不同剂量猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒ORF5基因疫苗肌肉注射诱导仔猪细胞免疫的研究

将猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)ORF5基因疫苗(pcDNA-PRRSV-SC2-ORF5)分别以200 ug,100 ug和50 ug 3种剂量肌肉注射免疫21日龄仔猪,同时设空载体对照和生理盐水空白对照.于免疫后7 d、15d、30d、45d、60d和70d采用流式细胞仪(FACS)和淋巴细胞增殖试验(MTT法)分别对免疫猪外周血中CIM+、CD8+T淋巴细胞数和淋巴细胞的转化功能进行检测.结果表明3个不同剂量的pcDNA-PRRSV-SC2-ORF5基因疫苗免疫仔猪后均能诱导产生良好的细胞免疫应答,实验组与对照组比较差异极显著(p<0.01)或显著(p<0.05).大剂量基因疫苗免疫仔猪的外周血T淋巴细胞的增殖能力及CD4+、CD8+百分含量高于中剂量和小剂量基因疫苗免疫的仔猪,表现出一定的量效关系.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒ORF5基因疫苗肌肉注射诱导小鼠的细胞免疫

将猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）ORF5基因疫苗（pcDNA—PRRSV—ORF5）以50、100、200μg 3个剂量肌注免疫BALB／c小鼠，以PBS和空载体质粒pcDNA为对照，采用流式细胞仪（FACS）、淋巴细胞增殖试验（MTT法）分别时小鼠外周血中CD4^＋、CD8^＋ T淋巴细胞数和淋巴细胞转化功能进行了检测。结果，3个剂量的pcDNA—PRRSV—ORF5接种小鼠后，其外周血都对ConA有明显的反应性。试验组与对照组比较差异极显著（P〈0．01）或显著（P〈0．05），CD4^＋ T淋巴细胞数在免疫后7d高于对照组（P〈0．01），CD8^＋ T淋巴细胞在免疫后28d高于对照组，大剂量基因疫苗免疫小鼠的细胞免疫应答高于中、小剂量。结果表明，pcDNA—PRRSV—ORF5免疫小鼠能够诱导机体产生良好的细胞免疫应答，并表现一定的剂量依赖性。     

牛磺鹅去氧胆酸对小鼠外周血和脾脏中T、B淋巴细胞的影响

试验旨在探讨牛磺鹅去氧胆酸（taurochenodxycholic acid, TCDCA）对小鼠外周血和脾脏中T淋巴细胞亚群和B淋巴细胞的影响。试验采用流式细胞仪测定各处理组小鼠外周血和脾脏中用CD3+、CD3+CD4+ 、CD3+CD8+标记的T淋巴细胞百分率和CD19+标记的B淋巴细胞百分率。 结果表明,与空白对照组比较,高剂量（0.20 g/kg）TCDCA组、低剂量（0.10 g/kg）TCDCA组、CsA+高剂量（0.20 g/kg）TCDCA组和CsA+低剂量（0.10 g/kg）TCDCA组小鼠脾脏中的CD4+/CD8+的比值均得到极显著提高;与环孢素A组相比,CsA+高剂量（0.20 g/kg）TCDCA组和CsA+低剂量（0.10 g/kg）TCDCA组小鼠外周血中的CD3+CD4+、CD3+ T淋巴细胞的百分率和脾脏中CD3+ T淋巴细胞百分率显著提高。因此,TCDCA通过提高机体中CD3+ T淋巴细胞的百分率和调整CD4+/CD8+之间的平衡来显著提高小鼠机体的免疫功能和恢复由环孢素抑制的小鼠机体免疫力。     

鹰嘴豆芽素A免疫佐剂作用试验

为了探讨鹰嘴豆芽素A(BioA)的免疫佐剂效果,分别将BioA以及氢氧化铝胶(Alum)作为佐剂和鸡卵清白蛋白(OVA)抗原联合免疫ICR小鼠,二次免疫后2周采血和取脾脏,观察免疫前后血清OVA诱导特异性抗体及亚类含量变化、细胞因子水平,淋巴细胞在抗原刺激下的体外细胞增殖反应以及外周血CD4~+和CD8~+ T细胞表达。结果显示,BioA和抗原混合物免疫小鼠后,未见不良反应;100μg BioA组小鼠血清抗体IgG、IgG1和IgG2a水平显著高于OVA组(P0.05或P0.01);100μg BioA免疫小鼠受刀豆蛋白A(ConA)、脂多糖(LPS)和OVA刺激产生的淋巴细胞体外增殖能力显著高于OVA组(P0.05或P0.01);100μg BioA组小鼠血清细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IFN-γ和TNF-α浓度显著高于OVA组(P0.05);BioA显著提高CD4~+T细胞数量和提高CD4~+/CD8~+值(P0.01)。表明BioA是一种能同时激活Th1和Th2型免疫反应的免疫佐剂。     

禽流感病毒HA基因DNA疫苗诱导鸡CD8+T细胞的动态变化

用表达禽流感病毒血凝素HA抗原的重组质粒pCAGGoptiHA5 100μg免疫SPF鸡,用流式细胞仪检测鸡体内CD8 T细胞的动态变化。一次免疫后,免疫组外周血中CD8 T淋巴细胞数目逐渐上升,并于第3周达到峰值,在二次免疫后,SPF鸡体内CD8 T细胞数量上升速率明显高于初免时上升速率,并于第二次免疫后2周达到一个峰值,攻毒后,二次免疫的SPF鸡外周血中CD8 T淋巴细胞数量略有上升,但上升幅度不大,2周时检测发现其下降幅度明显低于一次免疫组。而阴性对照组SPF鸡外周血中CD8 T淋巴细胞的数目则无明显变化,但在攻毒后其外周血中CD8 T淋巴细胞数量也呈上升趋势,但未达到免疫组的水平,并且在1周内全部死亡。结果表明,pCAGGopti-HA5 DNA疫苗质粒可诱导有效的细胞免疫应答。     

用原位杂交检测基因枪轰击小鹅瘟病毒VP3基因疫苗在小鼠体内分布规律

将小鹅瘟病毒(Goose Parvovims,GPV)VP3基因疫苗(pcDNA-GPV-VP3)分别按每只6、3、1μg的剂量基因枪轰击免疫4周龄BALB/c小鼠,于免疫后不同时间采集小鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肠、脑和免疫部位皮肤等组织,用原位杂交方法检测pcDNA-GPV-VF3在小鼠体内的分布规律.结果显示,pcDNA-GPV-VP3在免疫后1 h即分布于小鼠除脑外各个组织,脑组织于免疫后3 h呈阳性,各组织阳性信号随时间的推移逐渐减弱;pcDNA-GPV-VP3在不同组织中持续时间依次为肝脏>心>脾>免疫部位>肾、肠>肺>脑;pcDNA-GPV-VF3不同剂量组信号强弱和持续时间存在的总体规律依次为6μg组>3 μg组>1μg组.基因枪轰击pcDNA-GPV-VP3于免疫后能快速而广泛的分布于小鼠各个组织且持续存在达63 d.     

猪轮状病毒核酸免疫的研究

将昆明鼠随机分为A、B两组,分别肌肉注射含有猪轮状病毒(RV)JL94株VP7基因的重组真核表达质粒pcDNA-VP7和真核表达载体pcDNA3.1( ),每只鼠100μg/100μL,共免疫3次,每次间隔2周.首次免疫第0、14、21、21、28、39、47、54d采血,检测血清抗体和外周血淋巴细胞中CD4 、CD8 T细胞的数量变化.A组小鼠血清在首免后第14 d即可检出阳性抗体(P/N≥2.0).A组与B组小鼠外周血CD4 、CD8 T细胞数量在首免后第14d开始有显著差异(P＜0.05).     

AA肉鸡免疫禽流感油乳剂灭活疫苗细胞免疫应答的变化

为了解肉鸡生长期内免疫前后的细胞免疫反应,本实验采用CD3/CD4/CD8三色流式细胞术、MTT法和Griess法依次检测了AA肉鸡免疫禽流感灭活疫苗和非免疫状态下外周血、胸腺和脾脏中T淋巴细胞及其亚群的相对含量、外周血中T淋巴细胞对PHA-P的增殖反应能力和诱导巨噬细胞NO分泌量的变化。结果表明,非免疫状态下,AA肉鸡外周血CD4+、CD8+、CD3+T淋巴细胞相对百分含量在7日龄时均为最低,脾脏中CD4+T淋巴细胞相对百分含量在整个试验期一直呈下降趋势,免疫后外周血、脾脏和胸腺中CD4+、CD8+、CD3+T淋巴细胞相对百分含量均明显高于非免疫组,且脾脏CD4+T淋巴细胞呈阶段性上升状态;各时期淋巴细胞刺激指数(SI)值和巨噬细胞NO分泌量检测结果表明,免疫组均高于同期对照组(p<0.05)。研究结果还表明:肉鸡在7日龄时细胞免疫水平最低,灭活疫苗可以激发肉鸡产生较强的细胞免疫应答。     

传染性支气管炎病毒结构蛋白免疫鸡对CD4+CD8+T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

为了比较传染性支气管炎病毒3种主要结构蛋白免疫鸡后对CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞亚群的不同影响.本试验以pVAX1载体为携带工具,制备分别含有IBV主要结构蛋白基因的质粒免疫健康雏鸡,采用流式细胞仪(FACS)对免疫鸡外周血中CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞数进行检测.结果显示:各试验组间,携带N蛋白基因的质粒在免疫后3周内CD4+T淋巴细胞数和CD8+T淋巴细胞数均高于其他组,且差异极显著(P＜0.01).由此可见,IBV的N蛋白可明显诱导CD8+T淋巴细胞的CTL免疫作用和CD4+T淋巴细胞的辅助性免疫作用,其细胞免疫原性高于S1蛋白和M蛋白.     

牛磺鹅去氧胆酸对热应激小鼠免疫功能的调节作用

为探讨牛磺鹅去氧胆酸(taurochenodeoxycholic acid,TCDCA)对热应激小鼠免疫功能的调节作用,试验将50只小鼠随机分成5组,分别为对照组、热应激组和低、中、高剂量TCDCA组(剂量分别为50、100、200 mg/kg)。热应激组和低、中、高剂量TCDCA组小鼠置于(35.5±0.5) ℃、相对湿度60%环境下连续热应激7 d。结束后分别检测小鼠脾脏指数、血清IgG、小肠sIgA的含量及外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和B淋巴细胞的变化。结果表明,热应激引起小鼠脾脏指数显著下降(P＜0.05),血清IgG、肠sIgA显著升高(P＜0.05),外周血CD8⁺、CD19⁺百分率显著下降(P＜0.05),CD4⁺百分率下降不显著(P＞0.05),CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值显著升高(P＜0.05),表明热应激导致小鼠机体免疫功能发生紊乱。TCDCA对热应激小鼠脾脏指数无显著影响;但能显著抑制热应激引起的血清IgG含量、小肠sIgA含量升高(P＜0.05)和显著提高外周血CD8⁺、CD19⁺百分率(P＜0.05),同时能够调节CD4⁺/CD8⁺ 比值到正常水平。因此,TCDCA对热应激导致的小鼠免疫功能紊乱具有显著的改善作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein