Cetacean occurrence,habitat preferences and potential for cetacean–fishery interactions in Iberian Atlantic waters: results from cooperative research involving local stakeholders

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北部湾带鱼空间聚散变化特征

本研究利用 2006―2018 年北部湾底拖网渔业资源调查的带鱼(Trichiurus haumela)资源密度数据, 通过标准差椭圆(standard deviational ellipse, SDE)分析带鱼空间分布格局, 利用广义可加模型(generalized additive model, GAM)研究带鱼资源密度与环境因子叶绿素 a (Chl-a)、海表水温异常值、水深、离岸距离、经度和纬度的关系, 为北部湾带鱼资源的可持续利用和保护提供科技支撑。研究结果显示, 北部湾带鱼资源密度分布呈逐年集聚现象, 渔场分布方向受海底地貌影响呈现西南–东北向, 夏季资源密度重心呈西南–东北向移动, 冬季资源密度重心呈南–北向移动, 且冬季带鱼资源密度重心较夏季更偏东北向; 春、秋季为带鱼主要的产卵季节, 其资源密度重心位于夏、冬季带鱼渔场中部。研究表明北部湾带鱼资源密度的逐年下降是导致其空间分布逐渐集聚的主要原因。Chl-a 对带鱼资源密度和空间分布均有影响, 水深、经度和海表水温异常值对带鱼资源密度有影响, 但对其空间分布无直接影响。     

The effects of the net fishery closure on angling catch in the River Hvítá, Iceland

Between 1991 and 2000, angling associations on the tributaries of the River Hvítá leased net fishery rights in the Hvítá mainstem, with the aim of eliminating net fishery harvest and improving the rod catch. The rod catch and net catch in the Hvítá system were significantly correlated (r = 0.94; P < 0.001) over the 10‐year period prior to (1981–1990) closure of the net fishery. The rod fishery in the tributaries of the River Hvítá was also significantly correlated to the rod fishery in selected groups of rivers in west (r = 0.80; P < 0.01) and north (r = 0.73; P < 0.05) before the closure. Significant increases (P < 0.01) were observed in rod catches in the Hvítá tributaries between 1991 and 2000 after the closure, while rod catches in control regions decreased. Based on evaluation of rod catch trends before and after the closure, it was estimated that the net fishery lease increased rod catches in the tributaries between 1773 and 2175 fish (28–35%). The increase in rod catches also suggested that the rod fishery may be taking 39–52% of the estimated previous net catch. The high price paid annually for the net fishery lease just to eliminate net fishing (€135 000) reflects the high value of rod caught salmon compared with salmon caught by the net fishery.     

我国当前南海南部拖网渔业的困局和对策

南海南部渔场是广西拖网渔船在南海外海的传统作业区域之一。然而,近年来该海域渔业涉外事故频发,广西渔船损失惨重。为了规避涉外事故,广西拖网渔船不得不频频中断正常生产,转移到南海外海其它涉外风险较低的渔场作业。2013年5月以后,在南海外海生产的广西拖网渔船陆续撤出南海南部,至今未恢复生产。本文采用南海捕捞信息动态采集网络和信息渔船2013年的生产记录,通过统计及对比,分析拖网渔船从南海南部转移后面临的困境和成因。结果表明,渔船转移到6°N以北的南海外海渔场生产,单位捕捞努力量渔获量（CPUE）减少31.25%、优质鱼类所占的比例明显下降、全部航次亏损,生产难以为继。目前南海南部的生产态势明显不利于南海外海渔业的发展。本文提出恢复和坚持南海南部生产是南海外海拖网渔业发展的基础,有关部门应加强渔场巡航护渔、组织综合编队生产及加大对渔船开发南海南部渔业资源的支持力度。为了进一步发展南海外海拖网生产,建议在南海南部探索试验共同渔区模式。     

Demographic characteristics of southern flounder,Paralichthys lethostigma,harvested by an estuarine gillnet fishery

Abstract The North Carolina (NC) southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma (Jordan and Gilbert), stock has experienced heavy exploitation during the past two decades. Recently, several management changes were initiated to lower harvest rates and restore stock biomass. Here, the age, growth and maturity of southern flounder harvested by a southeast NC estuarine gillnet fishery are characterised and compared with observations from previous studies and with statewide data on the stock to evaluate any regulatory effects and assess the potential for selective removal by the fishery. Despite regulatory changes, the estuarine gillnet fishery still harvested mainly age‐0 and age‐1 individuals that were mostly immature, meaning that the current fishing practices likely only allow a small portion of the harvestable stock the opportunity to reproduce. Relative to length‐at‐age patterns observed within the stock from statewide collections, fish captured by the gillnet fishery were above average length at each age; the legal size and the gear appeared to cause selective harvest of the fastest growers within each cohort. If the demographic characteristics of the catch observed in this study are broadly representative of gillnet fisheries in other estuarine nursery habitats throughout NC, the harvesting tactics in this sector of the fishery have the potential to cause population‐level effects and negatively affect long‐term fishery yield.     

南海外海灯光罩网主要渔场分布及变动研究——基于广西渔船的生产监测统计

广西灯光罩网渔船是开发南海外海的主要力量之一。文章采用广西渔船船位监控系统记录的2013年2月～5月广西灯光罩网渔船在南海外海的生产数据,计算各渔区捕捞努力量占同期外海总捕捞努力量的比例作为渔区生产集中程度的指标,据此将渔区按渔船生产集中程度归类为作业高密集区、密集区、低密集区和生产外围区等4类。结果表明,高密集区和密集区的捕捞努力量占总量的2/3以上,构成渔船在南海外海的主要渔场。主要渔场范围包括27个渔区,多分布于南沙海区北部海域,太平岛周围海域是生产集中程度最高的区域。同时分析了灯光罩网主要渔场分布变动情况,讨论当前南海外海渔业开发的态势和存在问题,提出了南海外海渔业生产管理和发展的对策和建议。     

The suitability of VIE tags to assess stock enhancement success in juvenile European lobsters (Homarus gammarus)

Assessments of stock enhancement programmes for European lobsters (Homarus gammarus) require mark‐recapture analysis of stocked individuals. However, established tag technology is deemed unsuitable for extensive use by many current lobster hatcheries, particularly upon the early juvenile stages. We tested the suitability of fluorescent Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) tags for use in 5‐month‐old juvenile lobsters. Three treatment groups comprising 348 cultured lobsters in total were used to examine survival, growth and tag retention, and to assess mobility, shelter use and moulting behaviours. Tagging had no significant effect on lobster survival, growth, mobility, shelter use or moult frequency. Survival over 7 weeks was 75% among lobsters tagged with two elastomers, 76% in those with one elastomer and 74% among untagged controls. Mortality during moulting did not increase in tagged (6%) compared to untagged lobsters (9%). We found no evidence that VIE tags cause any negative effects that would be expected to inhibit survival upon wild release, but tag loss had reached 12% in both tagged treatments after 7 weeks and showed no sign of abating. Our study suggests that VIEs effectiveness in discerning cultured lobsters long after wild release may be limited when used in smaller juveniles.     

Growth overfishing in the brown shrimp fishery of Texas, Louisiana, and adjoining Gulf of Mexico EEZ

Growth overfishing in the brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, fishery in inshore (estuarine) and offshore (Gulf of Mexico) territorial waters of Texas and Louisiana, and adjoining waters of the United States’ (U.S.) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and its potentially detrimental economic consequences to the harvesting sector, have not been among major concerns of Federal and State shrimp management agencies. Three possible reasons include (1) environmentally influenced variations in recruitment that cause wide fluctuations in annual landings, which tend to obscure effects of fishing, (2) competition between inshore and offshore components of the harvesting sector, and (3) partitioning of management jurisdiction among a Federal council and two State agencies. Wide variations in landings led to beliefs that high levels of fishing mortality were tolerable and recruitment overfishing was of no major concern. This encouraged somewhat laissez-faire management approaches that allowed fishing effort to increase over the years.Our objectives were to determine whether growth overfishing occurred in this fishery during 1960–2006, and whether and how decreases in size of shrimp within the landings, in response to increases in fishing effort, affected inflation-adjusted annual (calendar year) ex-vessel value of the landings, i.e., their value to the harvesting sector. Growth overfishing occurred in the early 1990s, and then abated as fishing effort declined due to rising fuel costs and competition from imported shrimp. However, inflation-adjusted annual ex-vessel value of the landings peaked in 1985, prior to growth overfishing.Management actions implemented in 2001 for Texas’ territorial waters, and in the EEZ off Texas and Louisiana in 2006, should limit future fleet expansion and increases in fishing effort, thereby reducing the chances of growth overfishing and its potentially detrimental economic impacts on the harvesting sector. Growth overfishing should be included among the guidelines for future management of this brown shrimp fishery.     

Integrating recreational fisheries data into stock assessment: implications for model performance and subsequent harvest strategies

Understanding the impacts of recreational fishing on commercially fished stocks is becoming increasingly relevant for fisheries managers. However, data from recreational fisheries are not commonly included in stock assessments of commercially fished stocks. Simulation models of two assessment methods employed in Australia's Commonwealth fisheries were used to explore how recreational fishery data can be included, and the likely consequences for management. In a data‐poor management strategy for blue eye trevalla, Hyperoglyphe antarctica (Carmichael), temporal trends in recreational catch most affected management outcomes. In a data‐rich age‐structured stock assessment for striped marlin, Kajikia audax (Philippi), estimates of stock status were biased when recreational catches were large or when the recreational fishery targeted different size classes than the commercial fishery and these data were not integrated into the assessment. Including data from recreational fishing can change perceptions of stock status and impact recommendations for harvest strategies and management action. An understanding of recreational fishery dynamics should be prioritised for some species.     

Modelling the effects of reserve size and fishing mortality for Caribbean queen conch Strombus gigas

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Environmental effects on recruitment and productivity of Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus with recommendations for management

We compared a wide range of environmental data with measures of recruitment and stock production for Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus to examine factors potentially responsible for fishery regimes (periods of high or low recruitment and productivity). Environmental factors fall into two groups based on principal component analyses. The first principal component group was determined by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index and was dominated by variables associated with the Southern Oscillation Index and Kuroshio Sverdrup transport. The second was led by the Arctic Oscillation and dominated by variables associated with Kuroshio geostrophic transport. Instantaneous surplus production rates (ISPR) and log recruitment residuals (LNRR) changed within several years of environmental regime shifts and then stabilized due, we hypothesize, to rapid changes in carrying capacity and relaxation of density dependent effects. Like ISPR, LNRR appears more useful than fluctuation in commercial catch data for identifying the onset of fishery regime shifts. The extended Ricker models indicate spawning stock biomass and sea surface temperatures (SST) affect recruitment of sardine while spawning stock biomass, SST and sardine biomass affect recruitment of chub mackerel. Environmental conditions were favorable for sardine during 1969–87 and unfavorable during 1951–67 and after 1988. There were apparent shifts from favorable to unfavorable conditions for chub mackerel during 1976–77 and 1985–88, and from unfavorable to favorable during 1969–70 and 1988–92. Environmental effects on recruitment and surplus production are important but fishing effects are also influential. For example, chub mackerel may have shifted into a new favorable fishery regime in 1992 if fishing mortality had been lower. We suggest that managers consider to shift fishing effort in response to the changing stock productivity, and protect strong year classes by which we may detect new favorable regimes.     

Estimation of productivity growth,technical progress,and efficiency changes in the Korean offshore fisheries

In this study, changes in total factor productivity of 12 Korean offshore fisheries between 1997 and 2009 were estimated through the Malmquist productivity index, which is a nonparametric method. Also, the cause of such changes in productivity of each fishery was analyzed more specifically by segmenting into factors for technological progress and technical efficiency. As a result of this analysis, the total factor productivity change of the entire offshore fisheries was −6.0 %. Changes in the technical efficiency and technological level factors, respectively, contributed 0.2 and −6.2 % to this rate of decrease in total factor productivity; that is, inactivity of technological progress led to the decrease in productivity of the offshore fisheries. In addition, technological progress and technical efficiency were found to differently influence the change in total factor productivity of each fishery. In order for each fishery to improve productivity, better rational fisheries management policies by the government and efforts by the fishing industry and individual fishing business units must accompany factors that promote productivity increase.     

Modeling the effects of fishery management and marine protected areas on the Beibu Gulf using spatial ecosystem simulation

The Gulf of Beibu, recognized as one of the traditional fishing grounds, is a center of rich biodiversity in the northern South China Sea. Based on the Beibu Gulf ecosystem constructed by the Ecopath and Ecosim model (in the late 1990s), we used Ecospace to evaluate the existing fishery management system and assess the potential of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Beibu Gulf over a short (5-year), medium (10-year), and long-term (20-year) scenario. The results suggest that the current trawl closure and the midsummer moratorium system used in the Gulf fishery management approach appear to offer minimal benefits for stock recovery because of the high implementation and administrative costs; also, the biomass of valuable groups would decrease drastically with simulation time, and the large predator groups, such as the large demersal and pelagic fishes, would even be reduced to depletion in the long-term (20-year) simulation.Simulations of MPAs indicate that outcomes beneficial to all are possible but not guaranteed. Both ‘no-take’ MPAs, inshore closures (<30-m isobath) and offshore closures (common fishing zone) can drastically reduce fishing effort (between 20% and 30% reduction from 1999 levels), achieving much to avert the collapse of the fishery sector, especially for large-sized, high-value species. The magnitude of the biomass and the catches would obviously increase with simulation time. In a 20-year simulation, the total catches of all fishing gears would be doubled in the inshore closure simulation compared with that of offshore closure simulation with biomass recovery. The results suggest that, for purposes of fishery management in the Gulf, the inshore area within the 30-m isobath should be considered as ‘no-take’ MPAs; this may be an effective management tactic to conserve the ecosystem and to stop the decline in fisheries resources. Considering the complexity of ecosystem-based fishery management, an extension of the current work will incorporate the costs associated with restoration and monitoring efforts as well.     

CPUE standardisation and the construction of indices of stock abundance in a spatially varying fishery using general linear models

Construction of annual indices of stock abundance based on catch and effort data remains central to many fisheries’ assessments. While the use of more advanced statistical methods has helped catch rates to be standardised against many explanatory variables, the changing spatial characteristics of most fisheries data sets provide additional challenges for constructing reliable indices of stock abundance. After reviewing the use of general linear models to construct indices of annual stock abundance, potential biases which can arise due to the unequal and changing nature of the spatial distribution of fishing effort are examined and illustrated through the analysis of simulated data. Finally, some options are suggested for modelling catch rates in unfished strata and for accounting for the uncertainties in the stock and fishery dynamics which arise in the interpretation of spatially varying catch rate data.     

浙江南部海域银姑鱼的生活史参数估算及资源评价

为了评估银姑鱼资源开发状态,实验根据2016年在浙江南部海域底拖网的调查数据,研究了银姑鱼的生活史参数,并基于单位补充量模型对其资源状态进行评价,进而探讨不同自然死亡系数和捕捞选择性对资源评价结果的影响。结果显示,银姑鱼渐近体长估计值为25.36 cm,生长速率为0.32/年,当前开捕体长(13.52 cm)远小于其初次性成熟体长(17.79 cm);自然死亡系数估计值为0.74,总死亡系数为2.62,当前捕捞死亡系数为1.88。基于以上参数,构建了单位补充量渔获量YPR模型和单位补充量亲体生物量SSBR模型,随着F的增加,YPR先增大后减小,而SSBR则减少。银姑鱼生物学参考点F_0.1为0.78,F_max为3.43,F_20%为0.66,F_40%为0.33,可知当前捕捞强度远大于防止补充型过度捕捞警戒线F_20%。敏感性分析结果显示,自然死亡系数的不确定性将明显影响单位补充量模型的研究结果和相关生物学参考点的估算值,而不同选择性系数,尤其是开捕体长,也直接影响单位补充量模型的结果。研究表明,当前浙江南部近海银姑鱼种群已处于补充型过度捕捞状态,为维持渔业资源的可持续发展,建议适当减小开发力度,增大开捕体长;为提高资源状态评价的准确性,建议减小自然死亡系数的不确定性。本研究可为银姑鱼资源的养护和管理提供科学建议。     

Coping with information gaps in stock productivity for rebuilding and achieving maximum sustainable yield for grouper–snapper fisheries

Maintaining fish stocks at optimal levels is a goal of fisheries management worldwide; yet, this goal remains somewhat elusive, even in countries with well‐established fishery data collection, assessment and management systems. Achieving this goal often requires knowledge of stock productivity, which can be challenging to obtain due to both data limitations and the complexities of marine populations. Thus, scientific information can lag behind fishery policy expectations in this regard. Steepness of the stock–recruitment relationship affects delineation of target biomass level reference points, a problem which is often circumvented by using a proxy fishing mortality rate (F) in place of the rate associated with maximum sustainable yield (F_MSY). Because MSY is achieved in the long term only if an F proxy is happenstance with F_MSY, characterizing productivity information probabilistically can support reference point delineation. For demersal stocks of equatorial and tropical regions, we demonstrate how the use of a prior probability distribution for steepness can help identify suitable F proxies. F proxies that reduce spawning biomass per recruit to a target percentage of the unfished quantity (i.e., SPR) of 40% to 50% SPR had the highest probabilities of achieving long‐term MSY. Rebuilding was addressed through closed‐loop simulation of broken‐stick harvest control rules. Similar biomass recovery times were demonstrated for these rules in comparison with more information‐intensive rebuilding plans. Our approach stresses science‐led advancement of policy through a lens of information limitations, which can make the assumptions behind rebuilding plans more transparent and align management expectations with biological outcomes.     

象山港黄姑鱼增殖放流效果评估及增殖群体利用方式优化

以回捕渔获重量和对繁殖群体的补充能力为评价指标,借助标志放流-回捕实验,利用模型模拟分析方法,定量评估浙江象山港黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)的增殖放流效果;同时,结合其增殖目标定位,探索构建生态高效的增殖群体利用方式。研究结果表明,象山港黄姑鱼增殖群体的捕捞死亡系数为1.31,在该捕捞强度下,11055尾增殖放流鱼苗可产生737 kg回捕渔获收益,同时还向增殖水域补充了554尾初次性成熟个体,增殖放流活动在一定程度上起到了修复象山港黄姑鱼资源、促进渔民增产增收的效果。结果表明,捕捞强度过大是制约象山港黄姑鱼增殖放流功效发挥的重要因素,捕捞死亡系数应降至0.46,同批次黄姑鱼增殖放流所能提供的回捕渔获重量和性成熟个体尾数可分别较现行捕捞强度提升41.49%和326.90%。综上述,象山港黄姑鱼增殖放流的生态和经济功效较为显著,合理降低对增殖群体的捕捞强度是进一步提升其增殖放流效果的必要措施。     

Contribution of bait to lobster production in an oligotrophic marine ecosystem as determined using a mass balance model

The fishery for the western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) in Western Australia is Australia's largest trap-based fishery, deploying 8.8 million pot lifts, landing on average 11,000 tonnes of lobster and using approximately 14,000 tonnes of bait annually. A mass balance model was constructed to determine the potential contribution of this bait to the diet of western rock lobsters. Bait is potentially a significant subsidy given the oligotrophic nature of Western Australia's marine environment. The mass balance model was constructed on the principle that the biomass of the lobster population reflects the difference between inputs (growth, immigration) and outputs (natural and fishing mortality and emigration). Biomass calculated using this approach was within 7% of biomass calculated from independent estimates based on depletion analysis, indicating the model is robust. The food required to explain observed growth was then calculated, allowing the potential contribution of bait to lobster diet to be assessed. The abundance of natural diet items on the benthos was sufficient to explain the observed growth of lobsters, with bait contributing a maximum of 13% of lobster food requirements over the whole ecosystem. This contribution of bait will differ spatially and temporally reflecting uneven distribution of fishing effort and may be as high as 35% during some months of the fishing season, a result consistent with dietary studies based on stable isotopes. Given observed effects of organic matter addition on ecosystem processes as observed in trawl fisheries and aquaculture operations, it is likely that the effects of bait addition on ecosystem function are more widespread than lobster production.     

A centurial development of the North Sea fish megafauna as reflected by the historical Swedish longlining fisheries

Historically, to compensate for declining catches, fishers have usually shifted from species characterized by high catch rate onto less easily caught species or have moved into new fishing grounds. Such shifts are poorly documented for areas with a long history of exploitation (i.e. North Sea) as they occurred long time before the start of the regular assessments of the marine resources. The Swedish longline fisheries in the Kattegat‐Skagerrak and North Sea have a long history that spans over several centuries. These fisheries have historically targeted large demersal predator fish as ling (Molva molva), cod (Gadus morhua), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and skates (mainly Dipturus spp.). In this study, data from the Swedish longline fisheries from 1859 to 1960 have been collated. The data show that the geographical expansion of the fishery was extensive. At the turn of the 20th century, offshore longlining became concentrated north and west of the Shetlands and Hebrides, and after the WWII, the fishery expanded to Iceland and Rockall. In the offshore fishery, CPUE for the main target species, ling, remained stable, whereas for the other species, with the exception of tusk (Brosme brosme), CPUE showed a dramatic decline over time. In contrast, in the coastal longlining fishery, severe declines were revealed for all major target species except cod. We argue that the constant search for new fishing grounds in the Northeast Atlantic reflects a dwindling resource, where the fishermen kept the catch rates of ling high by travelling to more and more distant fishing grounds.     

澳洲鲭太平洋群系的资源评估与管理策略

澳洲鲭是西北太平洋重要的经济种类,了解和掌握澳洲鲭太平洋群系资源开发状况对确保其可持续利用具有重要的意义。根据日本中央水产研究所提供的1995—2015年澳洲鲭太平洋群系的生产统计和资源调查资料,利用基于年龄结构的实际种群模型和单位补充量产量模型等进行资源量评估,分析澳洲鲭太平洋群系资源利用情况及其管理策略。结果显示,历年澳洲鲭太平洋群系资源量虽有波动但仍保持在较高水平,2015年资源量最高约为65万t;年平均捕捞死亡系数呈波动下降趋势,2015年捕捞死亡系数只有0.15,近五年平均捕捞死亡系数Fcur=0.33,单位补充量亲体量是未开发时的32.7%,不存在生长型捕捞过度,也不存在补充型捕捞过度,处于可持续开发状态。研究还探讨了水温变化引起自然死亡波动以及不同开捕年龄对澳洲鲭太平洋群系资源状况的影响。研究表明,该渔业目前开发和利用程度合理,建议使用F0.1做为管理参考点进行渔业资源的管理。