日粮添加维吉尼亚霉素对肉牛瘤胃发酵及粪便pH的影响

选取4头带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的肉牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,研究了给精粗比例为60∶40的日粮添加维吉尼亚霉素和碳酸氢钠对瘤胃发酵及粪便pH的影响。试验处理分别为：维吉尼亚霉素组(30 mg/kg精料)、碳酸氢钠组（20 g/kg精料）和对照组。结果显示,维吉尼亚霉素组、碳酸氢钠组和对照组的瘤胃液pH分别为6.44、6.46和6.38（0.05相似文献   

Bone, blood and faecal response to an acidogenic lick for range cattle using different concentrations of ammonium chloride

Thirty Brahman-Angus cross heifers at breeding age on extensive grazing were used to test the effectiveness of NH4Cl as an acidogenic agent at 15,18, 21 and 26 % of a dicalcium phosphate lick (A+), compared to a lick of 5 parts dicalcium phosphate and 3 parts salt (A-). Blood and faecal phosphorus (P), faecal calcium (Ca) and faecal magnesium (Mg) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in A+ compared to A-animals at different stages of the experiment. Bone P did not increase in response to NH4Cl but bone Ca was significantly (P<0.05) higher in A+ animals offered 18% NH4Cl and significantly (P<0.05) lower at 15 and 26%. Bone Mg in A+ animals was significantly (P<0.05) higher at 15 and 18% NH4Cl and lower at 26% NH4Cl compared to A- animals. Percentage ash in bone increased linearly from 62.5 to 64.9% in A+ animals as NH4Cl was increased in the lick from 15 to 21% and then decreased to 63.3% but was significantly (P<0.05) greater than the percentage ash in A-animals when the NH4Cl was increased to 26%. Bone mineral status was only marginally improved by adding NH4Cl to the lick in this study but blood P was significantly (P<0.05) improved in A+ compared to A- animals when the lick contained 15, 21 and 26% NH4Cl. Based on bone mineral results reported here, it is recommended that, when NH4Cl is used as an acidogenic agent in licks for range cattle, the amount in the lick should not exceed 21%.     

Fluid and electrolyte therapy in ruminants.

Five important questions always must be asked and answered regarding fluid and electrolyte therapy in ruminants: (1) Is therapy needed? (2) What type of therapy? (3) What route of administration? (4) How much should be administered? and (5) How fast should the solution be administered? Food animal veterinarians routinely should carry the following commercially available crystalloid solutions and have the knowledge of how to use the products appropriately: Ringer's solution, 1.3% NaHCO3, acetated Ringer's solution, HS (7.2% NaCl), 8% NaHCO3, 23% calcium gluconate, calcium-magnesium solutions, and 50% dextrose. Ruminants with a blood pH less than 7.20 should be treated intravenously with 1.3% or 8.0% NaHCO3, and those animals with a blood pH greater than 7.45 should be treated intravenously with Ringer's solution. Oral electrolyte solutions or intravenous acetated Ringer's solution should be administered to ruminants with a blood pH greater than 7.20 but less than 7.45, and acetated Ringer's solution is preferred to lactated Ringer's solution. HS solution should be administered whenever rapid resuscitation is required. Oral administration of electrolyte solutions is underused in neonatal and adult ruminants. The optimal solution for oral administration to neonatal ruminants has a sodium concentration between 90 and 130 mmol/L; a potassium concentration between 10 and 20 mmol/L; a chloride concentration between 40 and 80 mmol/L; 40 to 80 mmol/L of metabolizable (nonbicarbonate) base, such as acetate or propionate; and glucose as an energy source. The optimal formulation for adult ruminants is unknown, but such a solution should contain sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and propionate to facilitate sodium absorption and to provide an additional source of energy to the animal. Acidemia is treated best by intravenous or oral administration of NaHCO3. Alkalemia is treated best by intravenous administration of Ringer's solution and oral administration of chloride-rich electrolytes such as KCl; the latter provides a physiologically more appropriate treatment than oral administration of vinegar or acetic acid solutions. Hypocalcemia is treated best by administering intravenous calcium borogluconate solutions or oral CaCl2 gels. Hypomagnesemia is treated best by intravenous or subcutaneous administration of combined calcium and magnesium solutions. Hypophosphatemia is treated best by oral administration of feed-grade monosodium phosphate. Hypokalemia is treated best by oral administration of feed-grade KCl; hyperkalemia is treated best by intravenous administration of 8.0% NaHCO3 or HS. The major challenges in treating fluid and electrolyte disorders in ruminants are making treatment protocols more practical and less expensive and formulating an optimal electrolyte solution for oral administration to adult ruminants.     

两种形态氮素及其配比对颠茄生长和氮代谢的影响

本研究采用砂培、浇灌营养液方法种植颠茄(Atropa belladonna),研究不同铵硝配比(0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25、100∶0)在不同处理时间(7、14、21、28d)对颠茄干重、叶绿素和主要含氮化合物含量以及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响,为颠茄的合理施肥、科学种植提供理论依据。结果表明,颠茄叶片叶绿素、游离氨基酸(FAA)及可溶性蛋白(SP)含量随铵态氮比例增加而升高,其中叶绿素、FAA含量在铵硝比75∶25时最高,SP含量在铵硝比50∶50时最高,但这种影响在不同处理时间表现并不相同;整个处理期内,全硝营养下颠茄地上部和地下部干重明显高于铵硝混合处理及全铵处理,且叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性较高,硝态氮含量也最高。综上,增加硝态氮含量能够促进颠茄干物质的积累以及NR和GS活性,合理补充铵态氮则能提高叶片叶绿素、FAA及SP含量,因此铵硝结合供氮且铵硝配比为25∶75更有利于颠茄的生长和氮素代谢。     

NH_4Cl和NaHCO_3对肉用仔鸡慢性热应激的影响

３２０ 羽１ 周龄健康肉用雏鸡被随机分成４ 组, 经１ 周的适应后进行试验。组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ和组Ⅳ的日粮处理分别为： 基础日粮（Ｂ, 对照组） , Ｂ＋ ０－５ ％ ＮａＨＣＯ３ , Ｂ＋ ０－５ ％ ＮａＨＣＯ３ ＋ １ ％ ＮＨ４Ｃｌ 和Ｂ＋ １ ％ ＮＨ４Ｃｌ。试验为期５ 周。研究日粮中添加ＮａＨＣＯ３ 和ＮＨ４Ｃｌ 对慢性热应激肉用仔鸡的血液ｐＨ、ＣＯ２ 分压（ＰＣＯ２） 及生产性能的影响。结果表明： 在慢性热应激（２３ ～３５ ℃） 条件下, 肉用仔鸡未发生呼吸性碱中毒, 组Ⅱ的血液ＰＣＯ２高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） , 增重比对照组多９－４９ ％ ; 组Ⅲ血液ｐＨ 低于组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ（ Ｐ ＜ ０－０１） , 血液的ＰＣＯ２ 高于组Ⅰ和组Ⅳ（ Ｐ ＜ ０－０１） , 增重比对照组多８－１９％ 。组Ⅳ的血液ｐＨ 值极显著低于对照组（ Ｐ ＜ ０－０１） , 比对照组少增重２－５ ％     

Influence of sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide on digestion and metabolism in yearling beef steers abruptly changed from high forage to high energy diets

Eight rumen-cannulated steers (initial wt 330kg) were adapted to a mixed alfalfa-grass hay diet for 30 d and abruptly changed to complete mixed diets of corn silage, snapped ear corn and a corn-based supplement to determine the effects of buffers on diet adaptation, digestion and ruminal metabolism. The diets contained: 1) no buffer, 2) .5% magnesium oxide (MgO), 3) 1.0% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and 4) .5% MgO and 1.0% NaHCO3, as a percentage of diet dry matter (DM). Digestion, metabolism and ruminal characteristics were measured in each of 2 wk immediately after the diet change. The animals were then adapted to the mixed alfalfa-grass hay diet, re-randomized and assigned to the four diets, thus four steers consumed each diet. Intakes and digestibilities of DM were generally greater for the diets containing buffers. The most notable differences were a greater DM intake with added NaHCO3 and an improved DM digestibility with added MgO. The higher DM digestibility with MgO was apparently related to improved neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch digestion. Fecal pH was significantly increased with MgO addition. Because of the greater intake and digestibilities, the amount of DM, NDF, and starch digested tended to be greater for the buffered diets. There were no diet X week interactions for intake and digestibilities, thus the responses observed existed during both wk 1 and 2 after the change in diets. In general, intake and digestibilities were greater in wk 2 than in wk 1 for all diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

日粮中添加玉米油对肉牛瘤胃发酵的影响

3头装有瘤胃瘘管的成年杂种牛 ,按 3× 3拉丁方试验设计 ,饲以添加 0 %、4 %和 8%玉米油的稻草和精料混合料 ( 2 1 )日粮。在饲喂后 2、4、6、8h采集瘤胃液样品 ,分别测定瘤胃液pH值、NH3-N和VFA浓度。结果表明 ,添加 4 %和 8%玉米油对瘤胃液pH值、NH3-N浓度没有显著影响 (P >0 .0 5) ;添加玉米油 4 %对瘤胃总VFA浓度没有显著影响 (P >0 .0 5) ,但添加 8%玉米油使瘤胃总VFA和乙酸浓度显著下降 (P <0 .0 5)。添加 8%以下的玉米油对丙酸、丁酸浓度没有影响 (P >0 .0 5) ,结果使乙酸 /丙酸比值从 3.75分别下降到 3.2 6和 3.1 4 (P <0 .0 5)。     

高温胁迫下不同氮肥处理对凌志高羊茅耐热性的调控效果

通过盆栽试验,研究不同氮肥处理（NO3^-—N、NH4^＋-N、NH4NO3—N）对凌志高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea cv．Barlexas）在高温38℃／30℃（昼／夜）胁迫下部分生理生化指标的调控效果。结果表明：（1）NH4^＋-N和NO3^- —N处理根冠比、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量都持续下降,NH4^＋-N处理下降幅度大于NO3^- —N处理;NH4NO3-N处理先升后降。同等胁迫水平下,NH4NO3-N处理高于NO^3-—N和NH4^＋-N处理;（2）3种氮肥处理使叶片可溶性蛋白含量下降,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量上升。且同等胁迫水平下,NH4NO3^-N处理可溶性蛋白,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均最高;（3）NH4^＋ -N和NO3^-N处理叶片过氧化氢和超氧阴离子含量上升,NO3^-—N处理的上升幅度小于NH4^＋-N处理;NH4NO^3-N处理先下降后上升,且同等胁迫水平下低于NH^＋-N和NO3^-—N处理;（4）NH4^＋-N和NO3^-—N处理叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量增加;NH4NO3^-N处理在胁迫前两天略微下降随后上升,且同等胁迫水平下,MDA含量最低。试验分析显示,3种氮肥处理相比较NH4NO3-N处理对提高凌志高羊茅耐热性的调控效果最好。     

安祖花组织培养苗再生体系的优化

以安祖花组织培养苗杂AO茎段为试验材料,用正交设计法研究6-BA,2,4-D和KT激素的不同浓度和大量元素中NH4NO3对安祖花愈伤组织诱导的影响;及6-BA,NAA和IBA 3种激素对不定芽分化的影响。结果表明:KT是影响杂AO愈伤诱导的主要因素,不加KT的愈伤诱导率明显高于加KT的愈伤诱导率;各因素影响的主次关系为KT>2,4-D>BA>NH4NO3;最适愈伤诱导的培养基为1/2MS(NH4NO31 100mg/L)+BA(1mg/L)+2,4-D(0.25mg/L);愈伤诱导率为91.2%。6-BA是影响不定芽分化的主要因素,1mg/L 6-BA不定芽诱导率明显高于1.5和2mg/L的诱导率;各因素影响主次关系为6-BA>NAA>IBA;不定芽诱导率的最佳配方为MS+BA(1mg/L)+NAA(0.1mg/L)+IBA(0.1mg/L);不定芽诱导率为83.5%。     

外源一氧化氮提高裸燕麦幼苗的耐碱性

采用营养液砂培方法,研究外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对NaHCO₃胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累的影响。结果表明,1~200 μmol/L SNP能够缓解75 mmol/L NaHCO₃胁迫对裸燕麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,25 μmol/L SNP的缓解作用最明显,可降低裸燕麦叶片O2·-、H₂O₂、丙二醛和有机酸含量,增强幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和质膜H⁺-ATPase活性,提高叶片谷胱甘肽、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸、脯氨酸含量和K⁺/Na⁺,但对抗坏血酸含量影响不大。分析表明,外源NO可能通过激活抗氧化系统活性、促进渗透溶质积累和改善Na⁺、K⁺平衡缓解碱胁迫对幼苗的伤害和生长抑制,从而提高裸燕麦的耐碱性。     

Effect of sodium bicarbonate and sodium bentonite on digestion, solid and liquid flow, and ruminal fermentation characteristics of forage sorghum silage-based diets fed to steers

Six ruminally cannulated steers, five Holsteins and one Hereford (250 to 295 kg), were fed 84% forage sorghum silage plus 16% supplement or 50% forage sorghum silage plus concentrate and supplement diets containing either no addition (controls), 1% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or 2% sodium bentonite in a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of treatments in a 6 X 6 Latin-square experiment with 3-wk periods. Sodium bicarbonate increased dry matter (DM) intake when concentrate was included, but neither compound affected intake of the 84% silage diet. Bentonite lowered DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibilities, but NDF disappearance from nylon bags was unchanged. Ruminal pH, osmolality and L(+) and D(-) lactate were not affected by treatment. Both NaHCO3 and bentonite tended to lower ruminal NH3-N concentrations. Bentonite lowered the molar proportion of isobutyrate in ruminal fluid relative to controls, but proportions of other volatile fatty acids (VFA) and total VFA concentrations were unchanged. Neither NaHCO3 nor bentonite affected ruminal liquid or solid volumes, dilution rate constants or ruminal outflow rates. Markers overestimated volumes, but correction with measured volumes did not change interpretation of treatment effects. It was concluded that control diets had sufficiently high baseline values of pH, dilution rate and acetate proportion to preclude changes induced by either compound, especially at 1 or 2% of DM intake. An effect on palatibility through neutralization of silage acids may have been responsible for the intake response to NaHCO3.     

Hepatic serine and alanine metabolism during endotoxin-induced fever in sheep.

Time course changes in plasma amino acid concentrations and the hepatic metabolism of serine and alanine were measured in six mature wethers during endotoxin-induced fever. In separate trials, the animals' responses to injections of saline and endotoxin were measured. The endotoxin was from Escherichia coli serotype 055:B5 and was injected intravenously (4 micrograms/kg body weight). Liver biopsies were obtained from the sheep at 6 h postinjection during both endotoxin and saline injection trials. Rectal temperature in the endotoxin treated animals was increased (P less than 0.05, above that in control animals from 4.25 h to 9 h postinjection, with a maximum rise of 2.43 degrees C at 5.5 h postinjection. Glucose concentration in jugular plasma decreased (P less than 0.05) by 3 h postinjection and remained depressed throughout the 24 h postinjection sampling period. Plasma serine concentration was decreased (P less than 0.05) by 3 h postinjection. Plasma alanine concentration was decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) only at 24 h postinjection. Endotoxin injection increased (P less than 0.05) hepatic oxidation of 14C-serine (162%) and the net incorporation of 14C-serine carbon into hepatic protein (173%) and glycogen (275%). The net incorporation of 14C-alanine carbon into hepatic protein (172%) and glycogen (323%) were increased (P less than 0.05) by endotoxin injection, while alanine oxidation was not affected by endotoxin treatment (P greater than 0.05). The increased hepatic use of serine may explain, in part, the dramatic decrease in plasma concentrations of this amino acid following endotoxin injection into sheep.     

Effective factors for the reduced feed intake of milk cows fed with rations containing urea

In two experiments with milk cows with permanent rumen fistula it was investigated whether, apart from urea being unpalatable, further physiologic parameters are responsible for the reduced feed intake. In experiment I the cows received 2, 3 resp 4% urea orally with barley coarse meal, or an equivalent amount was given continuously from the beginning of the feeding over a period of three hours through the fistula. When 2, 3 resp. 4% urea were given orally, the consumption went down in the first 30 min to 58, 52 resp. 40%. When urea was given rumenally, no depression of the consumption could be observed. There were distinct relations with the NH3-concentration in the rumen fluid. At 20 to 35 mg per 100 ml there was no resp. a slight depressioon only and at 40 mg a significant depression. When the concentration rose to greater than 50 mg, consumption was stopped. In experiment II the rumenal application of urea began two hours before the feeding. The high NH3-level shortly after the beginning of feeding (58 mg/100 ml) caused a stop in the feed consumption. No relation could be observed between the urea concentration in veinous blood and the feed intake.     

Physiological responses in swine treated with water containing sodium bicarbonate as a prophylactic for gastric ulcers

Maintenance of gastric pH above 4.0 aids the prevention of bile acid-mediated ulcerative damage to the pars esophageal tissue in pigs. One means of doing so is the addition of buffering compounds, such as sodium bicarbonate, to the water supply; however, any potential physiological effect of buffer consumption has yet to be determined. Experiment 1 tested the acute effects of buffer addition to the water supply on systemic acid-base and electrolyte balance in swine (BW 40.7 +/- 3.0 kg). Consumption of water calculated to a 200 mOsm solution with sodium bicarbonate for 24 h increased (P < 0.05) blood Na+, HCO3(-), and pCO2, although these effects were all within physiologically tolerable levels. Urine pH and Na+ excretion increased (P < 0.001) following the consumption of NaHCO3, with Na+ concentration almost threefold higher in treated pigs compared with controls. Experiment 2 determined the chronic systemic effects of buffer consumption by measuring blood and urine variables, with pigs consuming NaHCO3-treated water throughout. Water consumption increased (P < 0.001) during buffer consumption, although intake levels remained within normal ranges. Blood pH levels were not affected by long-term consumption of dietary buffer; however, blood HCO3(-) (P < 0.05), Na+, and pCO2 (P < 0.01) increased. Urine pH and urine Na+ concentration increased (P < 0.01) in buffer-treated compared with control animals. Results indicate that sodium bicarbonate can safely be added to the water supply for pigs, with no clinically relevant alterations in acid-base balance because the animals readily compensate for buffer intake.     

Effects of atmospheric ammonia on pulmonary bacterial clearance in the young pig.

Young pigs were exposed to an aerosol of a nonpathogenic strain of Escherichia coli and then were retained in air-pollutant exposure chambers for a 2-hour clearance period. In series 1 (n = 80 pigs), 40 exposed young pigs (principals; 15.5 days of age) were placed in an atmosphere of filtered room air + 50 ppm of atmospheric NH3 during the clearance period; control pigs were exposed to filtered room air without added NH3. In series 2 (n = 24 pigs), 12 exposed young pigs (principals; 6.2 days of age) were similarly maintained, but at a lower concentration of atmospheric NH3 (75 ppm). At the end of the clearance period pigs were killed and pulmonary bacterial clearance was determined. Pigs kept in the NH3-contaminated atmospheres (either concentration) harbored more bacteria, on the average, in their lungs than did the controls. If series 1 and 2 data were combined, pigs kept in the NH3-contaminated atmospheres had 51% more bacteria in their lungs than did the controls. Pulmonic weight and ratio of pulmonic weight to body weight of pigs kept in the NH3-contaminated atmosphere were greater than those of the controls in series 1, but not in series 2. Gross and histopathologic examinations of lung tissue generally revealed no differences between controls and principals in either series 1 or 2.     

不同浓度乳酸菌对构树枝叶青贮品质的影响

试验旨在研究不同浓度乳酸菌对于构树枝叶青贮品质的影响。共5个处理组,对照组(LA0)不使用添加剂,试验组青贮料调制时分别添加乳酸菌1×10⁵CFU/mL (LA5)、1×10⁶CFU/mL (LA6)、1×10⁷CFU/mL(LA7)以及1×10⁶CFU/mL+2%糖蜜+4%纤维素酶(混合添加剂组),每个处理组设4个重复。构树枝叶青贮料发酵50 d后取样进行感官评定、营养物质测定以及发酵品质分析。结果显示,混合添加剂组为1级青贮饲料,其余处理组均为2级青贮饲料。试验组粗蛋白(CP)、粗灰分(ASH)含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),除LA5组外,其余试验组pH值、氨态氮(NH3-N)含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在乳酸菌试验组中,随着乳酸菌浓度的升高,青贮料pH值、NH3-N、丙酸(PA)和丁酸(BA)含量逐渐下降,乳酸(LA)含量逐渐上升;混合添加剂组CP含量显著高于LA0、LA6和LA7组(P<0.05),pH值、NH3-N含量显著低于LA0、LA5和LA6组(P<0.05),水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、粗灰分和La含量较对照组显著提高(P<0.05),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、半纤维素(HC)含量显著低于其余各组(P<0.05)。试验表明,用混合添加剂处理的构树枝叶青贮料品质最好。     

高寒地区燕麦人工草地生物量积累对施肥和箭筈豌豆混播水平的响应

采用品种(青燕1号、青海444、青海甜燕麦、林纳)、施肥水平(不施肥、尿素+磷酸二铵、尿素+磷酸二铵+有机肥、有机肥)和混播水平(0 kg/hm~2、45 kg/hm~2、60 kg/hm~2、75 kg/hm~2)3因素4水平正交试验设计,探讨3个因素影响下燕麦人工草地生物量季节动态。结果表明:3个因素显著影响燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播人工草地各器官的生物量。品种在整个生育期影响燕麦茎和穗生物量的积累,并对燕麦生长前期地下和生长后期地上生物量的积累有影响;施肥水平在整个生育期影响叶生物量的积累,并对燕麦生长前期地上和后期地下生物量的积累有影响;混播水平在整个生育期主要影响箭筈豌豆地上生物量、茎和叶生物量的积累。燕麦和地上总生物量积累的关键时期在抽穗—开花期,箭筈豌豆地上生物量积累的关键时期在开花—乳熟期。燕麦茎在整个生育期生物量持续显著增加,而叶和穗生物量增加较平缓;箭筈豌豆茎和叶生物量在生长前期(燕麦开花期前)增长比较平缓,而开花—乳熟期增长迅速。地下生物量显著增加到开花期后基本趋于稳定。3个因素影响下,燕麦人工草地地上和地下生物量均以青海甜燕麦、尿素+磷酸二铵+有机肥施肥处理、75 kg/hm~2混播水平下最高,平均分别为697.71,662.27、630.54 g/m~2和82.27,82.08和81.25 g/m~2。     

Relationship between urine ammonium ion excretion and urine anion gap in dogs.

Acidemia stimulates renal ammonia production and excretion. This adaptive response allows increased H+ secretion and generation of new bicarbonate. To determine whether a relationship existed between urine ammonium (NH4+) concentration and excretion and urine anion gap (Na+ + K(+)- Cl-), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) was administered per OS for 5 days to induce systemic acidemia in 12 healthy Beagles. During NH4Cl administration, a strong, statistically significant (P less than 0.0001) relationship was apparent between urine NH4+ concentration measured in millimoles per liter and urine anion gap. Regression equation: urine [NH4+] = 8.2 - 0.416 x urine anion gap; r = -0.897. A statistically significant (P = 0.0001) relationship existed between urine NH4+ excretion measured in millimoles per kilogram of body weight per day and urine anion gap. Regression equation: urine NH4+ excretion = 0.74 - 0.38 x urine anion gap; r = -0.768. As urine NH4+ concentration or excretion increased, urine anion gap became more negative. Before NH4Cl administration (no systemic acidemia), a weak, but statistically significant (P = 0.015) relationship was observed between urine NH4+ concentration and urine anion gap. Regression equation: urine [NH4+] = 65.2 - 0.141 x urine anion gap; r = -0.41. However, a relationship was not evident between urine NH4+ excretion and urine anion gap before NH4Cl administration. Hence, urine anion gap is a reliable index of urine NH4+ concentration and excretion only in dogs with metabolic acidosis. In human beings with distal renal tubular acidosis, NH4+ excretion is inappropriately low and results in a positive urine anion gap.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

日粮酸性洗涤纤维水平对新西兰种公兔精液品质、血液生化指标和生殖激素的影响

试验旨在探讨不同酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fibre,ADF)水平对2岁新西兰种公兔精液品质、血清生化指标和生殖激素的影响。选用2岁龄种公兔80只,按体重随机分成4组,每组20个重复,每个重复1只,分别饲喂ADF水平为13%、16%、19%、22%的日粮。结果表明, ADF水平对试验兔射精量和精液品质影响差异显著(P<0.05), 试验3组射精量显著高于试验1、2组(P<0.05),试验3、4组精液密度显著高于试验1、2组(P<0.05),试验3组精子活力显著高于其它3组(P<0.05);ADF水平对试验兔血清总蛋白和总胆固醇影响差异显著(P<0.05),试验2、3组总蛋白显著高于试验1组(P<0.05),试验1组胆固醇显著高于其它组(P<0.05);ADF水平对试验兔生殖激素含量影响显著(P<0.05),试验2组促黄体素、睾酮和雌二醇显著高于其它3组(P<0.05),试验2组促卵泡素显著高于试验1、4组(P<0.05)。因此,2岁新西兰种公兔适宜的ADF 水平应为16%~19%,甚至可以提高到22%。     

燕麦干草与全株玉米青贮不同组合对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在明确燕麦干草与全株玉米青贮按不同比例组合对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响。选用9头体重为(70.24±2.03)kg、体况相似且装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的杂种(美利奴×蒙古羊♀)公羊作为试验动物,按过渡期称重结果分成3组,每组3只。按燕麦干草和全株玉米青贮占粗饲料比例(干物质基础)将饲粮分为A1(100%全株玉米青贮)、A2(50%全株玉米青贮+50%燕麦干草)和A3(100%燕麦干草)3种,3种饲粮精粗比均为35∶65。采用3×3拉丁方设计,进行3期试验,每期22 d(预试期15 d,正试期7 d),正试期最后3 d采样。结果显示:1)与100%全株玉米青贮相比,以50%全株玉米青贮+50%燕麦干草或100%燕麦干草为粗饲料对绵羊瘤胃液p H和总氮浓度平均值没有产生显著影响(P0.05),但显著降低了瘤胃液氨态氮(NH3-N)、尿素氮和血浆尿素氮浓度平均值(P0.05),同时以50%全株玉米青贮+50%燕麦干草为粗饲料还显著提高了瘤胃液蛋白氮浓度平均值(P0.05)。此外,A2组的瘤胃液p H和总氮浓度平均值稍高于A3组,瘤胃液蛋白氮浓度平均值较A3组增加了8.97%,瘤胃液和血浆尿素氮浓度平均值稍低于A3组,但差异均不显著(P0.05),而瘤胃液NH3-N浓度平均值则显著低于A3组(P0.05)。2)粗饲料中燕麦干草的加入并未显著改变绵羊瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和丙酸摩尔比平均值(P0.05),升高了瘤胃液乙酸、丁酸摩尔比以及乙酸/丙酸平均值,且A3组与A1组差异显著(P0.05)。由此可知,在精料相同、精粗比为35∶65的条件下,用50%全贮玉米青贮和50%燕麦干草混合作为粗饲料可以改善绵羊的瘤胃内环境而适宜瘤胃微生物生长,提高瘤胃微生物活性及其对氨(NH3)的利用率,有助于微生物蛋白的合成,升高瘤胃乙酸的摩尔比及乙酸/丙酸。