A behavioral measure of homosynaptic and heterosynaptic temporal summation in the self-stimulation system of rats

Bilateral stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle with pulses of varying interpulse intervals elicited a pattern of self-stimulation behavior in the rat indicative of temporal synaptic summation: the shorter the interval the greater the response. In contrast, the effectiveness of unilateral stimulation at very short intervals was limited by neuronal refractory periods. The results support the notion that there is convergence of the medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation system from the two sides of the brain and suggest ways of studying the degree of convergence. They also suggest a technique for behaviorally comparing heterosynaptic and homosynaptic mechanisms of summation.     

Patches with links: a unified system for processing faces in the macaque temporal lobe

The brain processes objects through a series of regions along the ventral visual pathway, but the circuitry subserving the analysis of specific complex forms remains unknown. One complex form category, faces, selectively activates six patches of cortex in the macaque ventral pathway. To identify the connectivity of these face patches, we used electrical microstimulation combined with simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging. Stimulation of each of four targeted face patches produced strong activation, specifically within a subset of the other face patches. Stimulation outside the face patches produced an activation pattern that spared the face patches. These results suggest that the face patches form a strongly and specifically interconnected hierarchical network.     

基于养殖流程的水产品质量追溯系统编码体系的构建

本文以HACCP体系为指导原则,从分析水产养殖品的业务流程入手,提出了一种产品编码与过程编码相结合编码方法,建立了适用于国情同时又符合国际标准的水产养殖产品质量追溯编码方案.并以此为基础,首次在国内建立了水产养殖产品质量追溯技术体系.     

Flexible retinotopy: motion-dependent position coding in the visual cortex

Although the visual cortex is organized retinotopically, it is not clear whether the cortical representation of position necessarily reflects perceived position. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we show that the retinotopic representation of a stationary object in the cortex was systematically shifted when visual motion was present in the scene. Whereas the object could appear shifted in the direction of the visual motion, the representation of the object in the visual cortex was always shifted in the opposite direction. The results show that the representation of position in the primary visual cortex, as revealed by fMRI, can be dissociated from perceived location.     

Rapid neural coding in the retina with relative spike latencies

Natural vision is a highly dynamic process. Frequent body, head, and eye movements constantly bring new images onto the retina for brief periods, challenging our understanding of the neural code for vision. We report that certain retinal ganglion cells encode the spatial structure of a briefly presented image in the relative timing of their first spikes. This code is found to be largely invariant to stimulus contrast and robust to noisy fluctuations in response latencies. Mechanistically, the observed response characteristics result from different kinetics in two retinal pathways ("ON" and "OFF") that converge onto ganglion cells. This mechanism allows the retina to rapidly and reliably transmit new spatial information with the very first spikes emitted by a neural population.     

Backward spreading of memory-retrieval signal in the primate temporal cortex

Bidirectional signaling between neocortex and limbic cortex has been hypothesized to contribute to the retrieval of long-term memory. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the time courses of perceptual and memory-retrieval signals in two neighboring areas in temporal cortex, area TE (TE) and perirhinal cortex (PRh), while monkeys were performing a visual pair-association task. Perceptual signal reached TE before PRh, confirming its forward propagation. In contrast, memory-retrieval signal appeared earlier in PRh, and TE neurons were then gradually recruited to represent the sought target. A reasonable interpretation of this finding is that the rich backward fiber projections from PRh to TE may underlie the activation of TE neurons that represent a visual object retrieved from long-term memory.     

影响分形编码算法性能因素的分析

为提高分形图像压缩的速度,本文分析研究了用邻域匹配的四叉树分形编码方法,提出了一种基于区域分割和十字搜索模型的分形图像压缩的编码方法。实践证明,这种方法编码速度快,压缩效果好。     

Amino acid coding in Sarcina lutea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Aminoacyl-tRNA's from Sarcina lutea were tested for incorporation into protein in a heterologous system from Escherichia coli or for biniding in a homologous system from Sarcina lutea. Aminoacyl-tRNA's from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were tested for biniding in a homologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae system. Synthetic polyribonucleotides were used as messengers. The code which exists in Sarcina lutea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the same as in Escherichia coli.     

稳健估计在林业灰色建模中的应用

简析稳健估计理论在林业灰色建模中的应用,并将理论与实例结合对稳健估计与最小二乘估计进行比较。结果表明,利用稳健估计理论来进行林业灰色建模,不但可以抗击粗差的影响,而且预测精度基本满足在80%以上。     

On the origin of interictal activity in human temporal lobe epilepsy in vitro

The origin and mechanisms of human interictal epileptic discharges remain unclear. Here, we describe a spontaneous, rhythmic activity initiated in the subiculum of slices from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Synchronous events were similar to interictal discharges of patient electroencephalograms. They were suppressed by antagonists of either glutamatergic or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic signaling. The network of neurons discharging during population events comprises both subicular interneurons and a subgroup of pyramidal cells. In these pyramidal cells, GABAergic synaptic events reversed at depolarized potentials. Depolarizing GABAergic responses in neurons downstream to the sclerotic CA1 region contribute to human interictal activity.     

Localized temporal change of the Earth's inner core boundary

Compressional waves of an earthquake doublet (two events occurring in the South Sandwich Islands on 1 December 1993 and 6 September 2003), recorded at three seismic stations in Russia and Kyrgyzstan and reflected off Earth's inner core boundary, arrived at least from 39 to 70 milliseconds earlier in the 2003 event than in the 1993 event. Such changes indicate that Earth's inner core radius enlarged locally beneath middle Africa by 0.98 to 1.75 kilometers between the times of these two events. Changes of the inner core radius may be explained by either a differential motion of the inner core, assuming that irregularities are present at the inner core boundary and fixed to the inner core, or a rapid growth of the inner core by this amount.     

Combined analog and action potential coding in hippocampal mossy fibers

In the mammalian cortex, it is generally assumed that the output information of neurons is encoded in the number and the timing of action potentials. Here, we show, by using direct patchclamp recordings from presynaptic hippocampal mossy fiber boutons, that axons transmit analog signals in addition to action potentials. Excitatory presynaptic potentials result from subthreshold dendritic synaptic inputs, which propagate several hundreds of micrometers along the axon and modulate action potential-evoked transmitter release at the mossy fiber-CA3 synapse. This combined analog and action potential coding represents an additional mechanism for information transmission in a major hippocampal pathway.     

鹅Myostatin基因编码区核苷酸多态性研究

利用鹅Myostatin基因3个外显子设计4对引物,分析扬州鹅、皖西白鹅和五龙鹅3个品种鹅的Myostatin基因编码区的单核苷酸多态性。结果表明:鹅该基因编码区高度保守,仅第3外显子的第263 bp处检测到由A→C的单碱基“沉默“突变,该突变位点仅检测到AA、AB 2种基因型,且杂合子频率极低(2.5%),皖西白鹅群体未能检测到AB型个体。对五龙鹅群体的初步分析发现,AB型个体具有较高的产肉性能,但因所检测到的杂合子个体数较少,故该位点各基因型与生产性能间的关系有待于进一步研究证实。     

Cannabis and temporal disintegration in experienced and naive subjects

The effects of 3.3 and 6.6 milligrams of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and of placebo on performance of three cognitive tasks were compared for naive subjects and experienced cannabis smokers. No differences in performance or reported subjective effects were found between these two groups. A significant decrement was found following dosage at both levels, replicating earlier findings of temporal disintegration during cannabis intoxication.     

Human brain: left-right asymmetries in temporal speech region

We have found marked anatomical asymmetries between tile upper surfaces of the human right and left temporal lobes. The planum temporale (the area behind Hesch's gyrus) is larger on the left in 65 percent of brains; on the right it is larger in only 11 percent. The left planum is on the average one-third longer than the planum. This area makes up part of the temporal speech cortex, whose importance is well established on the basis of both anatomical findings in aphasic patients ans cortical stimulation at operation.     

一种有效扩大蛋白质同源建模尺度方法

采用最邻近算法对同源建模中的缺失值进行填充,由此扩大传统同源建模方法的研究尺度.在序列结构比对中,氨基酸的插入（删除）会引起数据缺失,传统的同源建模法不能处理这部分结构.结合最邻近算法、期望值最大化方法和主成分分析,抽取蛋白质结构演化的主要信息,构建蛋白质保守结构的低维取样空间.与标准的主成分分析相比,该方法能利用更多的演化信息,涵盖更多的具有遗传信息的区域,构造更大尺度的蛋白质取样空间.取样空间的精度用目标蛋白质结构与其在取样空间上的投影的均方根偏差评价.将该方法应用于33个蛋白质超家族,结果表明,扩大后的取样空间精度达到测定蛋白质结构的X-ray实验精度,满足后续的蛋白质结构研究.     

森林资源调查数据的稳健估计及分析

该文指出 :以往森林经理调查中 ,航片判读小班蓄积与地面实测蓄积之间的统计关系多建立在经典的最小二乘原理之基础上 .当调查数据中不含有粗差时 ,最小二乘估计可以得到较好的结果 .然而 ,由于各种因素的影响 ,观测成果中总会含有粗差 .利用稳健估计 ,可以使含有粗差的观测成果得到较为理想的估计值 .该文通过稳健估计的原理介绍和算法推证 ,以及三个实例分析 ,证明了稳健估计原理可使森林调查得到更好的结果     

Integrating what and when across the primate medial temporal lobe

Episodic memory or memory for the detailed events in our lives is critically dependent on structures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL). A fundamental component of episodic memory is memory for the temporal order of items within an episode. To understand the contribution of individual MTL structures to temporal-order memory, we recorded single-unit activity and local field potential from three MTL areas (hippocampus and entorhinal and perirhinal cortex) and visual area TE as monkeys performed a temporal-order memory task. Hippocampus provided incremental timing signals from one item presentation to the next, whereas perirhinal cortex signaled the conjunction of items and their relative temporal order. Thus, perirhinal cortex appeared to integrate timing information from hippocampus with item information from visual sensory area TE.     

Determining placement criteria of moisture sensors through temporal stability analysis of soil water contents for a variable rate irrigation system

Developing placement criteria for soil moisture sensors is crucial in increasing the practical functionality of a variable rate irrigation (VRI) system. In this field study, the temporal stability pattern of soil water content was compared between VRI and uniform rate irrigation (URI) treatments during growing seasons of winter wheat and summer maize to determine the placement criteria of soil water sensors. The 1.64-ha experimental site located in a highly variable alluvial flood plain was divided into four management zones according to the available water holding capacity ranging from 152 to 205 mm within the 0.6 m soil profile. In each zone, two sub-zones were created to represent VRI and URI treatments. A temporal stability analysis of soil moisture was conducted by regularly measuring soil water contents at 62 locations in the field during the growing seasons. Results showed that the VRI management changed the overall similarity of soil moisture spatial patterns when crop water consumption was provided mainly by irrigation water rather than precipitation. In each management zone, every measuring position was a time-stable location with respect to the mean soil water content. Significant linear regressions were detected between the mean clay percentile in each management zone and the clay percentile representing the mean soil water content sites, and a nearly equivalent value of fitted equation coefficient was obtained for winter wheat (1.15) and summer maize (1.19). These results demonstrated that the temporal stability of soil water content spatial patterns still existed in each management zone with the VRI management, and the clay percentile supplied a priori identification for placement of soil moisture sensors.