Effects of molecular memory and bursting on fluctuations in gene expression

Many cellular components are present in such low numbers per cell that random births and deaths of individual molecules can cause substantial "noise" in concentrations. But biochemical events do not necessarily occur in single steps of individual molecules. Some processes are greatly randomized when synthesis or degradation occurs in large bursts of many molecules during a short time interval. Conversely, each birth or death of a macromolecule could involve several small steps, creating a memory between individual events. We present a generalized theory for stochastic gene expression, formulating the variance in protein abundance in terms of the randomness of the individual gene expression events. We show that common types of molecular mechanisms can produce gestation and senescence periods that reduce noise without requiring higher abundances, shorter lifetimes, or any concentration-dependent control loops. We also show that most single-cell experimental methods cannot distinguish between qualitatively different stochastic principles, although this in turn makes such methods better suited for identifying which components introduce fluctuations. Characterizing the random events that give rise to noise in concentrations instead requires dynamic measurements with single-molecule resolution.     

GDF11 controls the timing of progenitor cell competence in developing retina

The orderly generation of cell types in the developing retina is thought to be regulated by changes in the competence of multipotent progenitors. Here, we show that a secreted factor, growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), controls the numbers of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), as well as amacrine and photoreceptor cells, that form during development. GDF11 does not affect proliferation of progenitors-a major mode of GDF11 action in other tissues-but instead controls duration of expression of Math5, a gene that confers competence for RGC genesis, in progenitor cells. Thus, GDF11 governs the temporal windows during which multipotent progenitors retain competence to produce distinct neural progeny.     

Reprogramming cellular behavior with RNA controllers responsive to endogenous proteins

Synthetic genetic devices that interface with native cellular pathways can be used to change natural networks to implement new forms of control and behavior. The engineering of gene networks has been limited by an inability to interface with native components. We describe a class of RNA control devices that overcome these limitations by coupling increased abundance of particular proteins to targeted gene expression events through the regulation of alternative RNA splicing. We engineered RNA devices that detect signaling through the nuclear factor κB and Wnt signaling pathways in human cells and rewire these pathways to produce new behaviors, thereby linking disease markers to noninvasive sensing and reprogrammed cellular fates. Our work provides a genetic platform that can build programmable sensing-actuation devices enabling autonomous control over cellular behavior.     

大草蛉幼虫对烟粉虱的捕食功能反应及捕食行为观察

 【目的】评估大草蛉(Chrysopa pallens)对烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)卵、若虫及伪蛹的搜寻、控害潜能,观察分析其捕食行为。【方法】在室内设置不同密度的烟粉虱卵、若虫及成虫供大草蛉高龄幼虫取食,统计大草蛉3龄幼虫在不同猎物密度下的净取食和取食比例,并进行相关统计分析。观察大草蛉3龄幼虫的取食行为的若干独立行为事件,系统描述其行为事件内容,分析研究各行为发生频次及持续时间占总捕食过程的比例。【结果】大草蛉3龄幼虫对烟粉虱卵、若虫及伪蛹的捕食功能反应均同时拟合Holling II及III型方程。在室内条件下,大草蛉3龄幼虫的捕食量随猎物密度的增加而上升,其瞬间攻击率随烟粉虱虫龄的增加而增大,且处理时间为若虫＞伪蛹＞卵,最佳寻找密度为若虫最低。对搜寻效应的估计结果表明,大草蛉幼虫对烟粉虱的搜寻效应随烟粉虱虫龄的增加而升高。大草蛉取食卵及若虫时,其行走及搜索行为所占比例相当,而取食伪蛹时搜索行为所占比例最高而取食其次。同时,在捕食过程中,各行为事件的发生比例也存在显著差异。【结论】大草蛉高龄幼虫在低密度下对烟粉虱卵、若虫及成虫的捕食能力随密度增长且不受密度制约,其捕食行为事件的发生频次及持续时间在取食不同类型猎物时差异显著。     

北方旱稻的叶层结构和后期光分布

 为了探讨旱地条件下旱稻品种叶层结构的特点,1986,1987年两年在北京农业大学种植3个旱稻品种,其中有生育期较长的"秦爱";生育期中等的"石狩";生育期较短的"小白旱稻"。不同生育期按Ross的群体结构分析法研究了叶层结构。结果表明"秦爱"是高杆中等偏直立型;"石狩"为矮杆直立型;"小白旱稻"属于矮杆型,株型随生育期变化,穗首分化期至抽穗期呈中等偏直立型,灌浆中期却呈披散型。3个品种叶片着生方位基本是均匀分布的,后期群体内光分布各有不同。     

大麦发育模型的生理参数研究——II.大麦花前光周期敏感与钝感阶段的生理参数研究

作物生育期的预测是作物动态模型的重要功能之一,而其中重要的一步就是确定作物对光周期反应的各个时期。前人研究将作物对光周期的反应分为光周期诱导前期(BVP)、诱导期(PSP)和诱导后期(PPP),本研究以大麦为例,通过不同光照时间试验,定量的确定大麦的光周期反应中的各个时期的天数及它们之间的变化规律,结果表明,利用BVP、PSP和PPP可以较好的反应大麦受光周期变化的影响;由短光照条件移到长光照条件下的诱导期PSPS大于由长光照条件移到短光照条件下的PSPL,且所获得的各个发育参数与长日条件下的最短发育天数具有显著相关,而与短日条件下的最长发育天数相关不显著;并根据大麦品系的花前生育期长短,将它们分为偏冬性、弱春性与强春性3个类型。     

基于NLMS算法的风送式喷雾机窄带有源降噪仿真研究

目的 研究风送式喷雾机出风口噪声类别,并探索合适的降噪方法以提高降噪效果。方法 通过分析风送式喷雾机出风口噪声频谱,采取窄带有源降噪方法对风机出风口噪声进行降噪,比较了3种常见的降噪算法,综合考虑算法收敛速度和降噪性能,选取NLMS算法作为核心算法;为改善窄带有源降噪系统中由非声学传感器引起的频率失调问题,引入遗传算法对转速器采集参数计算出的初始频率进行优化。将风机噪声作为输入信号,采取197、394、591、788和985 Hz 5个频率通道进行窄带有源降噪仿真。结果 风送式喷雾机噪声以扇叶转动引起的旋转噪声为主。仿真结果表明,经过遗传算法迭代33次调频后的系统性能得到较好的改善,在NLMS算法迭代10 000次时系统收敛,5个频率通道噪声幅值分别降低了0.192、0.041、0.024、0.018和0.210 mm,取得总体约14 dB的降噪效果。结论 NLMS算法对风送式喷雾机噪声有较好的降噪效果,遗传算法能够有效改善非声学传感器引起的频率失调问题。本研究为风送式喷雾机主动降噪方法提供了参考。     

小麦胚性愈伤组织诱导研究

研究了不同基因型、低温处理时间、激素和蔗糖浓度及生根条件等对小麦幼胚培养再分化能力的影响。结果表明:在该体系优化的条件下,诱导胚性愈伤组织的频率为80.88 %,胚性愈伤组织分化的频率为97.30 %,分化芽的生根率为90.00 % 以上;筛选出栽培品种(系)6-90可以作为遗传转化的良好受体。     

Sequential synaptic excitation and inhibition shape readiness discharge for voluntary behavior

How do animals initiate voluntary behavior? A key phenomenon in neuroscience is the readiness or preparatory neural activity in specific regions of the animal brain. The neurons and synaptic mechanisms mediating this activity are unknown. We found that the readiness discharge is shaped by sequential synaptic excitation and inhibition in the brain of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). The readiness discharge neurons extended axon collaterals that appeared to activate recurring local interneurons. Therefore, we propose that the readiness discharge is formed by sequential synaptic events within the brain without feedback signals from downstream ganglia. The circuit involved is suited for signal processing for self-generated voluntary initiation of behavior.     

基于软开关技术的PWM变频器设计

设计了一种基于谐振过渡软开关技术的变频器,以Intel87C196KC单片机为控制核心。分析了辅助谐振电路在逆变电路中的应用,给出了变频器主电路、控制电路的设计以及部分软件框图。结果表明,其具有良好的动静态性能     

麦蛾气味受体OrCo基因的克隆及其表达模式分析

为提高麦蛾茧蜂种群的室内扩繁效率,采用人为控制种蜂婚配条件,研究麦蛾茧蜂交配经历和种蜂性比对交配行为及子代性别分化的影响。结果表明:麦蛾茧蜂种蜂交配经历对雌雄交配行为具有显著影响。交配经历较少的雄蜂再行配对时,求偶次数和交配次数较多、求偶强度较强且单次交配时间较长。没有交配经历的雄蜂比有5~6次交配经历的雄蜂交配时间显著要长。麦蛾茧蜂雄蜂交配经历对子代雌雄性比具有一定影响,但对子代总蜂数量的影响不明显。较少交配经历的雄蜂与处女雌蜂交配繁育所获子代雌蜂数量较多,雌雄性比较高。室内人工繁殖时,适当提高麦蛾茧蜂种蜂中雄蜂的比例有助于提高子代雌蜂数,当种蜂性比为1雌3雄,益害比为2(雌蜂数)10时繁殖效率最佳。     

高噪声环境下的语音活动检测技术

以MOTOROLA公司生产的DSP56F801芯片为核心搭建系统硬件电路，对语音信号进行处理。采用能够根据背景噪声变化而自适应调节门限的算法对语音活动进行精确检测，实现整机系统在高噪声环境下的正常通讯。实际检测结果表明：在100、110、115dB的强背景噪声环境下，系统识别率分别为100％、96％和94％，丢字漏字率分别为2％、5％和10％；在100～110、110-115dB的背景噪声环境，系统稳定性分别为100％和98％。采用此种算法，增强了系统的抗干扰能力，在高噪声和噪声不太稳定的环境下，实现了对语音活动的精确检测。     

Microprocessors: from desktops to supercomputers

Continuing improvements in integrated circuit technology and computer architecture have driven microprocessors to performance levels that rival those of supercomputers-at a fraction of the price. The use of sophisticated memory hierarchies enables microprocessor-based machines to have very large memories built from commodity dynamic random access memory while retaining the high bandwidth and low access time needed in a high-performance machine. Parallel processors composed of these high-performance microprocessors are becoming the supercomputing technology of choice for scientific and engineering applications. The challenges for these new supercomputers have been in developing multiprocessor architectures that are easy to program and that deliver high performance without extraordinary programming efforts by users. Recent progress in multiprocessor architecture has led to ways to meet these challenges.     

A real-time automated system for monitoring individual feed intake and body weight of group housed turkeys

Feed conversion is an important production trait in turkey breeding; the measurement of an individual bird's feed efficiency is important in identifying the most genetically superior individual. The development of a real-time automated feed intake and body weight monitoring system is described in this paper. The system integrated multiple feed and body weight weighing stations consisting of electronic scales, radio frequency identification (RFID) devices and data communication modules. A distributed and client-server-based system architecture with multi-threading software design was developed. This system architecture allowed for a real-time data acquisition capability when a large number of stations were required. A structured query language (SQL) database management system was developed to record and manage the dynamic feed intake and body weight gain data of individual birds. The developed system also offers a powerful research tool for studying poultry feeding behavior under group housing conditions.     

基于改进AFSA的路面不平度时域估测

为提高根据车辆动力学响应建立路面不平度时域模型的精度,对RBF神经网络的设计、输入神经网络的动力学响应参数和汽车车体测量点的位置进行了研究。基于拉格朗日第2方程建立了车身任意位置的5自由度振动模型,以滤波白噪声法建立的路面时域激励为车辆激励的输入和神经网络的理想输出,采用改进的人工鱼群算法(AFSA),针对车身测量点距质心的距离、待测量的动力学响应参数的类型和RBF神经网络的扩展系数建立了优化分析模型。提出了2种需测量的车辆动力学响应参数方案,以及各方案下车身测量点的具体位置。研究结果表明,2种方案的路面不平度时域激励估测精度均高于0.99。     

基于瞬时频率的木材声发射事件辨识与损伤监测

为了从能量的角度客观评价木材损伤程度,依据应变能释放产生的声发射（AE）信号特征,提出一种基于信号瞬时频率的AE事件辨识方法,并依据AE事件的发生密度从能量的角度进行损伤动态监测。采用小波分析的方法对原始信号进行降噪预处理,用经验模态分解（EMD）进行波形重构。依据AE信号的频率分布特征将AE信号分为2类,并对应地定义DAE和FAE 2类AE事件。通过Hilbert变换获得AE信号的瞬时频率,依据瞬时频率计算2种AE事件发生的密度,依此判断和预测木材的应力变化及损伤趋势。结果表明,FAE信号频率明显高于DAE信号频率,并且当DAE事件密度维持较高水平时,意味着材料以弹性形变为主;相反当FAE事件密度维持较高水平时,说明材料正在发生频繁的断裂,从而为木材损伤程度的研判提供评价依据。     

政府行为与农业高校科技产业核心竞争力研究

在农业高校科技产业核心竞争力的培育过程中,政府行为起着至关重要的作用。通过分析农业高校科技产业核心竞争力培育中政府行为的作用和方式,探索政府行为与农业高校科技产业核心竞争力之间的关系,并在此基础上提出提高农业高校科技产业核心竞争力的政策建议,以期促进政府行为作用的充分发挥,进而促进农业高校科技产业的健康发展。