林业危险性有害生物锈色粒肩天牛

锈色粒肩天牛是严重危害国槐的蛀干害虫，也是目前许多省市区的补充林业检疫性有害生物，其分布范围不断扩大，危害不断加重。本文明确了该虫在国内外的分布和寄主；简要介绍了其生物生态学特性、危害特点及防治措施；分析了其传播扩散特点，提出了针对性的预防与控制策略，指出了今后的研究重点。     

草甘膦价格向理性回归

农药行业在过去的一年内呈现高速增长，特别是2008年以来销售收入增长速度高达40％以上。在销售收入大幅增长的同时，行业利润率也有所上升。据分析预测，草甘膦行业将在2010年出现供需平衡，届时全球需求量为90万t左右。孟山都在6月份恢复了其2006年关闭的10万t草甘膦生产线，并且宣布扩建其在美国路易斯安那州的草甘膦产能，预计2010年该公司产能将达到25万t左右。     

猕猴桃蝙蝠蛾生物学特性及综合防治研究

蝙蝠蛾为栽培猕猴桃重要害虫，据调查，该虫在湖北省危害率已达１４．１４％。本文系统报道了其形态特征、生物学习性和生活史，并根据其生物学特性，提出了相应的综合防治措施。     

IUPAC纳米农药健康风险评估概述

与常规农药相比，纳米农药有其显著的特殊性，如何对其进行科学合理的评估是农药管理部门面临的一个重要挑战。本文对IUPAC纳米农药健康风险评估体系及相关文献等进行了总结和梳理，介绍了与常规农药相比，纳米农药在健康风险评估方面的流程、要求、特点及疑难点，供相关方参考。     

5％来福灵乳油防治烟叶烟青虫

５％来福灵乳油防治烟叶烟青虫通城县植保站（４３７４００）李世武进口农药来福灵杀虫剂，在棉花和果树上已得到广泛应用，为了探索其在烟叶上的应用前景，１９９２年、１９９３年本站对其进行了田间药效试验研究，１９９４年开始示范推广，取得了显著的防治效果。１材料...     

野燕麦生防真菌燕麦叶枯菌的分离培养及致病性研究

１９９３年５月在江苏南京发现自然罹病的野燕麦植株，对其病原真菌进行鉴定、分离，并对其培养特性作了初步研究，结果表明，其病原菌为燕麦叶枯菌，该菌在ＰＤＡ培养基上产生灰白色中央隆起的粗糙形菌落，不产孢；在营养缺限型的燕麦粒培养基或水琼脂上的小麦秸秆表面可产生有性阶段子囊果和少量分生孢子。菌丝体接种整株幼苗或离体叶片试验表明，该菌只侵染野燕麦而不感染小麦，是一种潜在的防除野燕麦的真菌除草剂菌株     

西瓜噬酸菌效应蛋白AopK的功能研究

瓜类细菌性果斑病是西甜瓜产业中最重要病害之一，其病原菌西瓜噬酸菌的Ⅲ型分泌系统效应蛋白在致病过程中起重要作用。XopK为黄单胞菌效应蛋白，具有E3泛素连接酶活性，其在西瓜噬酸菌中的同源基因aopK鲜有研究。为鉴定效应蛋白AopK并探究其功能，本研究构建了西瓜噬酸菌AAC00-1菌株的aopK缺失突变株和互补菌株，发现基因aopK的缺失显著降低病原菌在西瓜幼苗上的致病力。通过AopK在本氏烟中的亚细胞定位实验，显示AopK定位于植物的细胞质膜。转录水平、外泌性及BAX共表达试验，证明aopK的表达受HrpX和HrpG正调控，其产物能够通过Ⅲ型分泌系统分泌到细胞外，并且能够抑制烟草叶片细胞中活性氧产生、胼胝质沉积以及细胞坏死产生，具有潜在抑制植物防卫反应的毒性功能。以上结果表明AopK为西瓜噬酸菌的Ⅲ型效应蛋白，研究结果为进一步探究其与寄主植物间的互作机理奠定了基础。     

番茄斑萎病毒的检疫技术

番茄斑萎病毒为布尼亚病毒科（Bunyaviridae）番茄斑萎病毒属（Tospovirus）的代表成员，其寄主范围很广，可引起许多重要的园艺植物和农作物的严重病害，造成严重的经济损失。该病毒病在许多国家的局部地区有发生，为减轻其危害，各国对该病毒的发生和流行特点及控制措施等进行了较深入的研究，本文概述了该病毒的相关研究进展。     

红栀子苗期病害发生特点及防治

红栀子（Gardenia jasminoides Eills）是茜草科（Rubiaceae）栀子属的常绿小乔木，其叶、花、根、果均可供药用，也是较好的天然食用色素原材料，因此，红栀子需求量逐年增加，市场前景十分广阔。红栀子被列为我地发展高效特色农业大力推广的药用植物，目前全区种植面积近十万亩，由于在苗木繁殖过程中，苗木容易受病害的危害，其在红栀子栽培的发展推广过程中受到了严重的影响。     

两种化合物对菜粉蝶幼虫超氧化物歧化酶的影响

室内测试了菜粉蝶 Pieris rapae 4 龄幼虫超氧化物歧化酶的活性，并就 α -三噻吩（ α -terthienyl）和化合物5［1-苯基-4-（3，4-亚甲基 二氧）苯基-丁二炔］两种化合物对其产生的影响进行了比较研究。结果表明，近紫外光照 （300～400 nm）可增强对幼虫超氧化物歧化酶活体活力( in vivo )和离体活力( in vitro )。经光敏化合物处理后，在紫外光照下，超氧化物歧化酶活体活力基本不受化合物 5的影响，但能被 α -三噻吩抑制；离体情况下，无论光照与否，化 合物5均不影响其活力， α -三噻吩在低剂量下有抑制作用，而在高剂量下则可使其活力 增强，显示了不同的剂量反应关系。表明无论在离体还是活体的情况下，幼虫对 α -三噻吩的光敏性优于化合物5。对两种化合物光敏作用的可能机理进行 了探讨。     

Twenty-ninth International Crop Protection Symposium,Gent, Belgium,May 1977

Abstract

A new simple mass rearing technique for Heliothis armigera is described. Based on environmental and spatial considerations, the technique employs a semi‐artifical diet in conjunction with group rearing at all stages of development and obviates the need for individual handling of eggs, larvae and adults.     

Adsorption-desorption studies of alachlor, metolachlor, EPTC, chlorothalonil and pirimiphos-methyl in contrasting soils

Five soils with different organic matter contents ranging from 0.48 to 10.4% were used to study the adsorption and desorption of alachlor, metolachor, EPTC, chlorothalonil and pirimiphos-methyl in batch experiments. The isotherm shapes according to Giles classification were S-type for alachlor, metolachlor and chlorothalonil, changing to L-type for the latter as the level of soil organic matter increased, and L-type for EPTC and pirimiphos-methyl. The adsorption isotherms fitted the Freundlich equation x/m = KfCe1/n. The Kf values increased with the increase of organic matter content. The amounts of pesticides adsorbed over a range of concentrations of 0.1-20 mg litre-1 reached 63.1% for alachlor, 69.2% for metolachlor, 89.3% for EPTC, 98.4% for chlorothalonil and 96.3% for pirimiphos-methyl. The increase of the amounts desorbed with acetone indicated that the sorption of organic compounds onto organic matter occurred principally via weak London-type induction forces, or dispersion forces which are characteristics of the physical adsorption process.     

Dieldrin residues in soybeans in Illinois, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974

The Illinois soybean crop was monitored in 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974 for dieldrin residues resulting from aldrin applied to corn in the years before soybean cultivation. Residue levels of dieldrin in soybeans increased between 1965 and 1974. The percent of fields which had soybeans with a dieldrin level above 0.03 ppm increased between 1965 and 1974. Dieldrin residue levels in soybeans grown in Illinois are expected to decline now that the use of aldrin has diminished and will soon cease. No significant correlation was evident between the dieldrin levels in soybeans and the area of the State where they had grown, the date of planting, or the variety.     

Pests,Predators, and Parasites

Abstract

The development of resistance to insecticides and the hazards inherent in their use present ever-increasing problems in insect control today. The difficulties and dangers have given impetus to research on other means of combating pests. Australia has always been prominent in the field of biological control, and the CSIRO Division of Entomology is an important centre, keenly seeking controls for both insects and weeds. Progress in the search for and establishment of parasites of Sirex, the pine pest, was described in Rural Research 64. This article reviews six other projects of particular interest, namely those involving potato moth, buffalo fly, white wax scale, green vegetable bug, lantana, and skeleton-weed.     

Response of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean to linuron

Dry bean producers in Ontario, Canada, have few herbicide options available for annual broad-leaved weed management and there is little information on the tolerance of dry bean to linuron. The tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean to the pre-emergence (PRE) application of linuron at the rates of 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 g ai ha⁻¹ was evaluated in field studies conducted in 2005 and 2006 at Exeter and in 2006 at Ridgetown, Ontario. The four market classes differed in their response to linuron. Cranberry and kidney bean were more tolerant to the PRE application of linuron than black and white bean. Linuron applied PRE caused as much as 12% injury in cranberry and kidney bean, 47% injury in black bean, and 56% injury in white bean. Linuron applied PRE at 500–2500 g ai ha⁻¹ had no effect on the height of cranberry and kidney bean but decreased the height by 7, 8, and 15% in black bean and by 10, 13, and 23% in white bean at 1500, 2000, and 2500 g ai ha⁻¹, respectively. Linuron applied PRE at the rates evaluated did not cause any adverse affect on the yield of cranberry, kidney, and white bean but black bean yield was reduced by 16% at 2500 g ai ha⁻¹. Based on these results, there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for the PRE application of linuron in black and white bean at rates >1000 g ai ha⁻¹. However, there is a potential for the use of linuron PRE for weed management in cranberry and kidney bean at the rates evaluated.     

应用酶联免疫吸附试验法鉴定几种主要马铃薯病毒

制备了PVX,PVY_o,PVY~n,PVA,PVS,PVM,PLRV和TRV等8种主要马铃薯病毒抗体的辣根过氧化物酶结合物,在检测黑龙江省马铃薯主栽品种克新一、二、三、四号等品种的植株样品1155份和800余份正在脱毒中的试管苗样品中,发现上述8种马铃薯病毒在几个主栽品种中的侵染率较高,而且大多数感病植株是由3至7种病毒复合侵染,并首次查明本省存在PVY~n和PVM病毒。对不带上述8种病毒的样品又用双向反向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定带马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒(Potato spindle Tuber Viroid)状况,现已获得无上述8种病毒和类病毒的种植材料。     

International Symposium on the Evaluation of Biological Activity,Wageningen, April, 1975

Abstract

A method was devised for estimating large populations of cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cowpea. The densities of the aphid on stem, leaves and pod were first estimated in the laboratory for use in the field later. The densities were estimated in three arbitrary classes of infestation, viz. heavy, medium and low, determined visually based on the intensity of colonization. The densities of the aphid per cm² on stems were 108.50, 49.77 and 2503, while on pods they were 80.68, 44.46 and 23.20, in the three classes of infestation respectively. The aphid did not show any preference for the thickness of stems whereas young pods were preferred to old pods for colonization. The mean aphid densities on leaflets of topmost leaves were 62.10, 36–35 and 18–50, while on leaflets of top 2nd and 3rd leaves they were 124–60, 69–35 and 38.20, in the three infestation classes respectively. Comparisons made between the aphid densities on different parts of cowpea plant showed that the aphid colonized them in descending order of preference as stem > pod > top most leaf > top 2nd and 3rd leaves.     

Morphology,phylogeny, and pathogenicity of Trichothecium,Alternaria, and Fusarium species associated with panicle rot on Chenopodium quinoa in Shanxi Province,China

Quinoa panicle rot (QPR) is a novel disease that poses a significant threat to quinoa production in China. Typical symptoms on panicles include a film of pale pink, grey-white, or dark brown mould on the grains during the grain-filling stage. Furthermore, QPR causes quinoa grain discolouration, unfilling, and malformation. In total, 37 isolates were identified as belonging to three species: Trichothecium roseum (nine isolates), Alternaria alternata (12), and Fusarium citri (16) based on morphology, and phylogenetic and pathogenicity characterization. The present study shows for the first time that T. roseum, A. alternata, and F. citri are the pathogens responsible for QPR. An evaluation of the growth and germination rates revealed a significant difference among the three species, with T. roseum and F. citri isolates having higher fitness in warmer (25–30℃) and humid conditions (water activity ≥0.98). However, A. alternata preferred cooler (20–25℃) and more arid conditions, and germinated in a wide range of water activities (water activity of 0.90–1.00). Among the three species, T. roseum and F. citri are probably responsible for the pink and grey diseased grains in humid regions, and A. alternata for the black-brown diseased grains in arid regions. Pathogenicity tests showed that all three species could infect the quinoa panicles. The results of this study provide a basis for the recognition and management of QPR.     

Evidence for morphological, vegetative, genetic, and mating-type diversity in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa

Morphology, vegetative compatibility groups, and molecular characteristics were compared among 47 isolates of the dollar spot pathogen Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. Isolates were collected from cool- and warm-season turfgrasses in Florida and the northern United States. Mycelial pigment accumulation, substratal stromata formation, and symptom development were used to separate the collection into two distinct morphological types: a common-type (C-type) and a Floridian-type (F-type). Phylogenetic relationships estimated from ITS sequences supported the morphological typing. Identification and characterization of the S. homoeocarpa mating-type locus revealed an idiomorphic organization for both C- and F-types with nearly equal frequencies of each mating types present in both groups. These findings suggest heterothallic control of mating and indicate potential for outcrossing in both groups. Dollar spot disease of turfgrass in Florida is caused by two distinct morphological types of S. homoeocarpa which may be cryptic species. These findings could have implications for disease management.     

Species, Cultivars, Rootstocks and Environment

World apricot production by no means meets the total need of the international market (fresh and processed fruits) and is far below the potential in view of the existing favourable geographic, climatic and agrotechnical conditions. The cause for this insufficient world production of apricots, particularly in certain countries which have favourable conditions for apricot culture and its expansion, should be investigated using scientific and technical concepts concerning the apricot decline syndrome (apoplexy, sudden wilting, withering of apricots). After the mutual assistance of research workers from different disciplines in investigating this complex disease, the economic security of apricot growing can be improved and apricot decline reduced to an acceptable level. Special attention must be paid to selecting appropriate cultivars, rootstocks or interstocks, locations and cultivation techniques.