基于GIS的浙江杨梅种植区划

杨梅(Myrica rubra Sieb et Zucc.)是浙江著名的特色水果之一,浙江的气候比较适宜杨梅种植,但由于区域布局不合理制约了杨梅的发展.根据杨梅的生物学特性,筛选出了杨梅种植的气候区划指标,并建立了各区划指标与经度、纬度和海拔高度的空间分析模型.借助浙江省1:25万地形数据、数字高程模型(DEM)和数字化土壤图,综合考虑气候因子、坡度、坡向、海拔高度、土壤类型和土壤质地等要素,采用加权指数求和法,对11个区划指标进行量化分级,建立杨梅栽培区划指标判断矩阵.将11个区划指标适宜性等级图按照权重进行叠加分析,得到综合指数分布图.同时参照浙江省土地利用现状,将不适宜杨梅种植的地块屏蔽,分析综合指数分布规律,将浙江省杨梅种植综合气候区划划分为最适宜区、适宜区和不适宜区3个等级.最适宜种植区占评价区域面积的25.15%,主要集中在宁波、台州、温州、丽水、金华、杭州和绍兴地区的低丘陵地带;适宜区占参评土地面积的46.37%,主要分布在丽水、温州、金华、杭州和衢州等海拔高度为500～700 m的半高山区;不适宜区占评价区域面积的28.48%,主要在丽水市和杭州市的海拔在700 m以上的高山地区.本研究以期能为浙江特色作物的规划和杨梅产业的持续发展提供科学依据.     

基于GIS的贵州西部春薯种植气候适宜性精细化区划

以贵州西部地区15个气象观测站1978-2010年的气候资料为基础,采用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对春薯进行气候适宜性区划,为贵州春薯生产安全布局、品种调整提供科学依据。通过分析马铃薯平均气象产量与同期气候因子的关系,得出春薯的气候适宜性区划指标有8个:海拔高度、生育期平均气温、>10℃活动积温、降水量、日照时数以及7月平均气温、7-8月昼夜平均温差、5-7月降水量,每个指标分3级,对应最适宜、适宜和次适宜。通过对各站点的气候资料及其对应的经度、纬度、海拔高度、坡度和坡向等基础信息数据,应用多元线性回归方法,建立区划指标的空间分析模式。依托GIS技术空间分析功能,运用模式进行网格距为100m×100m以及精确到贵州西部地区乡(镇)的精细化气候区划,得到春薯最适宜区占贵州西部面积的52%,适宜区占45%,次适宜区占3%。     

陕西油菜生态气候适宜性分析与精细化区划

利用陕西省96个气象站1981-2010年油菜生长阶段气象资料和地理信息数据,采用GIS技术对油菜进行气候适宜性区划,以期为气候变暖背景下的陕西油菜生产合理规划布局和可持续发展提供科学依据.通过综合分析陕西各地油菜气候适宜性特点和影响油菜产量的关键气象因子,选取1月日最低平均气温、蕾薹期平均气温、生育期平均气温、生育期≥0℃积温和生育期降水量作为陕西油菜生态气候适宜性区划指标,建立各区划指标的小网格推算模式,应用GIS技术推算出陕西无测站区域100m × 100m网格点上的气候要素值,采用综合评判的方法得到陕西油菜精细化气候适宜性区划图,并进行分区评述.结果表明,最适宜种植区主要分布在陕南汉江及其支流沿岸海拔600m以下川道、平坝地区,以及关中渭河及其支流沿岸海拔700m以下的平原地区;适宜区主要分布在秦岭北麓海拔850m以下的河谷、浅山丘陵区,秦岭南麓、巴山北麓海拔750m以下的浅山丘陵地带,以及渭河北岸最适区以北海拔800m以下的台塬地区.     

重庆地区油用牡丹种植气候论证及区划初探

根据油用牡丹的生物学特性,结合引种地气候条件,筛选出影响重庆地区油用牡丹种植的气候区划指标。利用重庆34个气象台站的气候资料和1∶25万地形数据,建立各区划指标与经度、纬度和海拔的空间分析模型,采用GIS技术划分出油用牡丹种植的适宜区、次适宜区和不适宜区。区划结果显示梁平、垫江、石柱、南川、武隆、奉节等地的大部地区为油用牡丹种植的适宜区,次适宜区集中在长江河谷及以北地区。     

基于GIS的广东香蕉种植气候适宜性区划

以广东省86个气象站点1992-2005年的气象数据为依据、利用数理统计方法对1992-2005年香蕉平均气象产量与同期气候条件进行相关分析,确定香蕉种植的气候适宜性区划指标。根据广东86个站点1970-2009年的气候资料及对应站点的经纬度、海拔高度、坡度和坡向等基础信息数据,应用多元线性回归确定区划指标空间分析模型,推算出1km×1km的气象要素分布图。依托GIS技术空间分析功能,根据综合评分标准进行香蕉种植气候适宜性区划,得出广东省气候上最适宜种植香蕉的土地面积占17%,适宜区占18%,次适宜区占25%,不适宜区占40%。研究结果可为广东香蕉种植的合理布局提供参考。     

贵州省小油桐气候适宜性评价指标分析和区划

小油桐是生物柴油的优质原料之一,经济和生态潜力突出,其生长对气象条件的依赖性强,为避免盲目引种,本研究以贵州85个气象观测站1961-2009年的气候资料为基础,结合野外小油桐实地观测资料,采用农业气象分析方法和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对小油桐进行气候适宜性区划.利用年均温、＞10℃积温、日照时数、极端最低温度及最冷月平均气温等指标确立了贵州省小油桐气候适宜分区标准.依托GIS技术空间分析功能,运用气候资源推算模式进行网格距为100m×100m以及精确到贵州乡(镇)的精细化气候区划,将小油桐种植划分为适宜、次适宜和不适宜气候区域.小油桐气候适宜生长区主要分布在南北盘江沿线,次适宜区主要分布在贵州省内中亚热带地区,不适宜区主要分布在黔中及黔北大部,研究结果可为贵州未来小油桐生产安全布局提供科学依据.     

基于GIS的台湾青枣在福建引扩种的气候适宜性区划

为合理利用福建气候资源、优化台湾青枣在福建的种植布局,基于GIS开展台湾青枣在福建引扩种的气候适宜性区划。根据台湾青枣的生长气象指标、生命周期和生产管理特点,选取≥10℃年活动积温(∑T≥10℃)、年平均气温(Tavg)、90%保证率年极端最低气温(T90%JDW)、年降水量(R)、年日照时数(S)5个气象因子作为区划指标,构建台湾青枣的气候适宜性区划指标体系;采用专家打分法和层次分析法对区划指标进行权重分析,建立气候适宜指数算法;基于气象要素值、经度、纬度、海拔高度,通过线性回归建立5个区划指标的小网格推算模型;结合小网格推算模型和气候适宜指数算法,开展台湾青枣在福建引扩种的气候适宜性区划;采用前期相关研究成果、青枣种植现状对区划结果的可靠性进行验证。结果表明:台湾青枣的适宜种植区主要分布在泉州市辖区以南的沿海县市和漳州市的部分内陆县市;次适宜区主要分布在福建中部沿海地区及龙岩南部的永定、上杭部分乡镇,该区种植青枣可能遭受寒冻害,应注意低温防护;其余县市为不适宜种植区。区划结果与前期研究成果和青枣种植现状一致。研究结果可为台湾青枣在福建的引种、扩种和种植结构调整提供参考。     

基于GIS的湖北省人居环境气候适宜性评价

运用GIS技术,以30m×30m为栅格尺度,基于温湿指数,采用反距离权重法、普通克里金插值法进行空间内插,系统分析温湿指数在湖北省的空间分布规律,定量评价湖北湖北省人居环境气候适宜性。研究表明:1从总体上说:温湿指数的分布由东南部地区向西北部山区递减。7月份全境只有鄂西山区的部分地区适宜居住,面积大约有大约有3 753.46km2,1月份全省处于不适宜区。2湖北省人居环境气候适宜性区域差距明显,高度适宜区分布在鄂西山区,不适宜区分布在武汉附近的一些地区。3湖北省气候适宜程度表现在由平原向山区、由东南向西北递减的趋势,大部分地区属于一般适宜区与临界适宜区,不适宜区与高度适宜区面积较少。4鄂西山区气候适宜性受到海拔高度的影响,出现了立体适宜性,即随海拔的不同适宜性出现差异。     

基于GIS的干热河谷植被恢复分区研究——以攀枝花城市视野区为例

以攀枝花视野区为例,研究了基于GIS的干热河谷区植被恢复适宜性评价及分区方法.在干热河谷植被恢复适宜性评价及分区中,主要考虑对植被类型及植物生长影响较大的海拔高度、坡向、坡度、岩土类型、土层厚度等因素,并采用专家评分法给各影响因子权重和适宜性评价赋值.经过GIS的数据处理、空间分析、模型建立及运算,得到植被恢复适应性评价图,再经过分类、合并,将攀枝花市视野区划分为适宜区、较适宜区、较不适宜区、不适宜区、极不适宜区,得到植被恢复分区图.     

基于GIS的陕南柑桔气候生态适宜性区划

陕南秦巴山区地处北亚热带气候区,是柑桔种植北缘地带。为了科学、合理地利用当地农业气候资源,进一步优化产业结构,达到趋利避害、防灾减灾的目的,本文根据陕南秦巴山区近30a的气候资料,采用极端最低气温多年平均值、1月平均气温、年平均气温及年降水量4个因子作为陕南柑桔气候适宜性区划指标;利用GIS空间分析及制图功能,在实现区划指标空间化基础上,采用模糊综合评判方法,对陕南秦巴山区柑桔气候适宜性进行区划,并对各适宜区柑桔生长气候条件优劣进行评述。结果表明,陕南柑桔气候适宜区主要分布于秦巴山区海拔700m以下的浅山丘陵区,在适宜区内,应根据地形特征,选择冷空气不易堆积的＂难进易出型＂丘陵坡地栽培,以减少冻害。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.