基于多元统计学的产后真胃左方变位奶牛血液生化指标变化规律研究

为了研究产后左方真胃变位奶牛血液生化指标的变化规律,探讨该病可能的发病机制,试验采用多元统计学方法对产后真胃左方变位(LDA)奶牛血液生化轮廓、差异生化指标及其诊断能力进行了研究。结果表明:产后真胃左方变位奶牛和健康奶牛血液生化轮廓存在明显差异,酮体(KB)、总胆固醇(TC)、葡萄糖(Glu)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)是导致血液生化轮廓差异的主要指标(P0.01),聚类结果进一步表明这4个指标对真胃左方变位具有良好的诊断能力。说明奶牛产后真胃左方变位与能量负平衡密切相关,血液酮体、总胆固醇、葡萄糖和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶可以作为判断产后奶牛真胃左方变位的辅助性生化指标。     

奶牛真胃左方变位的病因及发病机制

奶牛真胃变位是指真胃的正常解剖学位置发生改变，超出了正常的生理范围，而引起消化机能障碍，导致营养失调的急性内科疾病。在临床上可分为左方变位和右方变位。前者是真胃通过瘤胃底部从腹腔的右侧移至左侧，置于瘤胃与左侧腹壁之间，也称真胃移位；后者是真胃在右侧腹腔发生了不同程度的扭转，逆时针的称为前方变位，顺时针的称为后方变位，人们习惯于把右方变位称为真胃扭转。关于奶牛真胃左方变位的记载已有百年历史（Carougean和Prestat，1898），自1950年由Begg氏和Ford氏描述和确认以来，近50年内，该病在世界许多国家的发病率逐年增高，死亡率也较高，造成的经济损失严重，成为威胁奶牛健康发展的一种严重疾病。其中，奶牛真胃左方变位的发病率最高。要预防真胃变位的发生，就需要研究和探索真胃变位的病因和发病机制，以便采取相应的措施，有效预防、控制该疾病的发生。真胃变位的发病因素较多、较为复杂，迄今为止，人们对其病因及发病机制尚无一致性结论，但认为真胃左方变位和右方变位的病因相似。本文结合作者的研究和临床工作，对奶牛真胃左方变位的病因及发病机制的研究现状进行综述。     

奶牛真胃变位的研究进展

奶牛真胃变位(displaced of abomasums,DA)是指真胃正常解剖位置发生改变,引起消化道梗阻,导致消化机能障碍的内科疾病,包括真胃左方变位(LDA)和真胃右方变位(RDA)。随着奶牛集约化饲养的扩大和产奶量的提高,奶牛DA的发病率逐渐升高,引起畜牧兽医界的关注和重视,人们对真胃变位的病因、机理、诊断治疗等方面都有了更新的认识。文章对近几年该病的发病机理、临床症状及治疗等方面的研究进展作一总结,为该病的防治提供理论资料。     

奶牛真胃变位的诊疗及预防探讨

正真胃变位是奶牛最常见的真胃疾病,近几年来随着奶牛养殖业的迅速发展,该病的发病率和死亡率也呈上升趋势,尤其是年轻高产奶牛发病率最高,造成的经济损失极其严重。此病通常是指真胃的正常解剖学位置发生改变,形成机械性转移,引起消化机能障碍,导致营养失调。真胃变位分为左方变位和右方变位,大多数病例是左方变位,占真胃变位的85%以上。奶牛真胃变位在泌乳期的前6周为发病高峰,但可散发于泌乳和怀孕期的任何阶段,以初产青年母牛及4~     

治疗奶牛真胃变位的体会

真胃变位是奶牛常见的真胃疾患,也是实施奶牛腹部外科手术的主要原因,该病高产奶牛易发,多数发生于分娩后几小时至数周,它可分为真胃左方变位和右方变位两种,而右方变位又分为后方扭转和右方扭转。据有关资料报道,真胃变位85％—88％发生在左侧,而右侧发病相对较少。     

牛真胃变位的诊疗方案

正牛真胃变位是指牛的真胃正常位置发生改变(左方变位和右方变位)。本病是牛的常发病,特别高产乳牛发病多。左方变位,是真胃由右下腹部通过瘤胃下方移行到左侧腹腔瘤胃与左腹壁之间,其扭转程度较轻,进展较慢,临床症状较轻,不易诊断。右方变位又称真胃扭转,是真胃向右后上方呈顺时针方向扭转到瓣胃的后方,从而将真胃置于肝区后的右腹壁与饥窝之间(右后上方变位),或者向右前方呈逆时针方向扭转到瓣胃上方,从而将真胃置于网胃和膈之间(右前方     

奶牛真胃变位的发病规律与预防措施

奶牛真胃变位是指真胃（皱胃）由正常的解剖位置发生改变，并且超过了正常的生理范围而引起消化机能障碍，导致营养代谢失调的急性内科疾病。在临床上可以分为左方变位和右方变位。临床上习惯把右方变位称为真胃扭转。奶牛真胃变位的发病率为2．5％～5％左右，其中85％～88％的病例为左方变位．右方变位的病例较少。随着奶牛养殖业的发展．该病的发病率逐年升高，死亡率较高．成为威胁奶牛养殖业发展的一种严重疾病。现就该病的发病规律和防治方法简单介绍如下．供参考。     

一例奶牛真胃变位的手术治疗

<正>奶牛真胃变位是真胃的解剖位置发生改变,引起消化机能障碍,导致营养失调的急性内科疾病。真胃变位分为左方变位和右方变位,其中左方变位常见,右方变位相对少见。右方变位又称真胃扭转,常呈现真胃亚急性扩张、积液、腹痛、碱中毒和脱水等幽门阻塞综合征。该病发病率逐年增多,死亡率增高,给奶牛业造成巨大的经济损失,是严重威胁奶牛健康的一种疾病。近期本院成功救治奶牛真胃右方变位病     

奶牛真胃左方变位并发盲肠变位的诊断治疗

最近几年,随着奶牛饲养规模和饲养数量不断增加,奶牛的生产性能进一步提升,经济效益显著提高,奶牛真胃变位的情况时有发生,奶牛真胃左方折叠和左方扭转的发病率呈现高发趋势。由于引起奶牛真胃变位的发病原因十分复杂,在奶牛真胃变位的同时还会引起很多并发疾病,尤其是真胃变位并发盲肠变位对奶牛的危害十分严重,会严重影响到奶牛生产性能。基于此,笔者主要结合实际情况,就奶牛真胃左方变位并发盲肠变位的诊断和治疗进行了分析。     

奶牛真胃变位研究概况

奶牛真胃变位是奶牛真胃的解剖位置发生改变引起消化机能严重紊乱、导致营养代谢失调的急性外科病，可分为左方变位和右方变位。临床上以真胃左方变位最常见，随着奶牛集约化饲养规模的扩大，其发病率有逐年增加的趋势。国外早在50年代就有该病的报道，特别是一些奶牛养殖业发达的国家。黑白花奶牛的发病率高达1．5％以上。而我国对本病的研究相对滞后，一方面原因是我国奶牛饲养相对粗放，奶牛真胃变位的发病率不高：另一方面是我国兽医工作者对真胃变位的认识不足。许多真胃变位病例得不到确诊。近几年来，随着我国奶牛饲养量的扩大，集约化程度不断提高，再加上大量饲喂精料，盲目追求高产，奶牛真胃变位的发病率逐年上升，因此，人们对本病的认识也不断深化。尤其是我国大中城市的近郊区，该病的发病率很高。个别地区发病率达8％-10％，其中产后发病的高达85％以上，给奶牛业造成严重的经济损失。尽管国内外学者对该病研究报道很多，但多限于诊断和治疗的研究，有关病因和发病学的研究极少，发病机理尚不完全清楚，每年仍有大量奶牛产奶量下降甚至死亡。部分治愈的奶牛仍可复发本病或者是治愈后产奶量持续低下。基于此点，有必要对该病开展深入研究。本文以真胃左方变位为主，综述其发病原因、发病机制、临床诊断要点和治疗方法，以供兽医工作者和研究人员参考。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.