水分逆境下杨树光合作用的气孔与非气孔调控

对杨树无性系：Ｉ－２１４（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｅｕｒａｍｅｒｉｃａｎａｃｖ．Ｉ－２１４〕，健杨（Ｐ．ｅｕｒａｍｅｒｉｃａｎａＧｕｉｎｉｒｃｖ．Ｒｏｂｕｓｔａ），中东杨（Ｐ．ｂｅｒｏｌｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）和群众杨（Ｐ．Ｐｏｐｕｌａｒｉｓ３５－４４）一年生盆栽插条苗进行干旱处理，研究了水分胁迫对四种苗木光合作用和叶绿素ａ荧光的影响．结果发现，苗木受旱后可变荧光提高２０－５０％，而恒定荧光未受水分胁迫的影响。鉴于光抑制是以可变荧光的降低为特征，因此得出光系统ＩＩ光反应中心未受伤害的结论。对土壤干旱敏感的Ｉ－２１４和健杨受旱后净光合作用（Ｐｎ）剧烈下降，主要是由于非气孔因素的影响：即ＲＵＢＰ羧化酶（Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ）的活性降低．耐旱性强的群众杨和中东杨，Ｐｎ下降的幅度较小，气孔因素和非气孔因素都是影响光合作用的因子。通过干旱或ＡＢＡ处理的叶片叶温升高，抑制了Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ的活性，也使叶绿素ａ荧光诱导曲线上的Ｍ峰消失，从而证实了Ｍ峰与光合作用暗反应的相关性。     

杨树抗盐性基因型离子分布X－射线微区分析

用Ｘ－射线微区分析方法对Ｉ－２１４（ＰｏｐｕｌｕｓｄｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓＰ．ｎｉｇｒａ（Ｄｏｄｅ）Ｇｕｉｎｉｅｒ）和胡杨（Ｐ．ｅｕｐｈｒａｔｉｃａＯｌｉｖｅ）根和叶片样品中元素浓度和分布研究的结果表明，与盐胁迫处理和对照的Ｉ－２１４相比较，胡杨根系中具有”次生液泡”，因而Ｃｌ，Ｎａ，Ｋ和Ｍｇ离子浓度较低，而Ｃａ离子浓度较高．在不耐盐的Ｉ－２１４杨中由于不具有”次生液泡”，Ｃｌ和Ｋ离子浓度较高．胡杨中的这种结构一方面可以做为Ｃｌ离子的储存场所，另一方面可以防止Ｃｌ离子在细胞核中积聚．在盐胁迫处理条件下，相对细胞壁而言胡杨表现出较强的防止细胞核中积聚Ｃｌ离子的能力，表明胡杨在离子选择吸收和区隔化方面具有较强的功能，这将有助于解释胡杨所具有的较强的耐盐性     

人工林场树木性质与单板和胶合板质量关系的研究

本文以生长在３种长江滩地类型（江滩、洲滩、湖滩）、３种栽植密度（３ｍ×４ｍ,４ｍ×５ｍ,５ｍ×６ｍ）下的３个品系人工林杨树木材［欧美杨无性系７２杨（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓ×ｅｕｒａｍｅｒｉｃａｎａ ｃｖ．Ｉ－７２／５８）,美液黑杨无性系６３系（Ｐ．ｄｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓ ｃｖ．Ｉ－６３／５１）和６９杨（Ｐ．ｄｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓ ｃｖ．Ｉ－６９／５５）］为对象,深入地分析了人工林杨树木材料性与单板和胶合质量之间的     

不同环境条件下气孔和光合作用模型: 4个杨树无性系对光照、温度和相对湿度的反应(英文)

用配有Ｌｉ－６１０露点发生器的Ｌｉ－ｃｏｒ６２００在温室中测定了４个杨树无性系叶水平上的气孔导度（Ｃｓ）和净光合速率（Ｐｎ）．在３个相对湿度（ＲＨ）水平（７０％，５０％和３０％）控制下，不同温度（２５℃，３０℃和３５℃）条件下，杨树无性系的Ｐｎ、Ｃｓ、蒸腾速率（Ｅ）和胞间ＣＯ２浓度（Ｃｉ）表现出显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０００１）．随着空气湿度的减小，Ｅ、Ｃｓ、Ｃｉ明显下降．结果表明：ＲＨ低时，而不是ＶＰＤ高时，气孔关闭在调节蒸腾速率和胞间ＣＯ２浓度中起更大作用．另外，还选用了净光合速率－光照模型和Ｃｓ－Ｐｎ复合模型模拟了不同光照、温度和相对湿度条件下Ｐｎ和Ｃｓ间的关系．尽管无性系、温度和湿度间存在差异，但在模拟Ｐｎ对光照的关系上净光合速率－光照模型最合适．关于Ｃｓ－Ｐｎ模型，检验了Ｌｅｕｎｉｎｇ模型，建立了新的Ｃｓ－Ｐｎ模型：Ｃｓ＝Ｃｓ０＋ａ０Ｐｎ／［（ＣＯ２－Γ）（１＋ｆ（Ｔ）（１－ＲＨ／１００）／Ｄ０）］．基于它们之间的关系，式中加入了反映温度和ＲＨ的变量，代替了ＶＰＤ变量．与田间数据模拟结果相比较，新模型和Ｌｅｕｎｉｎｇ模型一样适合．并且，为了预测气孔和气体交换的行为，可以用净光合速率－光照模型修正Ｃｓ－Ｐ     

小叶杨原生质体培养中的激素和氨含量变化

以小叶杨（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｓｉｍｏｎｉｉｃａｒｒ．）原生质体培养的愈伤组织为供试材料，用高压波相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ），测定它们在四种不同分化培养基上四大类内源激素（ＩＡＡ，ＧＡ３，ＣＴＫ，ＡＢＡ）的含量变化，并检定有关Ｎ的生化反应。结果表明，不同分化培养基上的愈伤组织中内源激素含量和种类差异很大。导致细胞分裂素（ＣＴＫ）含量高，种类多以及细胞分裂素与生长素的比值（ＣＴＫ／ＩＡＡ）高的处理，有利于愈伤组织分化；但若愈伤组织中含有内源脱落酸（ＡＢＡ），则抑制分化。测定结果还表明，小叶杨原生质体培养的愈伤组织分化过程中，其硝酸还原酶活力与氨基态Ｎ含量互为消长。分化频率高的愈伤组织中，硝酸还原酶活力低，而氨基态Ｎ含量高．     

黑杨派南方型无性系天牛危害差异的比较

Ｉ－７２／５８杨、Ｉ－６９／５５杨和Ｉ－６３／５１杨引入我省之后,逐渐成为江汉平原的重要造林树种,但随着造林面积的不断扩大,桑天牛（Ａｐｒｉｏｎａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）和云斑天牛（Ｂａｔｏｃｅｒａ　Ｌｉｎｅｏｌａｔａ）的危害也日益严重。本文通过对湖北省潜江市三处黑杨派南方型无性系试验林的天牛危害程度的调查,就品系之间被害指数是否存在差异进行分析,为抗天牛杨树品种的选育研究打下了基础。     

云南的松针红斑病病原菌形态鉴定

本文报道在云南寄生于云南松ＰｉｎｕｓｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓＦｒａｎｃｈ．、加勒比松Ｐ．ｃａｒｉｂａｅａＭｏｒｅｌｅｔ、湿地松Ｐ．ｅｌｌｉｏｔｔｉｉＥｎｇｅｌｍ．和火松Ｐ．ｔａｅｄａＬ．上的松褥盘孢菌Ｄｏｔｈ－ｉｓｔｒｏｍａｐｉｎｉＨｕｌｂａｒｙ形态鉴定。该菌侵染导致松针的衰弱死亡后，进行死体分解的菌是乔松散斑壳Ｌｏｐｈｏｄｅｒｍｉｕｍｐｉｎｉ－ｅｘｃｅｌｓａｅＡｈｍａｄ、星状拟盘多毛孢菌ＰｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉＯｐｓｉｓｓｔｅｌｌａ－ｔａ（Ｂｅｌｋ．＆Ｃｕｒｔ．）Ｈ．Ｔ．ＳｕｍｅｔＣａｏ、污斑拟盘多毛孢菌Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｆｏｅｄａｎｓ（Ｓａｃｃ．＆Ｅｌｌ．）Ｓｔｅｙ．，它们加速了死亡部分的分解而使症状更加显得严重。     

农田林网中不同杨树品种生长差异性研究

在农田林网中进行Ｉ－２１４杨、加杨、小美旱杨、北京杨４个杨树品种的造林对比试验，２０ａ生Ｉ－２１４杨的平均胸径为４２．１ｃｍ；平均树高为２７ｍ，平均单株材积为１．３６９６ｍ３，约是加杨、小美旱杨、北京杨的４～８倍。     

杨树抗云斑天牛纤维材无性系选育*

以较抗天牛的Ｉ－６９杨为母本，以Ｉ－６３杨、欧洲黑杨和晚花杨２７２为父本，于１９８３年春进行人工控制授粉，组合编号分别为３４、３２和３７。经苗期选择选出优良单株营造比较林，经５年生无性系比较林和９年生无性系比较林测定，采用主成分分析、主成分遗传距离聚类分析和选择指数，选出速生、抗虫和材质较好的纤维材无性系３４－３０１和３４－２８６。这两个新选出的无性系（３４－３０１和３４－２８６），在９年生时与对照Ｉ－６９杨相比材积分别提高２４．９％和１６．６％，抗虫性明显提高（单株幼虫数分别为０．４和０．５，而Ｉ－６９杨为５．３８）；与３４－３１４相比材积分别提高１６．７％和８．９％。化学物质测定表明，抗虫性与树皮中酚类含量和丹宁含量呈正相关。分子生物学测定表明，杨树对云斑天牛的抗性受基因控制，找到了与抗虫基因连锁的ＲＡＰＤ分子标记。     

小叶杨原生质体培养中的激素和氮含量变化

以小叶杨原生质体培养的愈伤组织为供试材料，用高压液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ），测定它们在四种不同分化培养基上四大类内源激素（ＩＡＡ，ＧＡ３，ＣＴＫ，ＡＢＡ）的含量变化，并检定有关Ｎ的生化反应，结果表明，不同分化培养基上愈伤组织中内源激素含量和种类差异很大，导致细胞分裂素（ＣＴＫ）含量高，种类多以细胞分裂素与主长素的比值（ＣＴＫ／ＬＡＡ）高的处理，有利于愈伤组织分化；但若愈伤组织中含有内源脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.