蛋鸡饲料营养调控研究进展

通过日粮调控蛋鸡健康、鸡蛋营养和环境安全是当前蛋鸡营养调控研究工作的重点和热点.本文介绍了蛋鸡不同生长时期的健康和营养调控、鸡蛋品质的营养调控、蛋鸡养殖环境的营养调控研究进展以及未来的研究方向,为蛋鸡的饲料营养调控研究提供参考.     

微生态营养调控技术在种猪集中测定中的应用

本文从探讨微生态与营养调控、机体免疫的关系入手，在综合分析微生态营养调控技术研究成果的基础上，认为微生态营养调控技术将成为21世纪动物营养与免疫调控研究的重要领域，微生态保健将是解决当前健康养殖与食品安全问题的重要途径，并对微生态动物营养调控技术在种猪集中测定中的应用效果进行了简要阐述和分析，进一步证明微生态调控不仅具有良好的营养调控效果，能够促进动物生长和改善料重比，而且对猪群非特异性和疫苗特异性免疫同样具有良好的调控效果。     

猪的营养调控技术评述

本文首次论述了如何在猪生产方面应用系统整体营养调控理论和技术,并对当前国际上在采食调控、促进营养吸收调控消化道微生态系统调控、使用激素和免疫技术进行营养调控方面的新技术进行了较广泛的介绍。     

蛋鸡产蛋后期的营养调控

蛋鸡产蛋后期精准的营养调控可延缓蛋鸡的衰老,延长产蛋期,提高经济效益。本文从能量、蛋白质、维生素、矿物元素的营养需要等方面对蛋鸡产蛋后期的营养调控进行总结,以期能够对产蛋鸡后期的营养调控提供参考。 [关键词] 产蛋后期|营养|蛋壳质量|产蛋率     

维生素E对动物营养调控的研究进展

维生素E是一种脂溶性维生素,在动物体内具有生物抗氧化、增强免疫、抗应激及维持动物正常生殖机能等生物学功能,是动物营养中的重要营养调控剂。文章就维生素E的作用原理、营养调控方法及效果等方面综述了维生素E对动物营养调控的研究进展。     

营养调控技术对蛋鸡热应激的研究

温度是影响蛋鸡生产性能的重要环境因素之一，如何通过营养调控技术，减轻热应激对蛋鸡的负面影响。此文从营养物质如：蛋白质、氨基酸、能量、维生素、矿物质；非营养物质：添加中草药、酸化剂等对蛋鸡热应激的营养调控技术，阐述近几年来，营养调控关键技术在蛋鸡热应激中的应用情况。     

营养对动物基因表达的调控

营养影响动物基因表达。本文在介绍动物基因表达调控机制和营养调控途径的基础上,综述了营养成分如碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质等对部分基因表达的调控作用。     

猪肉品质的营养调控研究进展

猪肉品质常用肌肉pH、肉色、系水力、肌内脂肪含量等指标进行评定,主要受遗传、营养和饲养、屠宰加工处理等因素影响,其中,营养水平是影响肉品质的关键因素之一。中国在地方品种猪肉品质营养调控方面研究还比较薄弱,有关营养调控的研究尚不深入,对营养物质及营养物质间互作对肉质基因表达的影响研究较少。作者着重阐述了能量、蛋白质与赖氨酸、维生素、矿物元素4个方面对猪肉品质营养调控的研究进展,并对未来如何通过营养调控提高中国地方猪肉品质作以展望。     

营养对动物基因表达的调控

营养影响动物基因表达。本文在介绍动物基因表达调控机制和营养调控途径的基础上,综述了营养成分如碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质等对部分基因表达的调控作用。     

Research Progress of Effects of Maternal Supplementing Rumen-Protected Methionine during Transition Period on Growth and Development of Young Ruminant and Regulatory Mechanism北大核心CSCD

围产期是反刍动物重要的生理阶段,研究发现反刍动物围产期补饲过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPM)不仅对母体具有显著的营养调控作用,对幼畜的生长发育、机体健康和产品品质等也有重要影响。因此,本文从RPM的营养调控功能,围产期补饲RPM调控母体、胎儿后期及幼龄阶段的影响及调控机制进行综述,以期进一步为反刍动物围产期营养调控研究提供理论依据。     

The effects of early‐age thermal manipulation and daily short‐term fasting on performance and body temperatures in broiler exposed to heat stress

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of thermal manipulation at 5 days of age and short‐term fasting during the warmest part of the day on responses to prolonged heat stress of broilers. A total of 240‐day‐old Ross 308 female broiler chicks were divided into three groups: control, thermal manipulation (chicks were exposed to 36 °C for 24 h at 5 days of age) and short‐term fasting during the warmest part of the day (10.00–17.00 h). Prolonged heat stress was induced daily from 28 to 42 days by heating until the ambient temperature reached 32–35 °C between 10.00 and 17.00 h. Both thermal manipulation and short‐term fasting resulted in a decrease in rectal temperatures and haematocrit values at 35 and 41 days of age. Thermal manipulation improved body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion. However, short‐term fasting caused a reduction in body weight and a deterioration in feed conversion. Short‐term fasting lowered the percentages of carcass, whereas thermal manipulation highered breast yield. Both thermal manipulation and short‐term fasting decreased heart mass and abdominal fat.     

胚胎细胞遗传操作的研究进展及其在畜牧业的应用前景

胚胎遗传操作是现代生物技术研究最为活跃的领域之一。本文简要介绍了动物胚胎工厂化生产及胚有细胞基因导入所取得的进展;并展望了该项技术在畜牧生产中的应用前景。     

Technical note: preorbital gland opening in red deer (Cervus elaphus) calves as an indicator of stress

The opening of the preorbital gland of red deer (Cervus elaphus) calves has been previously associated with feeding and satiety. However, it has been suggested to be most likely affected by some other factor or factors, possibly by excitement of the calf. If so, a calf should open its preorbital gland while being exposed to any stressful procedure. The hypothesis was tested that the preorbital gland is closed in a relaxed calf, whereas it is opened in a stressed calf. Preorbital opening was observed in 41 newborn red deer farm calves during a regular daily routine consisting of a search for newborn calves, their inspection, weighing, and painful marking with an ear tag. The openness of the preorbital gland (preorbital gland closed or opened) was recorded just before manipulation of a lying calf (i.e., in a calm calf) and then during the manipulation (i.e., in a distressed calf). Before manipulation, in all but 3 calves (7.3%, all of which were males), the preorbital gland was closed. All calves observed (100%) opened their preorbital gland during their manipulation, at least by the time the ear was punctured by the ear tag. The proportion of individuals with an open gland was lower (P < 0.001) before than during manipulation (7.3 vs. 100%, respectively). Hence, openness of the preorbital gland in newborn red deer calves was associated with a stressful manipulation by the humans, which suggests that it may be a simple and easily recognized indicator of calf stress.     

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Image processing or digital image manipulation is one of the greatest advantages of digital radiography (DR). Preprocessing depends on the modality and corrects for system irregularities such as differential light detection efficiency, dead pixels, or dark noise. Processing is manipulation of the raw data just after acquisition. It is generally proprietary and specific to the DR vendor but encompasses manipulations such as unsharp mask filtering within two or more spatial frequency bands, histogram sliding and stretching, and gray scale rendition or lookup table application. These processing steps have a profound effect on the final appearance of the radiograph, but they can also lead to artifacts unique to digital systems. Postprocessing refers to manipulation of the final appearance of the radiograph by the end-user and does not involve alteration of the raw data.     

调控畜禽繁殖的激素免疫技术

回顾近30年来国内外畜禽生殖活动的内分泌免疫调控技术的发展,从早期的免疫类固醇激素和抑制素使动物提前进入初情期,促进更多的卵泡发育和提高排卵数,对公畜则提高其精子生成数量;到现在根据携带Inverdale基因母羊具有高繁殖力的原理发展的免疫BMP15或GDF9提高羊排卵数和产羔数的技术。对禽类免疫催乳素或免疫血管活性肠肽VIP抑制催乳素的分泌,可以解决易就巢禽类的就巢性,提高其产蛋性能。而免疫促性腺素释放激素则可以抑制性腺的发育进行“免疫去势”,提高畜禽的生长速度、瘦肉率、饲料报酬并改善肉质。今后内分泌免疫调控技术的研究应该开发具有更高免疫原性的新型基因工程疫苗和简单实用的免疫程序,以便更好地应用于生产实际。     

Behavioral responses to two intranasal vaccine applicators in horses and ponies

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate behavioral compliance of horses and ponies with simulated intranasal vaccination and assess development of generalized aversion to veterinary manipulations. DESIGN: Clinical trial. ANIMALS: 28 light horse mares, 3 pony geldings, 2 light horse stallions, and 3 pony stallions that had a history of compliance with veterinary procedures. PROCEDURE: Behavioral compliance with 2 intranasal vaccine applicators was assessed. Compliance with standard physical examination procedures was assessed before and after a single experience with either of the applicators or a control manipulation to evaluate development of generalized aversion to veterinary manipulation. RESULTS: In all 30 horses, simulated intranasal vaccination or the control manipulation could be performed without problematic avoidance behavior, and simulated intranasal vaccination did not have any significant effect on duration of or compliance with a standardized physical examination that included manipulation of the ears, nose, and mouth. Results were similar for the 2 intranasal vaccine applicators, and no difference in compliance was seen between horses in which warm versus cold applicators were used. For 3 of the 6 ponies, substantial avoidance behavior was observed in association with simulated intranasal vaccination, and compliance with physical examination procedures decreased after simulated intranasal vaccination. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although some compliance problems were seen with ponies, neither problems with compliance with simulated intranasal vaccination nor adverse effects on subsequent physical examination were identified in any of the horses. Further study is needed to understand factors involved in practitioner reports of aversion developing in association with intranasal vaccination.     

发展反刍动物绿色营养技术

作者把以提高反刍动物对日粮营养物质的利用率和减少对环境污染为目标的一整套实用的营养技术称之为反刍动物绿色营养技术。本文从提高氮代谢利用率、提高日粮能量利用率和提高日粮矿物质元素利用率三个方面介绍了国际上在这些方面的研究进展和技术进步 ,并着重介绍了内蒙古畜牧科学院近年来在发展反刍动物绿色营养技术方面的研究成果。本文介绍的反刍动物绿色营养技术措施有以下九种 :(1)饲料蛋白质保护和尿素缓释技术 ;(2)激素调控氮代谢技术 ;(3)进入小肠食糜氨基酸平衡技术 ;(4)降低甲烷发散技术 ;(5)日粮营养结构平衡调控技术(利用代谢葡萄糖调控组织代谢层次C3+C6 能占ME摄入量比值技术) ;(6)提高低质粗饲料的营养工程技术 ;(7)使用矿物质螯合物或络合物技术 ;(8)日粮阴阳离子平衡技术 ;(9)控制磷的排放技术。作者着重指出 ,在设计和使用这些技术时 ,应强调围绕一定的调控目标 ,将多种营养技术措施加以系统组合 ,充分利用其正组合效应 ,尽量控制或缩小其负组合效应 ,以达到充分发挥各种营养技术措施整体优势的目的。     

Effect of latex and vinyl examination gloves on canine spermatozoal motility

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether contact with latex or vinyl examination gloves affects canine spermatozoal motility. In experiment 1, semen was collected by digital manipulation from each of 5 dogs, and initial spermatozoal motility was assessed. The ejaculate was divided into 5 equal subsamples of 2 ml each, then randomly assigned to a control group, or treated with a 0.5-cm2 piece of latex or vinyl glove with or without talcum powder. After such exposure, spermatozoal motility was assessed at 1 and 5 minutes. Talcum powder within latex or vinyl glove treatments had no significant effect on spermatozoal motility at either period. Spermatozoal motility in samples did not differ between the control and vinyl glove groups; however, latex glove-treated samples were found to have a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in spermatozoal motility at 1 and 5 minutes. In experiment 2, the effects of latex and vinyl gloves on canine spermatozoal motility during a sham laboratory manipulation was performed. Three ejaculates of approximately 10 ml were collected from each of 5 dogs and randomly assigned, within each dog, to be either a control (no glove exposure) or allowed to briefly contact either a latex or vinyl glove during sample manipulation. Spermatozoal motility was assessed for each sample immediately prior to and at 1 minute after manipulation. Exposure of semen to latex gloves significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased sample spermatozoal motility, whereas vinyl glove exposure had a minimal (P greater than 0.05) effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Case study: Treatment of oral and locomotory stereotypic behaviors in a mature sow

A 32-month-old female 225-kg nonpregnant cross-bred Newsham sow presented a 6-week history of stereotypic behaviors when housed in a laboratory research facility. A behavioral examination over 12 daylight hours revealed 3 main stereotypic motor patterns, namely (1) oral-nasal gate manipulation defined as placement of the snout between the bars of the pen gate with repetitive, forceful up and down movement; (2) head weaving defined as repetitive lateral head and snout movement toward the pen gates while rocking back and forth on her forequarters with hooves remaining on ground at all times; and (3) body weaving defined as repetitive shifting of body weight from one side to the other with front hooves lifting alternately off the ground. The sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 4.0%, 12.4%, and 6.8% of her total baseline time budget, respectively. The presumptive diagnosis was oral-nasal and locomotory stereotypies. Three treatments were used to mitigate the duration and frequency of these stereotypic behaviors. Treatment 1—Social treatment (change social stimuli by providing visual and nose-to-nose contact with different neighboring sows); Treatment 2—Forage treatment (change foraging substrates by providing peat moss as a rooting substrate); and Treatment 3—Space treatment (change pen configuration by increasing space). The sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 0%, 0.4%, and 0.1% of her total time budget, respectively; social treatment: the sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 0.9%, 15.3%, and 11.3% of her total time budget, respectively; and forage treatment: the sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 0.5%, 28.0%, and 15.5% of her total time budget, respectively. This study is one of the first reports to evaluate the treatment of established stereotypies in a mature sow. Results suggest the promise of environmental enrichment as an effective treatment strategy. Further research is needed to evaluate the persistence of these behavioral changes and relative importance of different environmental manipulations provided.     

Development of avian embryo manipulation techniques and their application to germ cell manipulation

The development of chicken embryo culture techniques, from single‐cell stage to hatching, makes it possible to manipulate developing embryos at any developmental stage. Production of germline chimeric chickens by the transfer of stage X blastodermal cells or primordial germ cells enables the manipulation of germline cells in vitro. Production of transgenic chickens has been attempted by the retroviral vector method, microinjection of DNA into a fertilized ovum at the single‐cell stage, use of chimeric intermediates produced by the transfer of stage X blastodermal cells or primordial germ cells, manipulation of spermatozoa, and in vivo manipulation of gonads. So far, the only non‐viral method that has successfully produced transgenic chickens is microinjection of DNA into a fertilized ovum. Manipulation of primordial germ cells could become an efficient system for producing transgenic chickens by combining it with the highly efficient transfection method or the in vitro culture system for primordial germ cells. Preservation of avian genetic resources has now become possible by cryopreservation of stage X blastodermal cells or primordial germ cells as well as spermatozoa. The development of nuclear transfer techniques for avian species is necessary.