春季养鸡疾病防治与养殖管理

自2018年8月受到非洲猪瘟疫情影响,生猪养殖产业受到巨大打击,直接促进家禽养殖产业的发展。随国家对畜禽养殖结构的调整力度不断加大,规模化鸡养殖场的建设数量不断增加。依托规模化鸡养殖产业,带来更多经济收入的同时,也面临较高的疫情防范风险。初春季节外界温度忽高忽低,昼夜温差较大,该时期的鸡身体免疫功能出现下降的现象,造成各种传染性疾病频发。因此做好春季传染性疾病的防治工作,成为需要重点攻克的难题。该文主要结合地区的鸡养殖现状,探讨春季鸡疾病的发生情况,并提出相应的养殖管理措施,更好地控制春季传染性疾病的发生蔓延。     

宜兴畜禽粪便污染负荷时空变化研究

江苏省宜兴市濒临太湖,是太湖流域水污染控制的重点区域.论文以镇区为单位,研究了宜兴市1990～2011年间畜禽粪便污染负荷的时空变化规律.结果表明,宜兴市的耕地畜禽粪便负荷由1990年的9.0 t/hm2上升至2006年的14.0 t/hm2,后下降至2011年的13.3t/hm2.2011年,宜兴市的畜禽粪便处理警报值为0.22,对环境尚不构成威胁.然而,宜兴各镇的畜禽粪便污染负荷差异明显,并日趋呈现空间集聚之势.2011年,在宜兴的西北部形成一个畜禽养殖密集的带状区域,其畜禽粪便处理警报值已超过了0.4的警戒值.在该区域,除推行粪便还田以外,可建立区域畜禽粪便收集处理中心,利用规模效应,降低利用粪便生产生物质能的成本,促进畜禽粪便的高效利用.     

Distribution of Salmonella Serovars and Antimicrobial Susceptibility from Poultry and Swine Farms in Central Vietnam

This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and their antimicrobial susceptibilities on poultry and swine farms, sampled in 2 regions in Central Vietnam. A total of 67 poultry farms and 46 swine farms were sampled in a period of 5 months (from September 2012 to January 2013). Salmonella spp. was prevalent in 46.3% and 71.7% of poultry and swine farms, respectively. Altogether, 99 non‐typhoidal Salmonella were isolated and the most common serovars were Salmonella Weltevreden (19%), followed by Salmonella Typhimurium (12%) and Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:‐ (11%). Overall, 71 of 99 (72%) Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one of the 14 antimicrobial agents tested. Both in poultry and swine farms, high levels of resistance were observed for ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline. The presence of Salmonella isolates from poultry and swine farms which were resistant to different classes of antimicrobials suggests that alternative control measures to antimicrobials should be implemented. Moreover, an effective policy should be promoted to encourage a prudent use of these agents in animal farming in Vietnam.     

Risk factors for highly pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza virus infection in poultry during the 1999-2000 epidemic in Italy

In 1999-2000, Italian poultry production was disrupted by an H7N1 virus subtype epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). The objectives of the present study were to identify risk factors for infection on poultry farms located in regions that had the highest number of outbreaks (Veneto and Lombardia) and the impact of pre-emptive culling as a complementary measure for eradicating infection. A Cox regression model that included spatial factors, such as the G index, was used. The results confirmed the relationship between risk of infection and poultry species, production type and size of farms. The effectiveness of pre-emptive culling was confirmed. An increased risk of infection was observed for poultry farms located near an infected farm and those at altitudes less than 150m above sea level. The measures for the control and eradication of AI virus infection need to consider species differences in susceptibility, the types of production and the density of poultry farms in the affected areas.     

云南省生猪产业竞争力初步分析

基于2011—2020年西南地区各省（市、区）畜牧产业的相关数据,采用效率优势指数、规模优势指数和综合优势指数方法,对云南省生猪产业竞争力进行了分析。结果表明：云南省2011-2020年的EAI、SAI和AAI均值分别为1.21、2.49、1.74;与云南省内其他畜牧产业相比,生猪产业综合优势低于肉牛产业,高于肉羊和家禽产业;西南5省（市、区）生猪产业中云南省规模优势最明显,贵州综合比较优势最突出,西藏竞争力最弱。建议云南省继续将生猪产业纳入重点发展对象,通过扩大适度养殖规模,加大猪肉精深加工企业的培育力度和产品的开发力度,从而实现从规模优势向效率优势的转化。     

畜禽维生素需要量的影响因素

畜禽维生素需要量是指畜禽维持正常生命活动、生长发育和繁殖活动所需的维生素。但随着畜牧场的规模化和集约化发展,饲料供应商或畜禽生产者对畜禽维生素的供给可能不适应实际畜禽对维生素的需要量。本文综述了影响畜禽维生素需要量的因素,即畜禽体因素、药物与饲料中的成分和维生素的稳定性,为畜禽的维生素供给提供参考。     

猪场重要虫媒及其传播病原研究进展

近年来,非洲猪瘟、牛结节性皮肤病等外来可由虫媒传播的疫病肆虐中国,而一些已在国外流行的虫媒传播病原如非洲马瘟等传入中国的风险也越来越高,严重危害中国畜牧养殖业的发展和公共卫生安全。特别是2018年8月以来非洲猪瘟在中国的流行给养猪业带来重要警示信息,即防止猪场媒介生物进入并阻断其携带病原的传播将成为猪场生物安全的重点。蚊、蝇、蠓及蜱等是猪场和发病猪群传播疫病的重要虫媒因素,虫媒种类及从虫媒中分离到的病毒、细菌、寄生虫等病原种类繁杂,虫媒生物特性的差异对病原的传播方式和传播能力也不尽相同。鉴于此,作者详细归纳了猪场存在的主要虫媒种类及其传播的重要猪病病原,包括猪乙型脑炎病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、非洲猪瘟病毒、盖塔病毒、猪肠道冠状病毒、大肠杆菌、猪链球菌等,并探讨其危害性和传播风险,以降低猪场虫媒传播疾病所带来的经济损失。     

有机铁在猪和鸡营养中的研究与应用

铁是猪和鸡必需的微量元素之一,具有维持动物生长和调节新陈代谢的功能。无机铁在畜禽体内吸收率低,化学性质不稳定,粪尿中排泄多且污染环境。与无机铁相比,有机铁具有较高的生物利用度、良好的化学稳定性和环保性,已成为国内外畜禽营养研究和开发的热点。本文简要回顾了有机铁在猪和鸡生产中的应用,为有机铁科学合理地利用提供理论依据。     

江苏省太仓市规模猪场疫病综合防控风险现状评估及对策

2018年我国首次发生非洲猪瘟疫情,并在短时间之内迅速蔓延,对全国生猪产业健康发展以及国民经济平稳运行构成了一定的威胁。对江苏省太仓市规模猪场疫病综合防控风险现状进行了评估,阐述了非洲猪瘟疫情发生以来存在的防控难点,提出了完善疫病防控体系、强化畜禽养殖专项整治及生猪调运车辆监管等防控对策,以期为提高该地区规模猪场疫病综合防控水平提供参考。     

霉菌毒素对畜禽的危害及削减方法研究进展

霉菌毒素是由不同种属真菌产生的次级代谢物,其对多种动物（包括人在内）具有显著毒性效果,如降低畜禽生产性能、损害脏器功能、影响机体免疫功能、造成细胞和DNA氧化损伤,甚至导致动物死亡等。饲料及其原料霉菌毒素污染是一个广泛的、全球性的问题,既可在作物田间生长时产生,也可在仓储期间产生,给畜禽养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失,防控霉菌生长及去除饲料中霉菌毒素已成为国内外研究的热点。实际上,不同霉菌毒素对不同动物的损害具有差异性,而在畜禽养殖过程中添加适当物质（如蒙脱石和酶制剂等）可有效抑制霉菌毒素活性,缓解霉菌毒素的毒性。作者详细论述了玉米赤霉烯酮、烟曲霉毒素、呕吐毒素、T-2毒素、黄曲霉毒素和烟曲霉毒素对畜禽的危害,并从物理、化学、生物角度介绍了削减饲料及其原料中霉菌毒素的方法,旨在为合理有效防控霉菌毒素毒害及保障畜禽健康养殖提供参考。     

广西畜禽现代生态养殖场认证存在问题及对策

为深化生态文明建设成效,推动生态养殖业的整体发展,广西自2016年开始实施畜禽现代生态养殖场认证工作,要求2020年全区90%规模养殖场都需要与现代生态养殖标准所符合。目前广西畜禽现代生态养殖场认证工作成效显著,在较大程度上推动现代生态养殖业的整体发展。但依然有一些问题存在于畜禽现代生态养殖场认证工作中,相关部门及人员需加强重视,及时探索针对性的对策。     

Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome on swine production in the United States

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the annual cost of infections attributable to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus to US swine producers. DESIGN: Economic analysis. SAMPLE POPULATION: Data on the health and productivity of PRRS-affected and PRRS-unaffected breeding herds and growing-pig populations were collected from a convenience sample of swine farms in the midwestern United States. PROCEDURE: Health and productivity variables of PRRS-affected and PRRS-unaffected swine farms were analyzed to estimate the impact of PRRS on specific farms. National estimates of PRRS incidence were then used to determine the annual economic impact of PRRS on US swine producers. RESULTS: PRRS affected breeding herds and growing-pig populations as measured by a decrease in reproductive health, an increase in deaths, and reductions in the rate and efficiency of growth. Total annual economic impact of these effects on US swine producers was estimated at dollar 66.75 million in breeding herds and dollar 493.57 million in growing-pig populations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PRRS imposes a substantial financial burden on US swine producers and causes approximately dollar 560.32 million in losses each year. By comparison, prior to eradication, annual losses attributable to classical swine fever (hog cholera) and pseudorabies were estimated at dollar 364.09 million and dollar 36.27 million, respectively (adjusted on the basis of year 2004 dollars). Current PRRS control strategies are not predictably successful; thus, PRRS-associated losses will continue into the future. Research to improve our understanding of ecologic and epidemiologic characteristics of the PRRS virus and technologic advances (vaccines and diagnostic tests) to prevent clinical effects are warranted.     

Challenges and opportunities for smallholder livestock production in post-conflict South Kivu, eastern DR Congo

A survey on smallholder livestock production with emphasis on monogastric animals was conducted in 20 villages of seven so-called 'groupements' of South Kivu province in DR Congo, situated along a north to south-west axis with the town of Bukavu in the center. This land adjacent to Lake Kivu is located at elevations ranging around 900- 1900 m asl, experiencing tropical highland climate. A diagnostic survey helped to rapidly obtain in-depth knowledge of constraints and opportunities in this environment. Correspondence analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to investigate the association of production constraints with particular livestock species and to understand the factors that govern the number of livestock that people owned (converted to tropical livestock units [TLU]), respectively. Responses of 112 informants demonstrated that livestock is an integral part of the region's mixed farming systems. Low livestock numbers per household at present reflect the poverty as a consequence of recent violent conflicts. Currently, farmers focus on small livestock, like poultry, swine, cavies (i.e., Guinea pigs) and rabbits. Families keep livestock to accumulate household reserves that are strongly invested in children's education. Major issues of animal husbandry were related to animal diseases and lack of feed resources, particularly in the dry season. Lack of feed or forages were unrelated to a particular livestock species. Livestock holdings depended on animal diversity, location, land size available and respondents' education level. The potential introduction of improved forages is challenged by their dry-season tolerance, compatibility with cropping on small farms; and people's readiness to cultivate forages.     

规模化猪场仔猪腹泻的发病特点与防治

仔猪腹泻是猪场常见疾病之一,其病因复杂,常给猪场造成巨大的经济损失。2011年1月—4月,对安徽、河南和江苏3省12个基础母猪存栏数在400头以上的规模化猪场发生仔猪腹泻的情况进行调查,分析了这些猪场仔猪腹泻的发病特点,并对不同的防治方法进行总结,以供广大兽医工作者参考。     

畜禽场微生物除臭技术的研究进展

畜禽场排放的氨气、硫化氢、挥发性有机物等恶臭污染严重危害人畜健康和周边环境,恶臭污染问题亟待解决。目前,畜禽场除臭方法多样,包括物理法、化学法和生物法。本文论述了微生物除臭技术的原理及在畜禽场以微生物添加剂的形式用于源头除臭、以生物过滤和喷洒的形式用于过程除臭、以发酵液等形式用于末端除臭的应用和研究进展,对微生物除臭技术现状和发展趋势进行简要分析。     

浅析夏季畜禽养殖场恶臭污染及控制

随着畜牧业生产规模的扩大和集约化程度的提高,畜禽养殖场产生的恶臭所造成的危害已经引起人们的普遍关注。恶臭的发生具有明显的季节性。对于畜禽养殖场来讲,夏季的恶臭污染程度要高于其它时节。本文针对夏季恶臭发生的特点,提出了相应的控制措施。     

规模养猪场粪便和污水治理模式的调查与思考

随着畜牧业和畜禽规模化养殖迅速发展,粪便和污水对农村环境造成的影响越来越大,粪便资源化利用及污水的有效治理问题日益受到社会关注。畜禽养殖污水尤其以规模养猪场、养牛场治理难度较大,为摸清养猪场粪便利用、污水治理现状,探索可行的治理方式,笔者对辽宁省内一些规模养猪场进行了专题调研和分析,提出了一些治理和发展建议。     

微电流对畜禽养殖污水中常见细菌的杀灭效果研究

目的观察微电流对水体中细菌的杀灭效果,为养殖业污水消毒寻找新方法提供理论支撑。方法通过开展悬液定量杀菌试验、影响因素测定试验和模拟现场试验,对微电流杀灭大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的效果进行研究,探讨温度和pH值对消毒效果的影响,并以人工湖水和养殖场污水为消毒对象进行模拟现场试验。结果微电流消毒作用4 min时,对4种菌悬液的杀灭对数值均>5.0。温度和pH值对微电流消毒效果无影响。利用微电流对人工湖水和养殖场污水进行消毒,作用4 min时杀菌率达到99.99%,水中细菌基本已被杀灭;作用5 min时,水中细菌菌落总数下降至0 CFU/mL,能达到完全杀灭细菌的效果。结论微电流对畜禽养殖污水中常见细菌具有杀灭作用,在畜禽养殖业消毒方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

规模化猪场猪圆环病毒2型感染的流行病学调查

20 0 1年 11月至 2 0 0 2年 8月 ,对北京、天津、广东、深圳、山东、山西等地 12个规模化猪场猪圆环病毒 2型 (PCV2 )感染发病群猪进行了临床发病情况调查 ,并采用 PCR方法对所收集的 5 5份组织病料进行 PCV2的检测 ,结果表明 ,12个猪场中有 11个猪场发病猪群表现为断奶后多系统衰竭综合征 ,1个猪场表现为皮炎和肾病综合征。由此可见 ,PCV2感染在我国规模化猪场已普遍存在     

The risk factors for avian influenza on poultry farms: A meta-analysis

Background

Avian influenza is a severe threat both to humans and poultry, but so far, no systematic review on the identification and evaluation of the risk factors of avian influenza infection has been published. The objective of this meta-analysis is to provide evidence for decision-making and further research on AI prevention through identifying the risk factors associated with AI infection on poultry farms.

Methods

The results from 15 selected studies on risk factors for AI infections on poultry farms were analyzed quantitatively by meta-analysis.

Results

Open water source (OR = 2.89), infections on nearby farms (OR = 4.54), other livestock (OR = 1.90) and disinfection of farm (OR = 0.54) have significant association with AI infection on poultry farms. The subgroup analysis results indicate that there exist different risk factors for AI infections in different types of farms.

Conclusions

The main risk factors for AI infection in poultry farms are environmental conditions (open water source, infections on nearby farms), keeping other livestock on the same farm and no disinfection of the farm.