Phenotypic basis of reproductive success in a social insect: genetic and social determinants

Social insects live in societies that include both reproductive and nonreproductive adults. Understanding the factors that determine which individuals become successful reproductives is necessary to explain the evolution of these societies. The phenotypic effects of the gene Pgm-3 (or a closely linked gene) that may cause workers of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta to selectively execute all queens of a specific genotype were investigated. These effects, which involve differences in queen reproductive development, are expressed only in colonies exhibiting a particular type of social organization (multiple-queen colonies), and it is only in such colonies that selective execution on the basis of genotype occurs. This is an unusual example of genotype-environment interaction in gene expression in which the environmental component is the social environment. The queens executed are, surprisingly, those with the greatest reproductive development. Thus, there is a counterintuitive relation between the potential and realized reproductive success of queens in multiple-queen societies of this ant.     

不同环境下油菜籽饼粕甘氨酸含量的发育遗传机理研究

采用条件和非条件遗传分析方法,利用两年的试验数据,分析了油菜籽胚(子叶)、细胞质和母体植株等不同遗传体系的遗传主效应及环境互作效应对油菜籽饼粕甘氨酸含量的影响。结果显示,不同发育时期的甘氨酸含量的表现受不同遗传体系的遗传主效应和环境互作效应的控制,以环境互作效应为主。在不同遗传体系的基因效应中,除花后36 d的胚效应较大外,各发育时期以母体效应为主导,母体显性主效应和加性互作效应起主要作用。条件遗传分析表明,控制甘氨酸含量表现的数量基因在中期和前期表达最为活跃;中期的净遗传效应最大,大量的微效多基因被激活表达。油菜籽饼粕甘氨酸含量的狭义遗传率较高,多数发育时期是以母体和细胞质两部分的遗传率为主。在低世代时,根据母体植株油菜籽甘氨酸含量的总体表现进行选择,可望取得较好的效果。     

Local mate competition and parental investment in social insects

Efforts to develop formulas for contrasting genetic interests of workers and queens in social Hymenoptera are complicated by many factors, including multiple matings by queens, oviposition by unmated females, and mating rivalry among genetic relatives (Hamilton's "local mate competition"). Because of haplodiploid sex determination in Hymenoptera, when such influences are absent, queens benefit from 1:1 sex ratios of investment (male: female) in reproductive offspring, workers from 1:3 ratios among reproductive siblings. Reports of variable ratios, including many well above 1:3, and female biases in nonsocial Hymenoptera and diplodiploid termites, implicate local mate competition and raises questions about previous interpretations that workers have their way.     

蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）幼虫级型分化差异蛋白质组分析

【目的】对蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）蜂王与工蜂级型分化期的蛋白质组进行比较,以探明蜂王和工蜂在级型分化时期蛋白质表达调控方面的异同。【方法】采用双向电泳建立蜂王和工蜂级型分化期蛋白质组表达 谱,获得图谱中蛋白质表达的数量、表达量、等电点和分子量等信息,然后进行比较蛋白质组研究。【结果】在幼虫3日龄,蜂王表达288个蛋白质,工蜂表达259个蛋白质,2种级型蜂共有蛋白质为156个,其中25个蛋白质在蜂王中的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）工蜂,34个蛋白质工蜂表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）蜂王,而蜂王和工蜂的特异蛋白质分别为132个和103个;到幼虫5日龄时,蜂王表达274个蛋白质,工蜂为236个,这2种级型蜂共有蛋白质点为95个,其中蜂王15个蛋白质的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）工蜂,工蜂26个蛋白质的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）蜂王,而蜂王特异蛋白质点为179个,工蜂特异蛋白质点为141个;到蛹11日龄时,蜂王蛋白质组有311个蛋白质点,而工蜂则有278个蛋白质点,2种蜂共有蛋白质点为194个,其中蜂王45个蛋白质的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）工蜂,工蜂35个蛋白质的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）蜂王,而蜂王的特异蛋白质点为117个,工蜂特异蛋白质点为84个。【结论】在蜜蜂3日龄、5日龄、11日龄时,蜂王和工蜂的蛋白质表达谱存在显著差异,蜂王表达的蛋白质总数和特有蛋白质数都较工蜂多,说明蜂王幼虫的基因表达和代谢比工蜂幼虫更加旺盛。2种级型蜂发育中所表达的共有蛋白质可能是它们发育所必须的管家蛋白质,但级型间部分共有蛋白质的表达模式存在较大差异,在3个日龄中蜂王和工蜂中所表达的特异蛋白质表明在级型分化中,不同级型需要不同的蛋白质来调节各自的发育。这些特异蛋白质是否是级型发育相关的功能蛋白质,还有待进一步的研究。     

种子活力的生理和遗传机理研究进展

种子活力是反映种子在各种条件下具有的潜在萌发与出苗能力,以及贮藏性能的性状,受遗传、种子发育期间的环境条件及贮藏条件等因素共同决定，较种子标准发芽率更能说明种子质量的优劣。近年来，国内外有关种子活力的生理机理研究表明，在种子发育后期，LEA蛋白、寡聚糖和ABA等抗逆物质与种子活力的形成有关，而膜脂过氧化作用、染色体及基因的畸变和胚蛋白的降解等则被认为是引起或加剧种子活力衰退即种子老化劣变的重要原因。种子活力是一个由多基因控制的数量性状，目前拟南芥和水稻等模式植物种子活力的遗传学与QTL分析主要集中在形态学指标，而生理学指标的分析较少。与种子活力有关的QTL位点的数量、在染色体上的位置、遗传效应及其与环境互作效应等，与植物种类和种子活力性状指标有关，遗传作用特点不尽相同。     

Ecological genetics and natural selection in molluscs

Polymorphic snails of the genus Cepaea have been widely used for research in ecological genetics. Natural selection by selective predation is important in controlling morph frequencies in some populations of C. nemoralis in England. The importance of environmental selection in affecting other patterns of local genetic differentiation of population structure (area effects) is a matter of controversy. Some authors emphasize divergent evolution of whole gene pools between area effects, while others feel that climatic selection acting on individual loci is important. Analysis of 500,000 C. nemoralis snails from throughout Europe shows that there is a strong positive association between gene frequencies at the shell color locus and mean summer temperature, but that no climatic correlations are obvious at other loci. Another species, C. vindobonensis, which has a much simpler system of polymorphism than does C. nemoralis, was investigated in Yugoslavia, in a region where there is known to be intense microclimatic differentiation because of the accumulation of cold air in frost hollows. There was a striking tendency for snails with lightly pigmented shell bands to be found in places with a warm microclimate. Physiological and behavioral experiments demonstrate that this is due primarily to differential energy absorption from sunshine by the different shell phenotypes. As in C. nemoralis, other C. vindobonensis phenotypes show no detectable association with the environment. It is possible that genes whose frequencies cannot be related to environmental selection may have evolved strong linkage interactions with other genes in the population's gene pool. Selection by the ecological environment and the genetic environment may therefore both be important in controlling the genetic structure of snail populations.     

Genetic diversity in honey bee colonies enhances productivity and fitness

Honey bee queens mate with many males, creating numerous patrilines within colonies that are genetically distinct. The effects of genetic diversity on colony productivity and long-term fitness are unknown. We show that swarms from genetically diverse colonies (15 patrilines per colony) founded new colonies faster than swarms from genetically uniform colonies (1 patriline per colony). Accumulated differences in foraging rates, food storage, and population growth led to impressive boosts in the fitness (i.e., drone production and winter survival) of genetically diverse colonies. These results further our understanding of the origins of polyandry in honey bees and its benefits for colony performance.     

Advances on Seed Vigor Physiological and Genetic Mechanisms

Seed vigor is a more promising seed quality character reflecting potential seed germination, field emergence and seed storage ability under different conditions than standard germination. Standard germination is influenced by genetic background and environmental effects during seed development and storage conditions. The latest research on physiological mechanism in seed vigor showed that at the late stage of seed development, the development of seed vigor involves some stress-resistant substances including late embryogenesis abundant （LEA） protein, oligosaccharides and abscisic acid （ABA）. Whereas the loss of seed vigor, or seed aging and deterioration, could be attributed to lipid peroxidation, chromosome deformation and genes aberrance, and embryo protein degradation, etc. Seed vigor is a quantitative character controlled by multi-genes. Genetic and quantitative trait locus （QTL） analyses on seed-vigor trait in model plants, such as Arabidopsis and rice, are mostly concentrated on related morphology traits, whereas few physiological traits have been researched. It was concluded that, all of the QTL genetic characteristics of seed vigorincluding QTL quantities, its locus on chromosome, genetic effects, and interaction effects between genetic and environment, differed with plant species and used seed-vigor traits.     

水稻冠层叶面积和比叶重的基因型×环境互作效应分析

采用包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性—显性—加性×加性上位性遗传模型,分析了水稻剑叶面积（ＦＬＡ）、倒二叶面积（２ＬＡ）、倒三叶面积（３ＬＡ）和比叶重（ＳＬＷ）的２ ａ 资料．结果表明,这４个性状的遗传主要受显性效应及其与环境互作效应的控制,加性×加性上位性效应对其表现有一定影响．加性效应对ＳＬＷ 也有重要作用．加性与环境互作效应对２ＬＡ 和３ＬＡ 以及加性×加性上位性与环境互作效应对ＦＬＡ 和ＳＬＷ 的影响较小．遗传率分析表明各性状的普通狭义遗传率依次为ＳＬＷ＞ ＦＬＡ＞ ３ＬＡ＞ ２ＬＡ．遗传效应预测值结果表明,ＩＲ６６１５８－３７和ＩＲ６５６００－８５具有使杂交后代增加ＳＬＷ 的遗传效应,明恢６３在改良冠层叶面积中受环境的影响程度较小,认为这３个品种是超高产新株型育种的优良亲本材料．     

一种二元单亲演化差基因变异算法

设计了一种新的单亲遗传算法,该算法对个体和基因分别计算其适应值,并将适应值最差的基因 进行变异,从而大大提高了遗传算法的全局收敛速度。以n皇后问题为例,采用这种算法求解3000个皇 后问题所用时间平均约为55min,而求解100个皇后问题所用时间平均只有约124ms。实验表明,该算法 不仅能在短时内找到全局最优解(精确解),而且具有良好的稳定性。     

籼型三系杂交水稻株高的发育遗传分析

采用数量性状的加性—显性发育遗传模型分析了按 NC 交配设计的两套籼型三系杂交水稻株高的发育遗传规律 .结果表明 ,株高在不同发育阶段均受加性效应和显性效应的共同控制 ,分蘖期以加性效应为主 ,抽穗期以显性效应为主 .随着发育进程的推进 ,抽穗期的杂种优势最强 .另外 ,株高在整个发育时期易受基因型与环境互作效应的影响 ,该效应在一定程度上影响株高性状的表现     

蒙古羊胸椎数的亲本印记遗传研究

蒙古羊胸椎数的遗传方式具有亲本印记特征。调控这个性状的Ｈｏｍｅｏｂｏｘ基因突变以后由于父系等位基因或母系等位基因的甲基化,使其转录活动停止,导致父系和母系基因组对子代的遗传贡献不相等,从而使子代产生具有父系或母系特征的亲本印记性状。纯繁与正反交实验证明,在蒙古羊胞椎数的遗传过程中,父系多胸椎基因对子代的影响明显大于母系多胸椎基因,分别为３２．４２％和２１．４３％,当正常型与多胸椎型羊分别进行同型交配时,由于基因组印记效应,使部分子代的Ｈｏｍｅｏｂｏｘ突变基因和野生型基因缄默,因而后代群体中出现亲本类型不同的表型,其比例分别为１１．７６％和１９．１９％。利用蒙古羊的亲本印记遗传特点可以指导种羊选育和商品肉羊的杂交优势利用。     

实用型荔枝虫害诊断专家系统设计方法研究 实用型荔枝虫害诊断专家系统设计方法研究

针对大型检索表为表示的专家知识体系,研究提出了一套可重用的、实用性强的系统设计方法,建立了荔枝虫害诊断专家系统(LDS)。经生产示范应用表明:实现了人机操作界面直观、明了,降低了客户端的专业要求,提高了系统的实用性。还对系统所构造的人机界面、知识存储结构设计和控制策略给出实践示例。     

中国绒山羊发展的阶段性特征、现状及对今后发展的思考

该文总结了绒山羊发展的阶段性特征,分析了绒山羊产业现状,认为中国绒山羊遗传资源丰富,不同品种间存在明显的遗传多样性.性状表现的本质是由基因或基因型决定的,不同性状的基因或基因型都是育种素材.高产与优质性状缺一不可.决定育种方向的是对不同基因或基因型的选择强度,所以保护好绒山羊的遗传多样性是开发利用的关键.最后针对绒山羊发展提出建议.     

花椰菜花球和植株性状的遗传与相关分析

利用包括基因与环境互作的加性-显性遗传模型对6个花椰菜品种(系)完全双列杂交试验的2 a观察资料进行花球性状与植株性状的遗传效应与相关分析.结果表明,年份间的环境差异对亲本和F1的表现影响较小;单球重、球径、球高、可溶性固形物含量、蛋白质含量、总糖含量和VC含量等花球性状以加性效应为主,普通狭义遗传率较高(53.37%-74.45%),株高、株幅和叶片数等植株性状以显性效应为主,且具有较大的环境互作效应,互作狭义遗传率较高(11.79%-37.27%);花球性状与植株性状间的各效应协方差分析表明,成对性状间的相关同时受到遗传主效应相关与环境互作相关的影响,相关性质和大小因性状不同而异,在间接选择时可加以利用,有助于对这些性状进行同步改良.     

水稻栽培品种淀粉合成相关基因来源及其对品质的影响

【目的】明确高产水稻品种中与淀粉合成相关基因的性质，为稻米品质改良提供指导。【方法】以53个典型的籼粳品种和近年育成的高产水稻品种为材料，分析了供试品种的理化品质和RVA谱特征，并利用根据籼粳基因组序列差异设计的Wx、Sbe1、Sbe3基因的分子标记，检测了53个水稻品种的基因型，并分析了3个基因位点的遗传学效应。【结果】3个分子标记均能很好的区分3个位点上等位基因的籼粳来源，根据3个位点的基因型可将53个品种分为6种类型。单个基因遗传效应分析表明：在不同基因型品种间淀粉的理化特性（AC，GC, RVA）存在显著或极显著差异，3个基因的联合效应在不同基因型组合间也存在显著的差异。【结论】3个基因在高产品种培育过程中得到了广泛的交流和重组，而且3个基因位点上的不同等位基因（籼粳）对稻米淀粉的合成具有不同的遗传效应。其中Wx基因的影响是最主要的，Sbe1、Sbe3基因次之。3个基因位点的分子标记可为高产品种的品质改良提供快捷的工具。     

Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans

The gene Microcephalin (MCPH1) regulates brain size and has evolved under strong positive selection in the human evolutionary lineage. We show that one genetic variant of Microcephalin in modern humans, which arose approximately 37,000 years ago, increased in frequency too rapidly to be compatible with neutral drift. This indicates that it has spread under strong positive selection, although the exact nature of the selection is unknown. The finding that an important brain gene has continued to evolve adaptively in anatomically modern humans suggests the ongoing evolutionary plasticity of the human brain. It also makes Microcephalin an attractive candidate locus for studying the genetics of human variation in brain-related phenotypes.     

Genetic Analysis of Embryo, Cytoplasm and Maternal Effects and Their Environment Interactions for Isoflavone Content in Soybean [Glycine max （L.） Merr.]

Soybean seed products contain isoflavones （genistein, daidzein, and glycitein） that display biological effects when ingested by humans and animals. These effects are species, dose and age dependent. Therefore, the content and quality of isoflavones in soybeans is a key factor to the biological effect. Our objective was to identify the genetic effects that underlie the isoflavone content in soybean seeds. A genetic model for quantitative traits of seeds in diploid plants was applied to estimate the genetic main effects and genotype x environment （GE） interaction effects for the isoflavone content （IC） of soybean seeds by using two years experimental data with an incomplete diallel mating design of six parents. Results showed that the IC of soybean seeds was simultaneously controlled by the genetic effects of maternal, embryo, and cytoplasm, of which maternal genetic effects were most important, followed by embryo and cytoplasmic genetic effects. The main effects of different genetic systems on IC trait were more important than environment interaction effects. The strong dominance effects on isoflavone from residual was made easily by environment conditions. Therefore, the improvement of the IC of soybean seeds would be more efficient when selection is based on maternal plants than that on the single seed. Maternal heritability （65.73%） was most important for IC, followed by embryo heritability （25.87%） and cytoplasmic heritability （8.39%）. Based on predicated genetic effects, Yudou 29 and Zheng 90007 were better than other parents for increasing IC in the progeny and improving the quality of soybean, The significant effects of maternal and embryo dominance effects in variance show that the embryo heterosis and maternal heterosis are existent and uninfluenced by environment interaction effects.     

氮素对粳稻主要数量性状的表现型和遗传变异的影响

选取10个典型的粳稻品种,设置4个氮素水平,用3次重复的裂区设计,研究氮素对粳稻数量性状的表现型和遗传变异的影响。结果表明:氮素对一些重要性状的作用达极显著水平,对其遗传方差、遗传变异系数和广义遗传力有明显影响;不同性状对氮素的表型和遗传响应有差异,同一性状的表型和遗传响应也不完全一致。因此,应存能使遗传信息充分表达的适当氮素水平下对育种材料进行选择或加工。     

辣椒矮秆突变体的表型及其对外源激素的响应

于EMS诱变辣椒自交系6421种子所构建的突变体库获得1份矮秆突变体(命名为E29),观察E29的表型和细胞学特征,研究E29突变性状的遗传规律和赤霉素(GA3)、24-表油菜素内酯(24-e BR)及生长素(IAA)对E29种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:与自交系6421相比,E29表现出植株矮化,叶片变大、变厚,叶色变深等特征;显微观察结果显示,E29变矮是由于其茎秆伸长区细胞长度缩短,叶片变大、变厚是由于其叶肉细胞变大及细胞数增加;遗传分析结果表明,突变性状由单隐性基因控制;外施不同质量浓度的激素,发现4.0 mg/L GA3处理显著促进E29的根与下胚轴伸长,1.0~4.0 mg/L的IAA处理显著抑制E29的根与下胚轴伸长,0.5~2.0 mg/L的24-e BR处理对E29的根和下胚轴伸长影响不明显,各激素处理均不能使之恢复至野生型6421的根与下胚轴长度,表明E29为BR不敏感型突变体,其突变性状与GA3、IAA调控无关。