Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in glandless upland cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis> L.)

Glandless upland cotton has an important economic value. Embryogenic calli and regenerated plants were obtained from the hypocotyl explants of glandless upland cotton seedlings, cultivar Jisheng1. The results indicated that somatic embryogenesis was significantly influenced by the types of auxin and cytokinin. 2, 4-D was advantageous to induce cotton callus, but embryogenic callus could not be obtained on the 2, 4-D medium. Embryogenic calli were also not obtained on the MSB sold medium with the combination of IBA and BA. However, embryogenic calli were induced when the hypocotyl explants were cultured on the IBA and KT medium. More than 31% of the hypocotyl segments produced embryogenic calli when the MSB medium was supplemented with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ IBA and 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ KT. Embryogenic calli with somatic embryos could be observed within three months. Somatic embryo germination and maturation occurred on the hormone-free MSB medium with 1.0 g·L⁻¹ Gln and 0.5 g·L⁻¹ Asn. A number of regenerated plants could be obtained in six months. In the present study, a simple and efficient system was established to induce a number of embryogenic calli and regenerate plantlets from hypocotyl explants.     

香榧体细胞胚发生的初步研究

 以香榧Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’胚为外植体,研究了基本培养基、复合添加物、碳源以及植物生长调节物质对愈合组织形成的影响,筛选出胚性愈合组织诱导和增殖的适宜条件,并初步进行了体细胞胚的诱导与萌发试验。结果表明：Schenk and Hildebrandt （SH）是最佳基本培养基,碳源以蔗糖最好,在SH中添加谷氨酰胺,愈合组织诱导率显著高于其他处理,达50.8%;低浓度的萘乙酸（NAA）或2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）能够促进愈合组织的诱导,NAA的促进作用比2,4-D明显,当NAA的质量浓度为0.1 mg·L^－1时,愈合诱导率显著高于其他处理,达60.1%;SH+0.1 mg·L^－1 NAA+30 g·L^－1蔗糖是愈合组织形成的最佳条件,SH+0.05 mg·L^－1 NAA+30 g·L^－1蔗糖为胚性愈合组织形成和增殖的最适宜培养基;胚性愈合组织在添加有脱落酸（ABA）和聚乙二醇（PEG） 6000的SH培养基上,可形成体胚,以1/2SH作为萌发培养基,体胚在1 200 lx光照下的萌发效果比黑暗条件下好。图3表3参21     

Study on Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Pepper with Barnase and Cre Gene

This study was designed to control plant fertility by cell lethal gene Barnase expressing at specific developmental stage and in specific tissue of male organ under the control of Cre/lox system, for heterosis breeding of chili pepper （Capsicum annuum L.）. Chili pepper inbred lines （A, D, E, and I） were transformed with Cre gene and Barnase gene situated between loxp, separately, by means of Agrobacterium co-culture. In this study, we had established a high transformation system by extensive study of affecting factors including genotype, selection of marker, and lethal dose. Cotyledon with petiole from 9-11-day-old seeding was pre-cultured on media MR[MB（MS mineral＋vitamine B5）＋BA（6-Benzyladenine） 5.0 mg·L^-1 ＋IAA（indoleacetic acid） 1.0 mg·L^-1＋GA3（gibberellic acid） 1.0mg·L^-1＋sucrose 3%＋agar 6.5g·L^-1] for 2d. The explants were infected by Agrobacterium tumefaciens when their OD600（optical density at 600 nm）reached 0.6-0.9. After co-cultured for 4-5 d on media MC [MB＋BA5.0 mg·L^-1＋IAA 1.0 mg·L^-1 ＋GA3 1.0 mg·L^-1＋sucrose 3% ＋agar 6.5 g·L^-1＋AS （acetosyringone） 200μmol·L^-1, these cotyledons with petiole were cultured on selective differentiation medium in the media MT[MB medium supplemented with BA [5.0 mg·L^-1＋ IAA 1.0 mg·L^-1＋ GA3 1.0 mg·L^-1＋ AgNO3 5.0 mg·L^-1＋ CW （coconut water） 5% ＋ Km （kanamycin） 65 mg·L^-1＋ Cb （carbenicillin） 500 mg·L^-1＋ 3% sucrose ＋ agar 6.5 g·L^-1].The Kmr （kanamycin resistant） bud rosettes were elongated on selective elongation medium and rooted on rooting medium. PCR and Southern blotting analysis of Kmr plantlet indicated that the foreign genes had been integrated into the genome of pepper. The transgenic plants with Cre gene developed well, blossomed out, and set fruit normally. The transgenic plants with Barnase gene grew well with normal appearance of flower, but they showed different fertility from complete sterility, partial sterility to complete fertility, and similar results were obtained from in vitro pollen germination experiments.     

Induction and Genetic Identification of Embryogenic Calli from Hybrids of Shatian Pummelo

Shatian pummelo （Citrus grandis L. Osbeck cv. Shatian） is an elite variety in China, and the regeneration of the embryogenic callus is difficult. Diploid Shatian pummelo was used as the female and crossed with the allotetraploid somatic hybrid NS （Nova Tangelo ＋ Succari Sweet orange）, [ （ C reticulata Blanco x C. paradisi Macf.） cv. Nova ＋ C sinensis L. Osbeck cv. Succari]. About 90 days after pollination, the embryos obtained from crosses were cultured on the solid media of MT ＋ ME （malt extraction, 500 mg L^-1） and MT ＋ GA3 （1 mg L^-1）. The embryogenic callus was initiated from the embryoids and plantlets＇ hypocotyls and could be subcultured. Flow cytometry and SSR analysis verified that the callus was from the triploid hybrids. The callus had embryogenesis capacity and produced a large number of embryoids on MT ＋Lactose （50 g L^-1） medium after being subcultured for two years. It is comparatively easier to obtain the callus from the hybrid embryo than from Shatian pummelo itself. The callus is valuable for the conservation and utilization of Shatian pummelo.     

西葫芦离体雌核发育胚状体成苗影响因子分析

以西葫芦杂交组合20-3-9×17为供体,进行未受精胚珠的离体培养,诱导离体雌核发育。分析表明,培养基的碳源、外源激素配比对胚状体的形态建成及成苗有显著影响,以30 g.L-1蔗糖或20 g.L-1葡萄糖做为胚状体诱导培养基的碳源、添加4.00 mg.L-12,4-D 0.25 mg.L-1NAA 1.00 mg.L-16-BA或4.00 mg.L-12,4-D 0.5 mg.L-1NAA 1.00 mg.L-16-BA,并以20 g.L-1蔗糖或葡萄糖作为成苗培养基的碳源,可使健全胚状体成苗率达95.0%以上。未受精胚珠取样部位与胚状体转接时期也是影响胚状体成苗的重要因子,取自子房中部的胚珠诱导出的健全胚状体比例与成苗率均较高;胚状体形成后1周内转接有利于成苗。     

新陆早33号体细胞植株再生技术研究

以模式品种Coker 312为对照研究新疆主栽陆地棉品种新陆早33号的体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生。研究表明,2个品种的下胚轴均能在0.05mg·L-1 2,4-D+0.1mg·L-1 KT的激素组合诱导下获得初生愈伤组织,然后在无激素诱导条件下获得胚性愈伤和体细胞胚。新陆早33号与Coker 312在MSB3培养基上最早体细胞胚胎发生时间分别为60d和87d,胚胎分化率分别为67.2%和61.4%。新陆早33号在180d获得根系发育良好的再生幼苗,而Coker 312需要210d。应用此法,成功获得新陆早33号的体细胞胚和再生植株,且其胚胎发生能力和再生效率均优于对照材料。     

Effects of Chlorine Dioxide Gas on Postharvest Physiology and Storage Quality of Green Bell Pepper （Capsicum frutescens L. var. Longrum）

The effects of treatment of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas on postharvest physiology and preservation quality of green bell peppers were studied. Green bell peppers were collected in bags and treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg L-1 ClO2 gas at 10 ± 0.5℃ for over 40 d, and the changes in postharvest physiology and preservation quality of the peppers were evaluated during the storage. The inhibition of rot of the peppers was observed for all the tested ClO2 gas treatments. The rot rates of the treated samples were 50% lesser than those of the control after day 40 of storage. The highest inhibitory effect was obtained after 50 mg L-1 ClO2 gas treatment, where the peppers did not decay until day 30 and showed only one-fourth of the rot rate of the control at day 40 of storage. The respiratory activity of the peppers was significantly (P ＜ 0.05) inhibited by 20 and 50 mg L-1 ClO2 treatments, whereas no significant effects on respiratory activity were observed with 5 and 10 mg L-1ClO2 treatments (P＞ 0.05). Except for 50 mg L-1 ClO2, malondialdenyde (MDA) contents in the peppers treated with 5,10, or 20 mg L-1 ClO2 were not significantly (P＞0.05) different from those in the control. Degradation of chlorophyll in the peppers was delayed by 5 mg L-1 ClO2, but promoted by 10, 20, or 50 mg L-1 ClO2. The vitamin C content, titratable acidity,and total soluble solids of the peppers treated by all the tested ClO2 gas did not significantly change during the storage.The results suggested that ClO2 gas treatment effectively delayed the postharvest physiological transformation of green peppers, inhibited decay and respiration, maintained some nutritional and sensory quality, and retarded MDA accumulation.     

抗性湿地松体胚的发育、成熟与萌发

为加快抗松针褐斑病湿地松体细胞胚胎发生技术的产业化应用进程,本研究以肌醇浓度、脱落酸(ABA)的添加方式、基本培养基、ABA与聚乙二醇(PEG6000)互作、PEG6000及琼脂糖种类及浓度、活性炭(AC)、ABA、液体悬浮培养等因素对抗性湿地松体胚的发育、成熟与萌发的影响进行研究。结果表明:添加8g/L的肌醇为宜,过高浓度的肌醇则不利于湿地松体胚的发育;ABA可以采用高压灭菌;基本培养基、ABA、PEG6000互作对湿地松体胚的成熟影响很大,基本培养基以LP为最佳,ABA的最适浓度为10mg/L,PEG6000以添加25g/L、50g/L为最佳;在湿地松体胚的成熟培养过程中,PEG6000的浓度不能高于100 g/L;在湿地松体细胞胚的成熟培养基中,添加60g/L蔗糖最合适;湿地松体细胞胚的成熟培养基中添加0.5g/L或1g/L的活性炭最有利于体胚的成熟;培养基的状态对体胚的高频率诱导具有一定的影响,悬浮培养以100mL的三角瓶装30mL的培养液,摇床转速以130r/min为宜,液体转固体时吸取1mL培养液为宜;未建立成熟的体胚发生体系前,以采用固体培养为佳。最佳成熟培养基、激素及部分添加物组合为LP+10mg/L ABA+50g/L PEG6000+60g/L蔗糖+1g/L活性炭。     

Nitrogen Dioxide-Induced Responses in Brassica campestris Seedlings： The Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Modulation of Antioxidative Level and Induced Resistance

This article investigates the responses of Brassica campestris seedlings to an acute level of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposure in a plant growth chamber, and examines whether pretreating plants with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) will alleviate NO₂-caused injury. Twenty-eight-day-old B. campestris plants sprayed with 10 mmol L⁻¹ H₂O₂ aqueous solution (corresponding to approximate 1.0 mg H₂O₂ per single plant) were exposed to different concentrations of NO₂ (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 μL L⁻¹, respectively) for 24 h under controlled environment. To measure the plant biomass, the plants were fumigated with the same NO₂ concentrations as mentioned above for 7 h per day (8.00-15.00) for 7 days. As a control, charcoal filtered air alone was applied. Data were collected on plant biomass, total chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, nitrate and nitrate reductase (NR), antioxidative enzymes, ascorbate (ASA), and malondialdehyde (MDA), immediately after exposure. The results showed that exposure to a moderate dose of NO₂ (e.g., 0.25 μL L⁻¹) had a favorable effect on plants, and the dry weight of the above-ground part increased, whereas the exposure to high NO₂ concentrations (e.g., 0.5 μL L⁻¹ or higher) caused a reduction in the plant biomass and the total chlorophyll, when compared with the control. In addition, at 0.5 μL L⁻¹ or higher NO₂ concentrations, prominent increases in the MDA level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and NR activities were observed. Exposure to 1 μL L⁻¹ and higher NO₂ resulted in necroses appearing on older leaves, and an increase in catalase (CAT) activity, decrease in ASA content, increased accumulation of NO₃, and reduction in photosynthesis, when compared with the controls. No changes were detected in stomatal conductance under NO₂ fumigation. The pretreatment with 10 mmol L⁻¹ H₂O₂ alleviated significantly NO₂-caused biomass decrease and photosynthetic inhibition when compared with H₂O₂-untreated plants. Under NO₂ fumigation, further induction in SOD and CAT activities occurred in H₂O₂ treated plants when compared with H₂O₂-untreated plants. The effect of NO₂ on the ASA and MDA contents was also absent in H₂O₂-treated plants. However, the H₂O₂ treatment did not alter the nitrate content and NR activity in plants under NO₂ fumigation. The H₂O₂ treatment caused a lower rate of stomatal conductance. Taken together, these data suggest that fumigation with an acute level of NO₂ causes oxidative damage to B. campestris seedlings. The H₂O₂ pretreatment markedly protects plants against NO₂ stress and this may be associated with inducible antioxidative level. NO₂ fumigation contributes, at least in part, to the enhanced levels of nitrate in B. campestris leaves.     

碳源对山核桃体细胞胚发生和植株再生的影响

以山核桃Carya cathayensis花后10～12周的幼胚为外植体,建立体胚发生及再生体系,同时分别对山核桃胚性愈合组织和体细胞胚诱导的碳源种类和质量浓度进行了比较分析。结果表明：接种在含葡萄糖培养基中的山核桃胚性愈合组织诱导率显著高于蔗糖、海藻糖和麦芽糖,诱导率达33.3%;在培养基中添加20 g.L-1葡萄糖,胚性愈合组织诱导率最高,达50.0%,显著高于其他处理。蔗糖为山核桃体细胞胚诱导的最佳碳源种类,体细胞胚诱导率显著高于葡萄糖、海藻糖和麦芽糖,诱导率达23.3%;在培养基中添加45 g.L-1蔗糖,体细胞胚诱导率最高,达30.1%,显著高于其他处理。体胚在WPM培养基（木本植物用培养基）附加5 g.L-1蔗糖的培养基上萌发率达20%,显著高于附加0,10,15,20,25,30 g.L-1蔗糖的体胚萌发率。     

Effects of Nitric Oxide and Exogenous Ethylene Treatments on Ethylene Biosynthesis in Feicheng Peach

The effects of nitric oxide （NO） and exogenous ethylene on ethylene biosynthesis in harvested Feicheng peaches were studied. The antagonistic actions between NO and exogenous ethylene was also investigated. The Feicheng peaches were fumigated with 10μL L^-1 NO, 1 000 μL L^-1 ethylene, or 10 μL L^-1 NO plus 1 000 μL L^-1 ethylene for 3 h. The results suggested that application of exogenous ethylene promoted the biosynthesis of endogenous ethylene in peach fruit. The treatment with NO remarkably inhibited the biosynthesis of ethylene by significantly reducing the activities of ACC synthase （ACS） and ACC oxidase （ACO）. Ethylene biosynthesis in the fruits treated with both NO and exogenous ethylene was lower than that in fruits treated with exogenous ethylene alone but higher than that in fruits treated with NO alone, suggesting that there were antagonistic actions between NO and exogenous ethylene. NO could inhibit the biosynthesis of ethylene and the catalysis of exogenous ethylene during ethylene biosynthesis in peach fruits.     

Effect of Bensulfuron-Methyl on Growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

To study the growth effects of differing concentrations of bensulfuron-methyl on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and to evaluate the ecological risk, the effects of bensulfuron-methyl on the growth and the content change of chlorophyll and protein in Chlorella pyrenoidosa were studied through 96 h acute toxicity tests. Bensulfuron-methyl accelerated the growth of algae at lower concentrations （〈 1 mg L^-1） with content increase of chlorophyll or protein, and it inhibited the growth of algae at higher concentrations （〉 5 mg L^-1）. The content of chlorophyll or protein in algae cells reduced with the increasing concentration of bensulfuron-methyl, exhibiting the good concentration-effect relationship. The 96 h-EC50 of bensulfuronmethyl upon the algae was 15.7 mg L^-1 Bensulfuron-methyl has inhibiting effect on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and is low in toxicity.     

A Novel Three-Dimensional Mouse Embryonic Implantation Model In Vitro

To regenerate three-dimensional endometrium in vitro as a novel model for studying the mechanism of implantation of embryos, the luminal epithelial cells and stromal cells of the rabbit uterus were separated and cultured in vitro. The type Ⅰ mouse tail collagen was used as scaffolding material. The stromal cells were inoculated in the type I mouse tail collagen, and the luminal epithelial cells were inoculated on the type i mouse tall collagen to regenerate the endometrium in vitro. The regenerated endometrium was cultured in DMEM-F/12 media containing 100 nmol L^-1 progesterone, 10 nM β-estradiol, and 10% fetal bovine serum （FBS） for 3 d. The media were then replaced with CZB containing 100 nM progesterone, 10 nmol L-1 β-estradiol, and 10% FBS, and the mouse blastulas were co-cultured with it. The results of scanning electronic micrography showed that the epithelial cells on the surface of the reconstructed endometrium were covered with numerous slender microvilli and some epithelial cells protruded pinopodes. After culturing for 12 h with the mouse blastula, the shedding, attachment, and implantation of the blastula were observed. The blastula can escape from zona pellucida and attach to the three-dimensional endometrium and is then implanted into it. This study showed that the reconstructed three-dimensional endometrium can serve as a robust embryo implantation model in vitro.     

牡丹‘凤丹’体细胞胚发生技术

为建立牡丹‘凤丹’体细胞胚发生培养体系,以牡丹‘凤丹’的合子胚、胚轴和子叶为外植体进行离体培养,研究了种胚发育时期不同质量浓度蔗糖处理及不同的培养基对牡丹体细胞胚发生的影响,结果表明,花后110 d是体细胞胚直接诱导合适的发育时期,诱导率为33.00%,3种外植体中,种胚的诱导率最高;利用质量浓度为90 g.L-1的蔗糖溶液处理种胚2 h,体细胞胚诱导效果最好,在MS+2,4-D 2.0 mg.L-1+6-BA 2.0 mg.L-1培养基上获得较高的体细胞胚,诱导率为38.33%。     

The Evolution of Organic Carbon in Chinese Mollisol Under Different Farming Systems: Validation and Prediction by Using Century Model

Soil organic carbon （SOC） is an important indicator of soil degradation process. In this study, the long-term SOC evolution in Chinese mollisol farmland was simulated and predicted by validating, analyzing, processing and assorting concerning data, based on clarifying parameters of Century model need, combined with best use of recorded data of field management, observed data of long-term experiments, climate, soil, and biology, and achieved results from Hailun Agro-Ecological Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results were showed as follows： Before reclamation, SOC content was around 58.00 g kg^-1, SOC content dropped quickly in early years, and then decreased slowly after reclamation. SOC content was around 34.00 g kg^-1 with a yearly average rate of 8.91‰ decrease before long-term experiments was established. After a long-term experiment, SOC would change under different farming systems. Shift farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content decreased from 34.03 to 30.19 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 5.97‰; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content decreased to 24.31 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 3.36‰. Organic farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content decreased slowly from 34.03 to 33.39 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.95‰, 5‰ less than that of shift farming system; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content decreased to 32.21 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.55‰. ＂Petroleum＂ farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content decreased from 34.03 to 32.88 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 1.72‰, much more than that of organic farming system; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content decreased to 30.89 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.96‰. Combined ＂petroleum＂-organic farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content was increased slightly; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content increased from 3     

Adventitious shoot regeneration from the leaves of some pear varieties (Pyrus spp.) grown in vitro

The pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important temperate fruit crops. A complete protocol for adventitious shoot regeneration was developed from the leaves of four pear varieties grown in vitro: Abbe Fetel, Yali, Packham’s Triumph and Aikansui, and the Chinese rootstock variety Duli. Shoot explants were collected from the field and cultured in vitro in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). After four weeks, leaf explants of all 5 varieties grown in vitro were excised and cultured in MS media supplemented with 0.0 mg·L⁻¹, 0.2mg·L⁻¹, 0.5 mg·L⁻¹, 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ and 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA or with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹, 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ and 4.0 mg·L⁻¹ thidiazuron (TDZ). The cultures were maintained in darkness for 21 days for shoot induction in the shoot induction medium (IM), then transferred to the shoot expression medium (EM) in 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ TDZ without any auxins and kept in a growth room at (25±2)°C under a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod regime for 8 weeks. Finally, the shoots were transferred to the MS shoot elongation medium (SEM) supplemented with 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ BA, 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ IBA and 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ gibberellic acid (GA₃). A combination of TDZ and NAA had a significant effect on the number of shoot regenerations in all 5 tested varieties. The maximum mean number of shoots and maximum number of shoots per leaf obtained from Yali variety were 11.8 (P⩽0.001) and 22, followed by Aikansui with 6.6 (P⩽0.001) and 4.6, and Duli with 8 (P⩽0.001) and 12, all arising from the combination of 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ NAA with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ TDZ. For Packham’s Triumph and Abbe Fetel, the maximum mean number of shoots and maximum number of shoots per leaf were 5.6 (P⩽0.001), 4.8 and 8 (P⩽0.001), and 11, respectively, from the combination of NAA (1.0 mg·L⁻¹) and TDZ (2.0 mg·L⁻¹). Abbe Fetel was the only variety which produced significantly higher adventitious shoots from the two different combinations of 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ NAA and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA (P⩽0.05), and 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ NAA and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA (P⩽0.01). Some of the most prominent problems associated with shoot proliferation and regeneration were also observed and discussed in this paper.     

Effect of Hypoglycemia on Performances, Metabolites, and Hormones in Periparturient Dairy Cows

In this research work, 24 multiparous holstein cows were used to evaluate the effect of hypoglycemia on periparturient metabolism and lactation performance. The cows were arranged into two groups of hypoglycemia （L） and normal plasma glucose （N） based on plasma glucose level. The same diets were fed ad libitum from 28 days before expected calving date to 28 days after calving. The parameters relative to energy balance, such as dry matter intake （DMI）, body weight （BW）, milk yield （MY）, and concentrations of plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acids （NEFA）, β-hydroxybutyric acid （BHBA）, insulin （INS）, glucagons （GLN）, leptin （LP）, neuropeptide Y （NPY） in plasma were measured at regular intervals. Incidence of hypoglycemia was higher prepartum than that of postpartum （88% vs. 50%）, and the recurrence of hypoglycemia was reversed （31% vs. 100%）. Hypoglycemia did not affect feed intake before and after calving. With the increase of postpartum feed intake, incidence of hypoglycemia decreased rapidly, even disappeared at 28 days of postpartum. Hypoglycemia had no impact on prepartum BW, but BW in L group was lower than that of cows in N group at 1 day and 14 days of postpartum （P〈0.05）. Milk yield was not affected by hypoglycemia. Cows in L group had higher plasma NEFA concentration than cows in N group. It reached a peak （1442 μmol L^-1 vs. 1052 μmol L^-1） at day 1 of postpartum （P〈0.05）. Plasma BHBA concentration of cows in L group was higher than that in N group, which reached a peak （2.01 mmol L^-1 vs. 1.34 mmol L^-1） at 14 days of postpartum （P〈0.05）. Plasma concentration of INS and GLN was unaffected by treatment, but postpartum plasma GLN concentration obviously increased, especially in L group. Plasma concentration of LP and NPY before calving was unaffected by treatment, but postpartum LP level in L group was slightly lower than that in N group, and NPY level in L group was significantly higher than that in N group （P〈0.05）. Overall, periparturient dairy cows are easy to develop hypoglycemia, which stimulates lipid metabolism. Adaptive changes of some metabolites and hormones, such as NEFA, BHBA, INS, GLN, LP, NPY are of benefit to increase feed intake and recovery of NEB in periparturient period, but there still are some issues on interaction of those endocrine factors in the energy balance of periparturient cows to be understood further.     

Study on Active Oxygen Quantum Yield, Insecticidal Activities and Stability of Diphenylthiophene

Active oxygen quantum yield, insecticidal activities and stability of diphenylthiophene were studied for the first time. The results showed that maximum diphenylthiophene absorbency variety was 0.438 after irradiation for 280 min and that of α-terthienyl (α-T) was 0.480 after irradiation for 200 min with UV. LC50 values ofdiphenylthiophene and α-T against 3rd instar larvae of Aedes albopictus were 9.18 × 10-3 and 9.69 × 10-4 μg mL-1 when treated for 24 h, respectively. LC50 values of the two chemicals against the 3rd instar larvae of Plutella xylostella were 267.87 and 222.22 μg mL-1 when treated for 24 h, respectively. The half lives of diphenylthiophene and α-T in methanol were 113.62 and 10.65 h. Difference between quantum yield of diphenylthiophene and α-T was not significant and they all possessed high toxicity to Aedes albopictus and Plutella xylostella, but diphenylthiophene was more stable than α-T. It could be concluded that diphenylthiophene has overcome the deficiency of photoactivated insecticides which degraded quickly in the environment and could not be applied on the field. Diphenylthiophene could kill the insects and accelerate the degradation rate of triazophos. The benefits of diphenylthiophene can be further exploited and applied on the field.     

大蒜体细胞胚胎发生诱导因素研究

通过研究不同质量浓度的 2 ,4 - D、维生素 B1 (VB1 )、水解酪蛋白 (CH )、腺嘌呤 (ADE)和蔗糖等激素及有机物对大蒜体细胞胚胎发生的单一或组合效应 ,结果表明 :0 .5 m g/L的 2 ,4 - D有利于体胚的发生和发育 ,梨形胚和棒状胚数目较多 ;VB1 质量浓度提高到 0 .5～ 2 .0 m g/L可促进体胚高频发生 ,较高质量浓度的 VB1 与 2 ,4 - D有明显的互作效应 ;15～ 30 g/kg的蔗糖能较好地促进大蒜体胚的发生 ,蔗糖含量超过 6 0 g/kg则抑制体胚发生和发育。 MS+2 ,4 - D 0 .5 mg/L +CH 5 0 0 mg/L +ADE 2 0 m g/L是胚性愈伤组织适宜的继代培养基。     

Effect of Nitrogen and Sulfur Supply on Glucosinolates in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis

Glucosinolates （GSs） are a group of plant secondary metabolites containing abundant nitrogen （N） and sulfur （S） mainly in Brassica and have the beneficial effects on human health including anti-carcinogenic, cholesterol-reducing and other pharmacological effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of N （5, 10, and 20 mmol L-a, denoted by N5, N10 and N20） and S （0,5, 1, and 2 mmol L^-1, denoted by S0.5, S1 and S2） on the yield and GSs in pakchoi （Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. communis） in hydroponics. Results showed that N10 and N20 significantly enhanced the yield compared with N5, however, N20 had a negative effect relative to N10. Only with N10 and N20 low S supply （S0.5） reduced the yield. The concentrations of aliphatic GSs, aromatic GS and total GSs were enhanced by N5 and indolyl GSs were enhanced by N20. S2 enhanced the concentration of individual GS and total GSs. The concentrations of indolyl GSs were maximized in N20S2 treatment, whereas the highest concentrations of aliphatic GSs, aromatic GS and total GSs were found in N5S2 treatment. Effects of N and S on aliphatic GSs were higher than on indolyl GSs. The results suggest that the accumulation of aliphatic GSs and aromatic GS could be enhanced by low N and high S and restricted by high N while that of indolyl GSs could be enhanced by high N and high S.