甜菜新品种新甜18号的选育

新甜18号是石河子甜菜研究所选育的抗丛根病二倍体雄性不育多粒型杂交种,在2006～2007年新疆维吾尔自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,两年14个点次的块根产量平均为82156.5kg/hm2,比对照KWS2409增产3.99%,含糖率平均15.21%,比对照低0.09度.产糖量平均12745.5kg/hm2,比对照增糖4.3%.在丛根病抗性鉴定中,两年平均块根产量为102182.3kg/hm2,比对照KWS2409增产33.92%,含糖率15.10%,比对照低0.08,度产糖量平均18475.5kg/hm2,较对照增糖35.0%.该品种丰产性能稳定,抗病性强,适应范围广.     

甜菜新品种新甜16号的选育

新甜16号是甜菜遗传单粒二倍体杂交种。在2003～2004年的新疆维吾尔自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,12点次的平均块根产量为79927.6kg/hm2,比对照种KWS5075增产4.1%;平均含糖率为15.06%,比对照提高1.37度;平均产糖量为11867.4 kg/hm2,比对照增产17.5%。该品种抗褐斑病、根腐病性强。2005年通过新疆农作物品种审定委员会审定命名。     

抗丛根病甜菜新品种—酒引抗4号

酒引抗4 号是1990 年从德国引进的甜菜新品种KWS5007 ,经多年多点小区试验、对比试验、区域试验、生产示范鉴定筛选的抗丛根病甜菜新品种。在1994～1996 年的生产示范中,酒引抗4 号平均根产量为59973kg/ hm2 , 比对照增产72% , 含糖15.5 % , 比对照提高3 .8 度, 平均产糖量为9300kg/hm2 ,比对照提高668 .3% ,并且抗甜菜丛根病,发病率比对照降低90 % ,适宜在甘肃省河西走廊甜菜丛根病区种植。     

甜菜遗传单粒型多倍体杂交种甜单303的选育

甜单303是甜菜遗传单粒型多倍体杂交种.该品种在2002～2003年的黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验中,16点次的平均块根产量为39877.8kg/hm2,比对照种甜研303和甜单二号平均高12.16%;平均含糖率16.47%,比对照低0.46度;平均理论产糖量为6667.5 kg/hm2,比对照高8.77%.在2003年的黑龙江省甜菜品种生产示范试验中,4个试验点平均块根产量为41273.9 kg/hm2,比对照种甜单二号提高17.88%;平均含糖率16.89%,比对照低0.52度;平均理论产糖量为7135.6 kg/hm2,比对照高14.18%.该品种抗褐斑病性与对照种相仿.2004年初通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定命名.     

甜菜品种H809引种鉴定试验

H809是黑龙江省九三科研所引自荷兰安地公司的二倍体单粒型杂交种。2008年进行鉴定试验,平均块根产量52364.8kg/hm2,比对照甜研309增产28.9%;平均含糖率为17.7%,比对照低0.7度;平均产糖量9268.6 kg/hm2,比对照品种增糖24.0%。2009-2011年,参加黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验,平均根产量分别为55987.9 kg/hm2和57260.2 kg/hm2,比对照品种增产13.1%和11.1%;平均含糖率分别为15.9%和17.3%,比对照品种分别高0.1和0.4度;平均产糖量分别为8959.7 kg/hm2和9865.9 kg/hm2,比对照提高13.9%和13.7%。该品种丰产性好、产糖量高、抗褐斑病、根腐病,糖汁纯度高。适宜种植区域:哈尔滨、绥化、佳木斯、齐齐哈尔、黑河等地。     

优质丰产抗病甜菜新品种ZD210的选育

ZD210是德国KWS公司和中国农业科学院甜菜研究所合作选育的甜菜二倍体多胚雄不育杂交种。在2002～2003年的国家甜菜品种区试中,全国两年34个点次平均根产量61950.8 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高25.3%;平均含糖率16.4%,比对照品种低0.2度;平均产糖量10128.6 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高24.6%;对根腐病的抗性明显优于对照品种,对褐斑病、黄化毒病和白粉病的抗性与对照品种相当。在2002～2003年的黑龙江省区试中,两年15个点次平均根产量41104.9 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高20.3%;平均含糖率17.0%,比对照品种低0.6度;平均产糖量6978.2 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高15.8%。褐斑病病情为0.5级,根腐病罹病率为1.2%,明显低于对照品种。该品种适宜在东北、西北和华北三大甜菜产区种植推广。     

甜菜品种奥维特(OVATIO)引种鉴定

由荷兰引进的甜菜多倍体单胚种奥维特(OVATIO)在黑龙江省经过5年试验,2000～2002年参加黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验,平均根产量分别为44491.4kg/hm2和45948.1kg/hm2,比对照增产25.6%和32.3%;平均含糖率为16.64%和18.06%,比对照低0.83度和0.63度;平均产糖量为7321.8kg/hm2和8376.6kg/hm2,比对照提高20.1%和28.5%。抗褐斑病、耐根腐病、苗期立枯病发病率低,适应性强。适宜在黑龙江省的黑河、齐齐哈尔、绥化、佳木斯、牡丹江等地区种植。     

甜菜品种PLUTONE引种试验

PLUTONE是黑龙江省九三科研所从荷兰安地公司引进的二倍体多粒杂交种,2005～2007年参加黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验,平均块根产量分别为46918.2kg/hm2和47078.2kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研309增产34.9%和57.6%;平均舍糖率为16.2%和17.1%,区域试验、生产试验均比对照品种低0.2度;平均产糖量为7606.0kg/hm2和7874.6kg/hm2,比对照提高29.0%和59.6%.该品种具有丰产性好,产糖量高,耐根腐病、丛根病,苗期立枯病发病率低,适应性强.适宜在黑龙江省的哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔、牡丹江、黑河等地区种植.     

甜菜单胚新品种STD0903的选育

STD0903是石河子农业科学研究院甜菜研究所选育的标准偏丰产型遗传单胚雄性不育二倍体甜菜杂交种。在2012-2013年新疆维吾尔自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,两年15点块根平均产量81306.0 kg/hm2,较对照KWS2409增产16.5%;平均含糖率14.32%,较对照KWS2409增糖0.22度;平均产糖量11643.0kg/hm2,较对照KWS2409增产18.3%。该品种农艺性状突出,丰产性能稳定,抗病性强,适应性广。     

丰产抗病偏高糖甜菜新品种ZM201的选育

ZM201是中国农业科学院甜菜研究所和美国BetaSeed公司合作选育的甜菜二倍体单胚雄不育杂交种.2001年以单胚二倍体雄性不育系Beta96186M为母本,以二倍体有粉系PT37136为父本,配制杂交组合.该品种丰产性好,舍糖率较高,抗丛根病和褐斑病,耐根腐病,适应性广,块根品质好.在2005～2006年的国家甜菜品种区域试验中,全国两年42个试验点次平均根产量60770.0kg/hm2,比对照品种提高16.6%;平均含糖率17.5%,比对照品种提高0.1度;平均产搪量10631.4kg/hm2,比对照品种提高18.0%;时褐斑病、黄化毒病和白粉病的抗性与对照相仿,对根腐病、丛根病的抗性明显优于对照.在2006年的国家甜菜品种生产试验中,14个试验点平均根产量55039.7kg/hm2,比对照品种提高14.5%;平均含糖率18.6%,比对照品种提高0.4,度;平均产糖量10163.1 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高17.6%.该品种适宜在东北、西北和华北三大甜菜产区种植推广.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.