究进展

综述了国内外对小肽在反刍动物体内吸收与营养研究的新进展，讨论了小肽在瘤胃内的代谢及其对反刍动物的营养作用，分析了影响小肽吸收，代谢，利用的因素，最后介绍了瘤胃微生物肽营养的体系。     

反刍动物限制性氨基酸营养及其氨基酸模式

反刍动物具有独特的消化生理特点 ,其蛋白质或氨基酸营养代谢更复杂 ,单胃动物氨基酸模式研究方法 ,并不完全适用于反刍动物 ,因此反刍动物氨基酸营养及其氨基酸模式研究与应用 ,已成为现代反刍动物蛋白质 (氨基酸 )营养代谢的研究热点。1　反刍动物蛋白质消化代谢特点反刍动物瘤胃内栖居着大量微生物 (细菌、原虫、真菌 ) ,饲料进入瘤胃后 ,部分被瘤胃微生物降解为小肽、氨基酸和氨 ,微生物再利用挥发性脂肪酸为碳架 ,利用发酵产生的能量 ,将部分小肽、氨基酸、氨合成微生物蛋白 ;饲料中未降解蛋白和微生物蛋白 ,随食糜进入真胃和小肠 ,在…     

反刍动物过瘤胃蛋白保护的研究进展

饲料蛋白质进入瘤胃后,被瘤胃微生物降解为肽、氨基酸和氮,这些降解物最终以氨的形式被微生物合成徽生物蛋白质.Sateer(1975)发现饲料的真蛋白质平均只有30%通过瘤胃,其余70%则在瘤胃内被微生物降解为氨.蛋白质降解率过高造成最终流入小肠内的蛋白质不能满足高产奶牛和生长速度快的反刍动物的营养需要量.因此,人们一方面为提高微生物分解蛋白质的利用费尽心机,另一方面又为减少饲料蛋白质的瘤胃降解,增加过瘤胃蛋白质而努力.     

瘤胃、真胃分别灌注挥发性脂肪酸和葡萄糖对瘤胃肽、氨氮浓度的影响

瘤胃液中存在相当数量肽 ,平均浓度可达1500mg/L ,远远高于游离氨基酸(70mg/L)。瘤胃肽主要来源于饲料蛋白 ,部分来自脱落的粘膜上皮细胞以及唾液蛋白。各种来源蛋白质经微生物降解所产生的肽段可被瘤胃微生物摄取合成微生物蛋白 ;或经瘤胃壁吸收供畜主动物组织利用 ,尚有部分则被分解生成氨、挥发性脂肪酸等。由此可见瘤胃肽代谢与动物生长密切相关。日粮蛋白可降解性影响肽生成 ,饲喂次数则改变瘤胃稀释率而影响瘤胃肽浓度。能量物质限制饲料蛋白在瘤胃中的利用以及微生物蛋白的合成也早有报道。但其与瘤胃肽代谢的关系则知之甚少。本文应用采食青干草添加鱼粉的公山羊 ,研究瘤胃、真胃分别灌注挥发性脂肪酸和葡萄糖对瘤胃肽浓度(Ruminalpeptideconcentration,PRC)和NH3-N浓度(RuminalNH3-Nconcentration,NRC)的影响。选用5只装有瘤胃、真胃导管的公山羊进行5期实验 ,各期日粮均相同 :每日饲喂(8 :00和16 :00)青干草200g ,鱼粉60g及矿物质、维生素50g。实验Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期分别经真胃灌注50g(Ⅰ期)或150g(Ⅱ期)葡萄糖 ;Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ期则在真胃灌注50g 葡萄糖的同时 ,瘤胃灌注等能量乙酸156g(Ⅲ期) ,丙酸108g(Ⅳ期)或丁酸90g(Ⅴ期) ,灌注液 pH调至4.8。各期灌注时间为4天 ,每天持续20h(Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ期的VFA灌注     

肽在瘤胃内的代谢和利用

微生物蛋白降解作用形成的多肽经过一系列肽酶最终转化为氨基酸,其速度取决于多肽的化学组成和N端结构.大多数情况下,瘤胃肽在栖瘤胃拟杆菌分泌的二肽基肽酶作用下,从多肽N未端释放二肽而不是游离氨基酸.通过抑制栖瘤胃拟杆菌的二肽基肽酶活性或该菌对肽吸收率可以减慢混合瘤胃群落对肽的水解速率.肽和氨基酸刺激瘤胃微生物的生长,并且对许多种菌的最佳生长是必需的.纤维分解菌是个例外.当然,细菌蛋白质合成时利用氨与肽和氨基酸的比例也取决于它们的浓度.     

黄河源区季节性湖泊湿地退化对土壤微生物碳源利用的影响

为了探讨黄河源区季节性湖泊湿地退化对土壤微生物碳源利用的影响以及土壤微生物碳源利用能力与不同环境因子的关系,本试验在黄河源区退化季节性湖泊湿地研究不同退化阶段植被特征、土壤养分变化和土壤微生物碳源利用状况。结果表明：在季节性湖泊湿地退化过程中,土壤微生物对碳源的利用存在明显的空间分异,其对酯类碳源的相对利用率最高,对单糖/糖苷/聚合物类碳源的相对利用率随退化加重呈现先升高后下降趋势;土壤微生物对单糖/糖苷/聚合物类碳源和醇类碳源的相对利用率改变是土壤微生物功能多样随季节性湖泊湿地退化而变化的主要原因;土壤全氮含量和植被盖度对微生物单糖/糖苷/聚合物类碳源的相对利用率和土壤微生物活性均有影响。该结果为黄河源区的季节性湖泊湿地退化监测和近自然修复提供科学理论依据。     

A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: I. Ruminal fermentation.

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) has a kinetic submodel that predicts ruminal fermentation. The ruminal microbial population is divided into bacteria that ferment structural carbohydrate (SC) and those that ferment nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC). Protozoa are accommodated by a decrease in the theoretical maximum growth yield (.50 vs .40 g of cells per gram of carbohydrate fermented), and the yields are adjusted for maintenance requirements (.05 vs .150 g of cell dry weight per gram of carbohydrate fermented per hour for SC and NSC bacteria, respectively). Bacterial yield is decreased when forage NDF is < 20% (2.5% for every 1% decrease in NDF). The SC bacteria utilize only ammonia as a N source, but the NSC bacteria can utilize either ammonia or peptides. The yield of NSC bacteria is enhanced by as much as 18.7% when proteins or peptides are available. The NSC bacteria produce less ammonia when the carbohydrate fermentation (growth) rate is rapid, but 34% of the ammonia production is insensitive to the rate of carbohydrate fermentation. Ammonia production rates are moderated by the rate of peptide and amino acid uptake (.07 g of peptide per gram of cells per hour), and peptides and amino acids can pass out of the rumen if the rate of proteolysis is faster than the rate of peptide utilization. The protein-sparing effect of ionophores is accommodated by decreasing the rate of peptide uptake by 34%. Validation with published data of microbial flow from the rumen gave a regression with a slope of .94 and an r2 of .88.     

Does intra-ruminal nitrogen recycling waste valuable resources? A review of major players and their manipulation

Nitrogenous emissions from ruminant livestock production are of increasing public concern and, together with methane, contribute to environmental pollution. The main cause of nitrogen-(N)-containing emissions is the inadequate provision of N to ruminants, leading to an excess of ammonia in the rumen, which is subsequently excreted. Depending on the size and molecular structure, various bacterial, protozoal and fungal species are involved in the ruminal breakdown of nitrogenous compounds(NC). Decelerating ruminal NC degradation by controlling the abundance and activity of proteolytic and deaminating microorganisms, but without reducing cellulolytic processes, is a promising strategy to decrease N emissions along with increasing N utilization by ruminants. Different dietary options, including among others the treatment of feedstuffs with heat or the application of diverse feed additives, as well as vaccination against rumen microorganisms or their enzymes have been evaluated. Thereby, reduced productions of microbial metabolites, e.g. ammonia, and increased microbial N flows give evidence for an improved N retention. However, linkage between these findings and alterations in the rumen microbiota composition, particularly NC-degrading microbes, remains sparse and contradictory findings confound the exact evaluation of these manipulating strategies, thus emphasizing the need for comprehensive research. The demand for increased sustainability in ruminant livestock production requests to apply attention to microbial N utilization efficiency and this will require a better understanding of underlying metabolic processes as well as composition and interactions of ruminal NC-degrading microorganisms.     

宏基因组技术在鸡肠道微生物中应用的研究进展

鸡肠道中生存着丰富的微生物,这些微生物在宿主的营养代谢与免疫方面有重要作用。高通量测序技术的发展为肠道微生物的研究提供了新的思路,文章简要介绍了宏基因组学,阐述肠道微生物结构变化对宿主的影响及不同饲养条件、宿主生理特征改变对肠道微生的影响,并重点从宏基因组的层面透析鸡肠道微生物菌落结构、营养代谢特征、免疫功能与鸡的健康生长之间的关联性,以期为鸡肠道微生物的研究提供思路。     

Application Advances of Metagenome Technology in Intestinal Microorganisms of Chicken

There are abundant microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of chicken, which play important roles in the metabolism and immunity of the host. The development of high-throughput sequencing technology for intestinal microbial research provides a new way of thinking. The article elaborates that metagenomics and effects of changes in intestinal microbial structure on the host and different feeding conditions, host physiological characteristics effect on intestinal microbial. This article focuses on the analysis of correlation between the intestinal microbial colony structure and characteristics of nutrient metabolism, immune function, and healthy growth of chicken on the level of metagenomics, and we hope to provide ideas for the study of intestinal microbial.     

Quantity and characteristics of microorganisms associated with ruminal fluid or particles

An experiment was conducted to 1) determine quantity of microbial CP and DM associated with undigested feed particles, 2) quantify the amount of microorganisms removed from ruminally incubated forages and 3) compare forage disappearances (D) corrected for microbial contamination, using diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) ratios obtained from particle-associated or fluid-associated microorganisms. Samples of alfalfa hay, bermudagrass hay and orchardgrass hay placed in dacron bags were incubated via ruminal cannula for 6 and 12 h. Whole ruminal contents (WRC) were sampled at the time of bag removal and partitioned into fluid- and particle-associated microorganisms. Particle-associated microorganisms were further divided into loosely-associated (LA) and firmly associated (FA) microorganisms. Percentage microbial CP and DAPA, quantities of OM, CP (mg) and DAPA (micrograms), microbial contamination and microbial contribution to ruminal contents were not affected by time (P greater than .05). The highest concentrations of CP and DAPA were found in fluid and LA, respectively (P less than .01). The total amount (content) of OM, CP and DAPA were highest in FA and lowest in microbes in the fluid fraction. Firmly-associated microorganisms constituted 54.1% of the particle-associated population. Corrected DMD were higher (P less than .01) based on FA than on fluid and LA microbe compositions. Corrected CPD were similar (P greater than .10) between populations except at 6 h, when LA corrected CPD were lower. Theoretically, using FA microorganisms should give the most accurate correction for microbial contamination. However, results indicate that, although the three populations differed in composition, fluid and FA corrected CPD were similar. Corrections based on composition of any of these three populations will yield higher estimates of disappearance compared with uncorrected values.     

Thoughts on fiber utilization in swine

There is continued incentive for the development of alternative feed resources for use in swine production. The availability of distillery by-products may be expected to increase as the use of corn and cereal grains for ethanol production expands. The acceptability of distillery by-products, milling by-products, forages and other fibrous feeds as energy sources for swine depends on such factors as cell wall content of the plant, degree of microbial fermentation in the large intestine, and extent of absorption and utilization of the volatile fatty acids produced. Physiological effects of dietary fiber, including effects on gastric emptying, rate of transit of digesta, gut motility, digestive secretions, and absorption and utilization of breakdown products need quantification. Limited evidence suggests that there are genetic differences in the response of pigs to dietary fiber and in their ability to utilize it as an energy source. Recombinant DNA technology offers the possibility of cloning cellulase genes from microorganisms for application in swine feeding programs. The extent to which biotechnology will be applied in swine feeding will depend ultimately on the economic incentive for developmental effort and on unknown biological limitations of the pig and its gastrointestinal microbial ecosystem.     

培养组学在动物肠道微生物应用的研究进展

肠道微生物被称为动物的“隐藏免疫器官”,不仅能参与宿主代谢还能影响宿主的免疫系统,对维持机体健康至关重要。作者主要介绍了培养组学的发展历程及其对动物肠道微生物研究的重要意义、传统微生物培养方法和分子生物学方法在研究微生物时各自的优、缺点。培养组学是基于传统微生物培养方法同时采用多种培养条件进行微生物培养,再辅以基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)和16S rRNA基因测序技术建立的一种新型微生物分离、鉴定方法,该方法将传统微生物培养技术与分子生物学技术的优点融为一体。该方法在挖掘“新微生物”的研究中,具有发现、找到并获得的优势;在微生物的研究中可定制分离目标菌株进行验证,并能通过丰富注释清楚地了解肠道微生物组。此外,分析了培养组学分别在家禽肠道、猪肠道、反刍动物肠道等动物肠道的研究应用现状,提出了环境条件对肠道微生物的影响,如人类接触对肠道菌群的影响、同物种不同性别肠道菌群的差异,以期为培养组学在动物肠道微生物的研究运用中提供参考。     

不同浓度肽对瘤胃发酵及微生物蛋白产量的影响

利用短期人工瘤胃发酵法研究奶牛瘤胃中肽浓度的变化对瘤胃发酵的影响,并探讨瘤胃适宜肽浓度值。试验按0、10、15、16g/L和20g/L氨基氮的肽浓度分为5个处理,每个处理3个重复,测定pH值、氨态氮值及微生物蛋白产量。结果表明:在各个时间点各组之间的pH均无显著差异(P>0.05)。发酵8h后,15、16g/L和20g/L3组的NH3-N值与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。对于瘤胃微生物蛋白产量(MCP),在第4h和24h时,15g/L和16g/L组与0g/L和10g/L组分别相比,差异显著(P<0.05);在2h时,16g/L组与其他各组相比较,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。本试验条件下,人工瘤胃内适宜的肽浓度为16g/L。