Insertion site of FLAG on foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 G-H loop affects immunogenicity of FLAG

The G-H loop of the foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV) virion contains certain dominant immunogenic epitopes, as well as an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid(RGD) motif that is recognized by cell surface integrin receptors. Previous experiments indicate that it is critical to maintain virus structural integrity when inserting an exogenous epitope into the surface of an FMDV structural protein. However, it remains to be determined how factors such as different insertion positions affect interactions among the virus, cells and host immune system. In this study, one infectious c DNA clone of the swine FMDV Cathay topotype strain O/CHA/90 was constructed. Then, a FLAG marker(DYKDDDDK) was inserted upstream(–4) or downstream(+10) of the RGD motif to generate tagged viruses vFLAG-O/CHA/90 or vO/CHA/90-FLAG, investigating the possibility of expressing foreign antigen and effect on its immunogenicity. Compared to the parental virus, both tagged viruses exhibited similar plaque phenotypes, suckling mouse pathogenicity and antigenicity. Additionally, the FLAGtag insertion position did not change the use of integrin-mediated cell entry by the tagged viruses. Interestingly, both tagged vaccines protected pigs against challenge with the parental virus O/CHA/90 and induced immune responses against FMDV in BALB/c mice and pigs, but only vaccination with vFLAG-O/CHA/90 generated anti-FLAG antibodies. Our findings demonstrated that two sites(RGD–4 and RGD+10) tolerated the insertion of an exogenous gene in the swine FMDV O/CHA/90 strain. However, only RGD–4 was a novel and appropriate inserting site which could tolerate exogenous FLAG. The resultant tagged virus is a promising candidate for FMD vaccine which can be differentiating infected from vaccinated animals(DIVA).     

Productive infection and cell-free transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus in a nonlymphoid cell line

Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), American PL isolate, was transmitted by cocultivation and by cell-free filtrates to a nonlymphoid human osteogenic sarcoma (HOS) cell line, designated HOS/PL, but not to nine other lines bearing receptors for HTLV. HOS and HOS/PL cells are not dependent on interleukin-2 and do not express interleukin-2 receptors that are recognized by anti-Tac monoclonal antibody. HTLV released by the Japanese MT2 cell line was also transmitted to HOS cells. The infected HOS cells release substantial titers of progeny HTLV which is antigenically indistinguishable from parental virus and is able to transform T cells.     

Development of disease and virus recovery in transgenic mice containing HIV proviral DNA

Transgenic mice containing intact copies of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proviral DNA were constructed. Founder animals were not viremic for HIV and remained healthy during a 9-month observation period. After being mated with nontransgenic animals, one founder mouse (No. 13) gave rise to F1 progeny that developed a disease syndrome characterized by marked epidermal hyperplasia, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, pulmonary lymphoid infiltrates, growth retardation, and death by day 25 of life. Infectious HIV, indistinguishable from parental virus by immunoblot analysis, was recovered from the spleen, lymph nodes, and skin of five of five affected animals.     

Rapid immunological induction of murine lymphomas: evidence for a viral etiology

A graft-versus-host reaction induced in (SJL/J x C57BL/1)F(1) hybrid mice by injection of SJL/J spleen cells resulted in 100 percent incidence of tumors at 40 days. Transplantation studies revealed that the tumors were antigenically C57BL/1. Since both SJL/J and C57BL/1 mice carry tumorigenic virus, the evidence suggests a viral etiology.     

表达绿色荧光蛋白重组鸭肠炎病毒构建

【目的】鸭肠炎病毒(duck enteritis virus, DEV)不同毒株间存在明显差异,DEV疫苗株的UL2基因在195bp后连续缺失528bp,导致第65位氨基酸后连续缺失176aa^[1]。将绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）基因插入DEV UL2基因中,获得表达绿色荧光蛋白的重组病毒,以研究UL2基因对DEV生物特性的影响和探讨DEV作为载体表达外源基因的可行性。【方法】以实验室保存的DEV细胞适应株DNA为模板,利用PCR技术扩增出病毒UL2基因上下游序列并克隆入pMD-18T载体;以UL2基因作为外源基因插入靶点及同源重组臂,将CMV启动子控制的含有GFP-gpt基因表达盒克隆入DEV UL2基因中,构建含GFP基因的转移质粒载体pT-UL2-GFP-gpt;用脂质体将其与DEV细胞适应株共转染CEF细胞,待80%细胞出现病变后,冻融3次,接种到新鲜CEF细胞单层的6孔培养板中,用含5%血清、1%双抗、1%琼脂的M199培养液覆盖,在荧光显微镜下挑取单个有绿色荧光的蚀斑,再接到新的细胞上,重复蚀斑筛选、纯化表达绿色荧光蛋白的重组病毒;利用PCR、基因测序技术鉴定重组病毒;重组病毒接种CEF（moi=0.01）,每12h取出1瓶接毒细胞,分别收集上清和细胞,测量其病毒含量,绘制一步生长曲线;重组病毒在CEF中连续传代20次,在荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白表达情况,并用PCR检测GFP的传代稳定性;重组病毒免疫4周龄SPF鸭后14d,肌肉注射接种DEV强毒（CVCC AV1221）,观察免疫保护情况。【结果】经双酶切鉴定,成功构建了含绿色荧光蛋白报告基因的转移质粒载体pT-UL2-GFP-gpt,将其与DEV共转染CEF细胞后8h,即可见转染细胞中有带有绿色荧光的梭形细胞,经过8轮蚀斑筛选,获得纯化的重组病毒rDEV-△UL2-GFP-gpt;PCR鉴定及基因测序结果显示,GFP标记基因成功地插入到DEV基因组中,替换了DEV UL2基因的196-723位核苷酸;一步生长曲线结果显示,重组病毒在细胞和上清中的病毒含量分别在36h和72h达到峰值,为10^6.2TCID₅₀/0.1mL、10^5.5TCID₅₀/0.1mL,与亲本毒无明显差异;重组病毒在CEF中连续传代,1-5代可以稳定表达GFP基因,第6代起,开始出现少量没有荧光的细胞病变,15-20代中绝大部分细胞病变无绿色荧光,GFP在细胞连续传代过程中容易出现突变;重组病毒以10^3.0TCID₅₀/只免疫麻鸭,免疫后14d能完全抵抗DEV强毒株的攻击,与亲本毒免疫原性一致。【结论】成功构建了表达绿色荧光蛋白的DEV,首次证实UL2基因缺失不影响其在细胞中的复制,也不影响其免疫原性,为DEV UL2基因功能、活载体疫苗研究奠定了基础。     

Susceptibility to two strains of Friend leukemia virus in mice

A mutant strain of the Friend leukemia virus is described. The parental virus strain, passaged through ICR/Ha mice, shows no or very little activity by the spleen-focus assay in BALB/c mice (by comparison with highly susceptible DBA/2 and ICR/Ha mice) and produces typical Friend disease in these mice only exceptionally; susceptibility to this strain of virus is recessive in the (C57BL/6 x DBA/2) F(1). By contrast, the mutant virus strain is as active in BALB/c mice as in DBA/2 or ICR/Ha mice; susceptibility to the mutant virus strain is dominant in the (C57BL/6 x DBA/2) F(1).     

Reassortant virus derived from avian and human influenza A viruses is attenuated and immunogenic in monkeys

An influenza A reassortant virus that contained the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a virulent human virus, A/Udorn/72 (H3N2), and the six other influenza A virus genome segments from an avirulent avian virus, A/Mallard/New York/6750/78 (H2N2), was evaluated for its level of replication is squirrel monkeys and hamsters. In monkeys, the reassortant virus was as attenuated and as restricted in its level of replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract as its avian influenza virus parent. Nonetheless, infection with the reassortant induced significant resistant to challenge with virulent human influenza virus. In hamsters, the reassortant virus replicated to a level intermediate between that of its parents. These findings suggest that the nonsurface antigen genes of the avian parental virus are the primary determinants of restriction of replication of the reassortant virus in monkeys. Attenuation of the reassortant virus for primates is achieved by inefficient functioning of the avian influenza genes in primate cells, while antigenic specificity of the human influenza virus is provided by the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin genes derived from the human virus. This approach could lead to the development of a live influenza A virus vaccine that is attenuated for man if the avian influenza genes are similarly restricted in human cells.     

Influenza B virus in seals

Influenza B virus is a human pathogen whose origin and possible reservoir in nature are not known. An influenza B virus was isolated from a naturally infected harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and was found to be infectious to seal kidney cells in vitro. Sequence analyses and serology indicated that influenza virus B/Seal/Netherlands/1/99 is closely related to strains that circulated in humans 4 to 5 years earlier. Retrospective analyses of sera collected from 971 seals showed a prevalence of antibodies to influenza B virus in 2% of the animals after 1995 and in none before 1995. This animal reservoir, harboring influenza B viruses that have circulated in the past, may pose a direct threat to humans.     

The Effects of Downstream 3513bp of UL56 on Characterization of Duck Enteritis Virus

【Objective】Duck enteritis virus (DEV) taxonomically belongs to family Herpesviridae and infects ducks, geese, and swans, which results in high mortality and decreased egg production in domestic and wild waterfowl. Several DEV whole genomic sequences were published, which contained 158-162 kb. Compared with DEV vaccine strain, the virulent DEV strain for vaccine evaluation had a 3513-bp insertion, resulting to UL56 frameshift mutation. At present, there are few papers about DEV gene function and pathogenic mechanism. To study the effect of the 3513-bp insertion on DEV characterization, a recombinant DEV with the 3513-bp deletion was constructed.【Method】The extracted DEV genomic DNA was used as template to amplify the UL56-u and UL56-d of the upstream and downstream ends of UL56 gene, respectively. The two homologous arm fragments were cloned into pMD18T-Simple vector, and the recombinant plasmid pT-UL56ud was obtained. The recombinant plasmid pT-UL56ud was cut by MluI enzyme, and after electrophoretic recovery and dephosphorylation, the recombinant plasmid pT-UL56-RFP was obtained by inserting RFP expression box into pT-UL56ud. After DEV was inoculated with duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) (MOI=0.1) for 1 to 2 h, the purified plasmid pT-UL56-RFP was transfected according to Lipofectamine 2000 instructions, and then purified by plaque. A 3513-bp deletion mutant, DEVΔ3513-RFP, was generated by targeted homologous recombination, in which red fluorescent protein (RFP) as a reporter replaced the 3 513 bp. The RFP was then removed to generate DEV△3513. A rescue mutant, DEVΔ3513(R), was constructed by reinserting the 3 513 bp into the genome of DEVΔ3513-RFP. The recombinant virus and its parent virus were inoculated in DEF (MOI =0.01), the virus titer was measured and the growth curve was plotted. The recombinant virus and its parent virus were diluted properly and inoculated into monolayers DEF, covered with M199 agarose and cultured 5-7 days. Twenty plaques were selected randomly and the area of plaques was assayed. Six-week old susceptible ducks were inoculated with 10 ^5.0TCID₅₀ of the 3513-bp deletion mutant, rescue mutant and its parental virus, respectively. After 10 days, all the surviving ducks were euthanized. The liver tissues were taken from all the animals and fixed to 4% poly Formaldehyde Solution; the pathological sections were prepared by routine procedures and stained with HE. The recombinant virus and the Duck Plague Live Vaccine (CVCC AV1222) were injected with 10 ^3.0TCID₅₀ in muscles for 6 weeks of age susceptible ducks to be tested for immunogenicity. After 14 days, all vaccinated ducks were challenged with 10 ^3.0MLD of lethal DEV (CVCC AV1221).【Result】The recombinant viruses, DEVΔ3513 and DEVΔ3513(R), and their parental virus possessed similar growth kinetics, and their titer peaked at 72 hours with the peak titer 10 ^6.2-6.5TCID₅₀/0.1mL. Their average plaques sizes were not significantly different; DEVΔ3513 was avirulent in 6-week ducks; the ducks vaccinated with 10 ³TCID₅₀ were protected against subsequent challenge with lethal DEV.【Conclusion】We successfully constructed a DEV mutant with 3 513 bp deletion, and firstly confirmed that the deletion of the 3 513 bp had no effect on virus replication in cells and immunogenicity in ducks. Moreover, the 3 513 bp was associated with DEV virulence.     

Treatment of established renal cancer by tumor cells engineered to secrete interleukin-4

The generation of antigen-specific antitumor immunity is the ultimate goal in cancer immunotherapy. When cells from a spontaneously arising murine renal cell tumor were engineered to secrete large doses of interleukin-4 (IL-4) locally, they were rejected in a predominantly T cell-independent manner. However, animals that rejected the IL-4-transfected tumors developed T cell-dependent systemic immunity to the parental tumor. This systemic immunity was tumor-specific and primarily mediated by CD8+ T cells. Established parental tumors could be cured by the systemic immune response generated by injection of the genetically engineered tumors. These results provide a rationale for the use of lymphokine gene-transfected tumor cells as a modality for cancer therapy.     

狂犬病Flury HEP株的复制及其某些生物学性质的观察

狂犬病ＦｌｕｒｙＨＥＰ株弱毒在ＢＨＫ（２１）细胞上连续传代，培养物经中和试验、间接荧光抗体染色、电镜观察、动物试验、病毒增殖和抗体消长曲线的测定，证明该弱毒株可在ＢＨＫ（２１）细胞上良好地复制。传至二代以后毒价可达到１０（－５）／０．０３ｍｌ。该毒经兔、犬、山羊、牛试验显示了其安全性。免疫后７天即可见到抗体阳转。免疫犬后，血清中和抗体在二年半时间内维持在一个较高的水平。     

Viral receptors on isolated murine and human ependymal cells

Viruses that infect ependyma cause ependymitis in humans and hydrocephalus in experimental animals. We report that reovirus type 1 (which induces hydrocephalus in mice) binds to the surface of isolated human and murine ciliated ependymal cells. With the use of recombinant viral clones, the binding property was mapped to the type 1 viral hemagglutinin, which also determines in vivo the affinity of reovirus type 1 for ependyma. Mumps virus, measles virus, parainfluenza type 3, and herpes simplex virus type 1 bind to murine ependyma cells, whereas reovirus type 3, herpes simplex virus type 2, and poliovirus type 2 do not.     

A new role for DNA virus early proteins in viral carcinogenesis

The T antigen proteins encoded by DNA tumor virus early genes are involved in the transformation of normal cells to immortalized neoplastic cells that may or may not be tumorigenic in immunocompetent animals. Studies have been made of the tumorigenicity of DNA virus-transformed cells and the interactions of these cells in vivo and in vitro with immunologically nonspecific host effector cells such as natural killer cells and macrophages. The results imply that the T proteins determine the capacity of transformed cells to induce tumors by governing the level of susceptibility that transformed cells express to destruction by such host cellular defenses.     

Hybridization of Burkitt lymphoblastoid cells

Burkitt lymphoblastoid cell lines have been fused to mouse and human cell lines with the use of inactivated Sendai virus. The heterokaryons have developed into somatic cell hybrids of both parental cell types. Chromosome analyses confirm that cells now growing in selective medium are hybrids. Initial observations of preparations of the hybrid cells reveal that 5'-iododeoxyuridine can induce continued synthesis of Epstein-Barr virus antigens by these hybrid cells.     

Tumors induced in hamsters by simian virus 40: persistent subviral infection

The cells of two hamster ependymomas, originally induced by intracerebral inoculation with simian virus 40 in newborn animals, have been serially cultured in vitro. None of the virus was detected in cell-free culture fluids or cell lysates. All cells retained their neoplastic potential when newborn hamsters were inoculated. Data suggest that viral nucleic acid is permanently present in some tumor cells.     

Hemagglutinin variants of reovirus type 3 have altered central nervous system tropism

Variants of the Dearing strain of reovirus type 3 with antigenically altered hemagglutinin proteins are much less neurovirulent than the parental virus. When injected intracerebrally into mice these variants infected a subset of the brain neurons that were infected by the parental virus. When injected intraperitoneally, the variants did not spread to the brain. These results indicate that minor modifications of the reovirus hemagglutinin dramatically alter the ability of the virus to spread into and injure the central nervous system.     

Effect of gamma radiation on the course of African swine fever infection

This report analyzes some data on the effect of management of animals γ-irradiated with doses causing mild, moderate, or severe acute radiation sickness and pigs being the carriers of some virulent ASF virus pathogens of serotypes I and IV (namely, strains 0–77 and Diamang) as observed 2 h or 3 to 34 days after the irradiation procedure had started. When the animals were radiated combined with their infection with virulent ASF virus strains, a more severe course of the infection was observed, whereas the infection development with a background of radiation injury made the radiation sickness more violent. The ASF virus accumulation levels in blood, organs, and/or tissues of the irradiated animals were reliably higher (namely, by approximately 1.0 to 1.5 log HAU₅₀/cm³) than those for nonirradiated ones.     

H1N1亚型猪流感病毒反向遗传操作系统的建立

 【目的】建立H1N1亚型猪流感病毒反向遗传学操作系统及拯救出能够在动物传代细胞中高水平复制的H1N1亚型猪流感疫苗株。【方法】利用反向遗传操作技术,对猪流感病毒广东分离株进行拯救。【结果】首次成功拯救出全部片段均来自于亲本株的猪流感病毒rH1N1,并且成功拯救出了具有高度细胞适应性毒株re-LM株,研究结果表明二者均具有良好的遗传稳定性。rH1N1经MDCK细胞连续传代培养后,血凝价最高仅为1﹕64;而re-LM的血凝价最高可以稳定在1﹕1 024,表明该毒株具有细胞繁殖高产的特性。用该重组病毒制备油乳剂灭活苗免疫2月龄仔猪,首免2周即可检测出HI抗体,平均效价在1﹕32以上,三免后2周HI抗体平均效价达到1﹕512,说明其有良好的免疫原性。【结论】H1N1亚型猪流感病毒反向遗传操作系统的成功建立为猪流感病毒致病机理、传播机制及病毒基因功能的研究奠定了基础;重组细胞高产型猪流感病毒株的拯救为H1N1亚型猪流感疫苗的研制开辟了新的途径。     

Latency of herpes simplex virus in absence of neutralizing antibody: model for reactivation

Mice inoculated with herpes simplex virus (type 1) by the lip or corneal route and then passively immunized with rabbit antibody to herpes simplex virus developed a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia within 96 hours. Neutralizing antibody to herpes simplex virus was cleared from the circulation and could not be detected in most of these mice after 2 months. Examination of ganglia from the antibody-negative mice revealed latent virus in over 90 percent of the animals, indicating that serum neutralizing antibody is not necessary to maintain the latent state. When the lips or corneas of these mice were traumatized, viral reactivation occurred in up to 90 percent of the mice, as demonstrated by the appearance of neutralizing antibody. This study provides a model for identifying factors that trigger viral reactivation.