林业治沙贴息贷款的创新政策

林业治沙贴息贷款基本情况在上个世纪８０年代中期，由于经济发展的需要，我国林业实行了长期的重采轻造政策，森林资源已面临枯竭，林业企业陷入了严重的经济危困之中。在林区，各种社会冲突和矛盾显现出来。由于中央和国务院对林业发展的重视，在国务院的协调下，中国农业银行、林业部（现国家林业局）、财政部于１９８６年４月联合下发了《关于发放林业项目贷款的联合通知》。贷款规模为３亿元，到１９９９年增加到２４亿元。随后，为了支持森工企业发展林区多种经营，合理利用森林资源，振兴林区经济，安排好林区知识青年就业，中国人民…     

Esperienze di fumigazione in Alto Adige

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INFOCARB: A regional scale forest carbon inventory (Provincia Autonoma di Trento,Southern Italian Alps)

The aim of this inventory (acronym: INFOCARB) was to measure the organic carbon stored in the forest ecosystems of the Trento region (Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Northern Italy) in both above- and belowground pools, according to the Kyoto protocol and IPCC requirements. A total of 150 forest sampling points were selected on the entire regional area (6206 km²) with a statistical sampling approach, based on the timber volume as a proxy variable for a stratified sampling. Each sampling point was located with a GPS receiver and a 600 m² circular plot was delimited around each point. Inside the plots, the biomass of trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation was measured, while litter was collected in systematically placed subplots. Topsoil (down to 30 cm depth) was sampled with the excavation method on three systematically located pits, to determine the organic carbon content, the bulk density and the volume occupied by stones and roots.     

Drag force due to vegetation in mangrove swamps

Field studies of tidal flows in largely pristine mangrove swamps suggestthat the momentum equation simplifies to a balance between the water surfaceslope and the drag force. The controlling parameter is the vegetation lengthscale L_E, which is a function of the projected area ofmangrove vegetation and the volume of the vegetation. The value ofL_E varies greatly with mangrove species and water depth. It isfound that the drag coefficient is related to the Reynolds number Re definedusing L_E. The drag coefficient decreases with increasingvalues of Re from a maximum value of 10 at low value of Re (<10⁴), and converges towards 0.4 for Re < 5 ×10⁴.     

Tree mortality risk of oak due to gypsy moth

We present prediction models for estimating tree mortality resulting from gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, defoliation in mixed oak, Quercus sp., forests. These models differ from previous work by including defoliation as a factor in the analysis. Defoliation intensity, initial tree crown condition (crown vigour), crown position, and species grouping classes were highly significant in categorical analysis of variance for mortality. Heavy defoliation intensity was shown to have a strong, consistent influence in increasing the probability of tree mortality. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis, a binomial decision tree procedure, was used to develop prediction models of mortality risk for use by forest managers. The best decision tree had 65 groups that correctly classified 75% of the live trees and 76% of the dead trees. Models were run separately by defoliation class and provided correct classifications between 63 and 78% of the trees. Forest land managers can use these models to assign probabilities of death for moderate and heavy defoliation intensity levels and compare predicted mortality to mortality of undefoliated trees to determine how gypsy moth defoliation will affect their stands. The probabilities can be used to develop marking guides Lased on projected defoliation levels for implementing silvicultural treatments to minimize gypsy moth effects in forest stands prior to infestation.     

Snow forces on forest plants due to creep and glide

Snow forces impede afforestation in the subalpine region; in particular juvenescent trees can be damaged by extraction from the ground. Such forces are mainly triggered by intense snow gliding which is a frequent phenomenon on slopes with a smooth ground surface.     

Dielectric relaxation due to the heterogeneous structure of wood charcoal

Delignified hinoki wood and cellulose as well as hinoki and lauan woods were carbonized at 590°C for 1 h. The dielectric properties of these specimens were measured at 20°C in a frequency range of 20 Hz to 1 MHz. Inflection points in the dielectric constant (ε′) versus the logarithm of frequency (log f) curves as well as in the logarithm of the electric conductivity (log σ) versus log f curves for all specimens prepared were recognized. Peaks in the dielectric loss and the imaginary part of the complex conductivity versus the log f curves were detected in the frequency location corresponding to the inflection point in the ε′ and log σ versus log f curves. It was considered that this relaxation was responsible for the interfacial polarization observed in heterogeneous materials because no permanent dipoles existed in the specimens carbonized above 500°C. The Cole–Cole circular arc law was applied to account for this relaxation. Similar average relaxation times were obtained for all specimens. These results suggested that the observed relaxation was ascribed to interfacial polarization at microscopic levels in the cell walls.     

Changes in wettability of heat-treated wood due to artificial weathering

Effect of artificial weathering on the wettability of three heat-treated North American wood species (jack pine, aspen, and birch) is studied from the point of view of the structural and chemical changes taking place on the wood surface. Weathering increases wettability of all three heat-treated woods by water. Changes in wettability during artificial weathering differ according to heat treatment procedure and wood species and are likely due to combination of structural and chemical changes of the surfaces. Scanning electron microscopic analysis indicates that cracks form due to degradation taking place during weathering. As a result, water has easier entry into the cell wall, which consequently increases wettability. IR spectra suggest that the OH/CH₂ ratio for heat-treated specimens is inversely proportional to the contact angle regardless of the type of wood species. The presence of cellulose-rich layer on wood surface and increasing amount of amorphous cellulose transformed from crystallized cellulose due to weathering result in increase in hydroxyl; consequently, it increases heat-treated wood wettability.     

Natural decline of volatile acids due to aging of living trees

Wood age, i.e., number of years that have passed after the annual rings of xylem tissue developed from cambium, had a strong negative impact on the volatile acid content of wood of the two oak species, Quercus petraea and Q. frainetto. Up to 80% of acetyl groups were cleaved off in the heartwood zones close to the pith if the living oak trees were about 200 years old.     

Postbuckling of thin wood-based sandwich panels due to hygroexpansion under high humidity

This study was carried out to investigate the postbuckling behavior of thin wood-based sandwich panels under high humidity. Using the Rayleigh-Ritz method based on the von Karman nonlinear theory for the panel, the solutions for both the approximate and the closed form for postbuckling of orthotropic panels were derived to evaluate the deflection for the boundary condition of all clamped edges. The results suggested that the edge movement be considered for evaluation of a critical moisture content and deflection of thin wood-based panels fixed on the core with an adhesive. The numerical solution obtained from the derived model showed some discrepancy with the experimental results. The predicted results overestimated the center deflection of the panels because creep and plastic deformation might be caused by considerable in-plane stress on panels.Appendix: Abbreviations and symbols total potential energy of panel - A _ij ,D _ij extensional and bending stiffness, respectively - _x , _y midplane strains inx andy directions, respectively - _xy midplane shear strain inxy plane - N _x ^M , N _y ^M hygroscopic forces inx andy directions, respectively - h panel thickness - a, b panel length inx andy directions, respectively - x, y, z coordinate system - u, v, w displacement inx, y, andz directions, respectively - MC moisture content change - a _x ,a _y coefficient of linear expansion inx andy directions, respectively - LE linear expansion (MC) - s arc length - R radius of curvature - N _x ,N _y resultant in-plane forces per unit length inx andy directions, respectively - N _n nondimensional loadN _x ^M b ²/E ₂ h ³ - N _cr nondimensional critical load,N _x,cr ^M b ²/E ₂ h ³ - ratio of the core to the total width,a _c /a + a _c - E _c effective core MOE,E +E (i.e., the summation of MOE parallel to the grain and perpendicular to the grain) - h _c core thickness     

Mechanical relaxation processes due to sugars in cane (Arundo donax L.)

The storage modulus and the mechanical loss tangent of untreated, extracted, and sugar- impregnated canes (Arundo donax L.) were measured over a temperature range of –150° to 0°C at low frequencies. Two relaxation processes, labeled and , were detected in the ranges –60° to 0°C and –120° to –100°C, respectively. The and processes shifted to lower temperatures with increasing moisture content. The process was detected only in the canes containing sugar. The magnitude of its loss peak increased with an increase in sugar content. It was speculated that the process was due to some interactive molecular motions of the adsorbed water and sugar. The process, detected in all of the canes, was attributed to the motion of the adsorbed water in the amorphous cell wall substances.     

Acoustic emission for tracing fracture intensity in lime wood due to climatic variations

Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring was used to trace directly the fracture intensity in cylinders of lime wood subjected to variations in temperature and relative humidity (RH) in their environment. High-frequency components produced by mechanical fracturing were extracted from the raw AE signals using the wavelet transforms. The accumulated energy of these components depended on the magnitude and rate of the RH variations. The AE activity correlated well with predictions of the numerical modeling carried out as the first part of the present investigations. In particular, the AE activity became negligible below the allowable magnitude for the rapid RH variation predicted by the simulation, or when the time interval allowed for the RH variation was long enough. Furthermore, AE proved capable of tracing the progressive evolution of damage at the microlevel, which preceded failure of wood discernible from the macroscopic perspective.     

环境变化对青海湖地区鸟兽的影响探讨

分析了青海湖环湖地区动植物分布特征,指出了湖水位下降、土地沙化、植被退化、人类活动等诸多因素对青海湖环湖地区的生态环境造成了影响,也探讨了气候因素和人类活动对青海湖地区动物的影响。     

Studies in Forest Pathology Root Rot due to Rhizoctonia solani Kühn

A root rot disease of Phyllanthus emblica, Quercus serrata and Citrus sp. due to Rbizoctonia solani has been observed in the two tropical forests of Meghalaya in May to August. Seedling mortality was 39.4% in P. emblica, 38.6% in Q. serrata and 17.1% in Citrus sp. Older plants were resistant to this disease. High temperature and rainfall favour the disease development. The disease was observed in silt and clay soil with pH 6.10 and 6.38 and moisture content 22.8 and 24.6% respectively. The fungus grows over a broad temperature ranges (5 to 40°C) with optimum temperature at 20 to 35°C. The pathogenicity of the fungus was established. The fungus possesses quick and wide powers of saprophytic colonization of dead and healthy roots and soil. This is a new host record for this fungus on P. emblica and Q. serrata in India.     

大型电站的修建对林业生态环境的影响和恢复对策

研究分析了大型水电站的修建对林业生态系统的影响,并提出了改善林业投资环境、健全林业投入机制、调整林业产业结构、实行林业分类经营等多项恢复生态环境发展对策和建议。     

污染砂质土壤酸化对铜和锌释放影响的模拟研究

砂质土壤上造林会引起土壤酸化,影响铜和锌的释放。本文用模拟方法研究了砂质耕地造林引起土壤酸化对土壤中铜和锌释放的影响。结果表明,酸化可明显改变土壤中铜和锌的化学形态,促使碳酸盐结合态铜和锌向交换态、有机质结合态和氧化物结合态形式转化,增加土壤铜锌的释放和淋出潜力,其中对锌的影响尤为明显。铜和锌溶解度明显增加的土壤 pH 分别为 3.8-4.5和 6.2-6.5。图3表2参14。