微生物菌肥对熏蒸剂处理后土壤微生态的影响研究进展

土壤熏蒸是防治土传病害的有效手段,但化学熏蒸剂在杀死病原微生物的同时也会对有益微生物群落的组成与活性造成影响。微生物菌肥不仅能够减少农作物的病虫害侵染,而且能够改善农产品的品质与产量。将土壤熏蒸剂与微生物菌肥配合使用将有利于连作土壤修复、土壤-植物微生态环境的改良与重塑。一方面,土壤熏蒸剂用于消灭前茬作物遗留下的土壤病原物,给土壤进行消毒处理;另一方面,施用微生物菌肥给“纯净”的土壤环境输入有益菌群,引导更利于植物生长的土壤微生态环境(土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落结构)形成。本文简述了土壤熏蒸剂、微生物菌肥以及微生物菌肥介入熏蒸后的土壤对土壤理化性质、土壤酶系及土壤微生物群落变化的研究进展,旨在系统解析微生物菌肥对经熏蒸剂处理后土壤微环境变化的影响,以期为解决连作障碍、防治土传病害、恢复植物根际功能提供相关理论与技术参考。     

合成生物学助力链霉菌天然产物农药创制与产业化

病虫草害防控是国家总体安全建设的重要组成部分。微生物天然产物农药是病虫草害绿色防控体系的重要成员, 在保障国家粮食安全、生态安全和农产品质量安全, 筑牢国家生物安全屏障中具有重要作用。链霉菌以能够产生丰富的次级代谢产物而著称, 是天然产物农药的资源宝库, 也是重要的天然产物药物的工业生产菌。然而, 随着病虫草害抗药性增强, 新发、突发病虫草害增多等问题不断涌现, 以及天然产物研究面临新骨架、高活性化合物发现难度增大, 工业菌株产量提升困难等瓶颈, 链霉菌天然产物农药创制与应用正面临巨大挑战。合成生物学作为一门交叉学科, 突破了生物学研究的传统模式, 为天然产物药物研发提供了新的思路与策略。本文综述了近年来合成生物学在链霉菌研究领域的技术革新, 以及合成生物学在推动链霉菌天然产物资源发现、天然产物高效生物制造等方面的研究进展, 并对合成生物学助力链霉菌天然产物农药的创制与产业化进行了展望。     

CAPACITY AND QUALITY: KEYS TO SUCCESS IN THE MASS REARING OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS

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Genetically engineering better fungal biopesticides

Microbial insect pathogens offer an alternative means of pest control with the potential to wean us off our heavy reliance on chemical pesticides. Insect pathogenic fungi play an important natural role in controlling disease vectors and agricultural pests. Most commercial products employ Ascomycetes in the genera Metarhizium and Beauveria. However, their utilization has been limited by inconsistent field results as a consequence of sensitivity to abiotic stresses and naturally low virulence. Other naturally occurring biocontrol agents also face these hurdles to successful application, but the availability of complete genomes and recombinant DNA technologies have facilitated design of multiple fungal pathogens with enhanced virulence and stress resistance. Many natural and synthetic genes have been inserted into entomopathogen genomes. Some of the biggest gains in virulence have been obtained using genes encoding neurotoxic peptides, peptides that manipulate host physiology and proteases and chitinases that degrade the insect cuticle. Prokaryotes, particularly extremophiles, are useful sources of genes for improving entomopathogen resistance to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These biological insecticides are environmentally friendly and cost‐effective insect pest control options. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

侧孢短芽胞杆菌在农业中的应用潜力

侧孢短芽胞杆菌Brevibacillus laterosporus具有广泛的生物活性,在农业中具有重要应用价值。本文主要从侧孢短芽胞杆菌在植物病虫害生物防治、促生抗逆、提升土壤肥力及环境微生物修复等方面对侧孢短芽胞杆菌的农用生物活性进行了总结,并对其在农业中大规模应用所存在问题进行了分析,进一步展望了其在农业中的开发动向及应用潜力。     

The European Biological Control Laboratory: an existing infrastructure for biological control of weeds in Europe

The Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture has maintained a continuous European effort in classical biological control of exotic pests in the USA. The European Parasite Laboratory was established in France in 1919, while the European Weed Laboratory began operations in Rome in 1958. The two laboratories were merged in Montpellier in 1991 as the European Biological Control Laboratory (EBCL), becoming the primary overseas biocontrol laboratory of the USDA. The management of weeds, insect pests, and pathogens is an important feature of agricultural research programmes worldwide. These invasive species can lead to vast financial losses for countries engaged in agriculture. The overall goal of research at EBCL is to develop biological control technologies to be used to suppress invading weeds and insect pests. This is done through expeditions to find natural enemies (insects, mites and pathogens), or phytophagous, parasitoid or predator species. These are characterized in careful experimentation in quarantine facilities and eventually developed as biological control agents. Current weed projects include studies on the Centaurea spp., Arundo donax , Vincetoxicum spp., Isatis tinctoria , Taeniatherum sp. and Dipsacus sp. Insect projects research Lygus bugs, the olive fruit fly, the vine mealybug, and the Asian long-horned beetle. The EBCL team is international and interdisciplinary. Entomology, plant and insect pathology, molecular biology and ecology are the main approaches of our biocontrol research. The team cooperates with universities and agencies worldwide.     

Factors in the Success and Failure of Microbial Agents for Control of Migratory Pests

Microbial control agents generally kill insects more slowly than chemical pesticides, and fast-moving migratory pests may not at first sight appear to offer the most promising targets for microbial control. Operators responsible for control may need to have recourse to chemical control agents. Nevertheless, there are many occasions when pests breed and feed outside the crop and a microbial control agent can be used. Similarly, immature stages may cause little damage and early treatment in the crop can avoid damage. Microbial control agents are particularly likely to be favoured if the pest breeds in a conservation area, and if a publicly-accountable agency is responsible for control.Other key points of importance are the IPM context, in particular detection, planning and forecasting of outbreaks and the role of natural enemies.With these points in mind, we identify several locust and grasshopper systems where microbial control is becoming established; additionally, Sunn pest of wheat and Armyworm are identified as promising situations forbreak microbials.     

Prospects for the development of a genetically engineered baculovirus insecticide

Baculoviruses are insect-specific pathogens which have been employed for the natural control of insect pests for many years. They present an alternative to the use of chemical agents for crop protection. Their restricted host range enables particular pest species to be targeted, and this prevents any loss of beneficial insects from a treated area. However, their large-scale development as insect control agents has been limited because they take longer to kill the host following infection than rapidly-acting chemical insecticides. The aim of genetic modification of baculoviruses is to increase their speed of action, while preserving their beneficial characteristics, so creating a fast-acting, environmentally friendly insecticide. The prospects for achieving this are discussed in this paper, with consideration of scientific progress and the influence of economic and legislative factors.     

Biological control methods of pest insects in oilseed rape

Parasitoids, predators, insect pathogenic fungi, nematodes and microsporidia have all shown promise in the biological suppression of the key target pest, the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus in rapeseed, as well as in the control of other rapeseed pests. Under favourable conditions pollen beetles are locally and temporarily already under efficient natural control by one or several of these agents, but overall the pollen beetle remains the number one pest of rapeseed in Finland, as well as elsewhere in Europe. Conservation biological control to enhance natural control appears the most feasible approach to solve the problem. Field and simulation data are used to demonstrate how a simple change in the tillage practice may be enough to obtain efficient control of the pollen beetle. Several other options are, or will be available, subject to successful registration of microbial products based on the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana , and the nematode Steinernema feltiae . Strategies and methods of applying these agents have been developed to facilitate either inundative treatments, or ecosystem restoration to (re-)establish the presence of these agents in agricultural fields. Critical components of agricultural practice have been identified for maximising control by biological agents within a functioning IPM system.     

AUTOMATION IN INSECT REARING-A KEYTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETITIVEAUGMENTATIVE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

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Root‐associated microbes in sustainable agriculture: models,metabolites and mechanisms

Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928 and throughout the ‘age of antibiotics’ from the 1940s until the 1980s, the detection of novel antibiotics was restricted by lack of knowledge about the distribution and ecology of antibiotic producers in nature. The discovery that a phenazine compound produced by Pseudomonas bacteria could suppress soilborne plant pathogens, and its recovery from rhizosphere soil in 1990, provided the first incontrovertible evidence that natural metabolites could control plant pathogens in the environment and opened a new era in biological control by root‐associated rhizobacteria. More recently, the advent of genomics, the availability of highly sensitive bioanalytical instrumentation, and the discovery of protective endophytes have accelerated progress toward overcoming many of the impediments that until now have limited the exploitation of beneficial plant‐associated microbes to enhance agricultural sustainability. Here, we present key developments that have established the importance of these microbes in the control of pathogens, discuss concepts resulting from the exploration of classical model systems, and highlight advances emerging from ongoing investigations. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

The complex symbiotic relationships of bark beetles with microorganisms: a potential practical approach for biological control in forestry

Bark beetles, especially Dendroctonus species, are considered to be serious pests of the coniferous forests in North America. Bark beetle forest pests undergo population eruptions, causing region wide economic losses. In order to save forests, finding new and innovative environmentally friendly approaches in wood-boring insect pest management is more important than ever. Several biological control methods have been attempted over time to limit the damage and spreading of bark beetle epidemics. The use of entomopathogenic microorganisms against bark beetle populations is an attractive alternative tool for many biological control programmes in forestry. However, the effectiveness of these biological control agents is strongly affected by environmental factors, as well as by the susceptibility of the insect host. Bark beetle susceptibility to entomopathogens varies greatly between species. According to recent literature, bark beetles are engaged in symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria. These types of relationship are very complex and apparently involved in bark beetle defensive mechanisms against pathogens. The latest scientific discoveries in multipartite symbiosis have unravelled unexpected opportunities in bark beetle pest management, which are discussed in this article.     

药用植物地下害虫发生现状与无公害综合防治策略

近年来,药用植物地下害虫为害日益突出,严重降低中草药的产量和品质。由于地下害虫在土壤中活动,取食药用植物的地下部分,给防治带来很大的困难。同时,农药的过度使用也给中草药安全带来了隐患。本文对药用植物地下害虫的主要种类、为害特点、发生规律和防治中存在的问题进行了综述,重点阐述了不同药用植物上常见的地下害虫种类,并提出了相应的无公害综合防治措施。     

昆虫病原菌防治萝卜黄曲条跳甲田间应用技术

黄曲条跳甲是为害十字花科蔬菜的世界性害虫。本文研究了昆虫病原菌苏云金杆菌工程菌G033A和金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421防治萝卜黄曲条跳甲田间应用技术。结果表明,采用昆虫病原微生物苏云金杆菌G033A和金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421土壤处理防治黄曲条跳甲均具有较好的防效,其中32000 IU/mg苏云金杆菌工程菌G033A可湿性粉剂300 g/667 m²土壤处理防治效果显著优于对照化学药剂,且持效期较长,具有明显的减药、省力、降成本作用。针对萝卜主要病虫害开展了全程生物防控技术示范,结果表明全程生物防控技术不仅防治效果好,且较常规化学防治技术增产达到14.8%,品质得到提升,商品优良率提高12%,可进一步大面积示范推广。     

岫岩农业生态环境与农田害虫的生物控制研究初报

岫岩县是辽宁省生态农业建设示范县之一,具有得天独厚的自然资源优势,为害虫的生物控制提供了良好的条件。研究表明,良好的农业生态环境为农田提供了丰富的天敌资源,对一些主要害虫具有明显的自然控制作用;通过补充释放天敌昆虫,对主要害虫取得了较好的防治效果。     

农业害虫高温调控的研究进展

利用高温控制害虫具有无残留、无污染的优点,高温对害虫的致死作用在害虫种群生态调控研究和保证食品安全,促进绿色农产品生产中有潜在的应用价值。本文综述了国内外影响高温对昆虫致死效应的因子和应用高温防治害虫的技术方法。影响高温致死效率的因子包括:温度的高低和处理时间的长短,不同温度的处理顺序和预适应温度等温度处理模式,缺氧等逆境胁迫,昆虫种类及其发育阶段等。利用高温防治害虫的技术包括:温室内,在生长期采用高温闷棚,在播前产后用热蒸汽处理苗床或培养土。在田间,利用对作物安全的瞬间明火烧伤害虫敏感部位;利用害虫的趋光性点明火诱杀;作物生产空闲期采取覆膜封闭,利用太阳能产生高温、缺氧条件,减少或根除土传病菌和害虫。在仓库,利用微波、无线射频或流动床产生的热空气在短时间内升温,杀死储粮害虫。在储运场所,用热水浸泡、热蒸汽熏蒸、高温结合低氧或低温以及盐水浴结合无线射频处理鲜活农产品,杀死害虫。本文最后讨论了该领域存在的问题,指出阐明高温对昆虫影响的机理,降低防治成本,减轻作物和环境损害,是高温控制害虫技术推广应用的关键。     

Gut bacteria associated with the Pacific Coast wireworm,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Limonius canus</Emphasis>, inferred from 16s rDNA sequences and their implications for control

A multitude of bacteria have been isolated from the guts of several insect species. Some of these have been modified to interfere with the development of the host insect or with the development and transmission of plant and animal pathogens transmitted by the host insect. We surveyed the gut flora of the Pacific Coast wireworm,Limonius canus LeConte, a serious pest of potato, at two sites in Oregon and Washington. Isolates were obtained from surface-sterilized triturated larvae by dilution plating on standard media. A rich diversity of species was found in 86 isolates, including spore-formers, non-spore-formers and aerobic and facultatively anaerobic species collected on four sampling dates at each location. Twenty-one of the isolates were identified to species based on rDNA sequence (nine distinct species). An additional 34 isolates were identified to genus from the sequence data while six isolates could be assigned only to family based on sequence comparisons. Twenty-seven additional isolates were identified to species (9), genus (17) or family (1) based on side-by-side morphological comparisons with isolates identified from rDNA sequence. The most frequently isolated bacterium wasBacillus megaterium, followed byRahnella aquatilis. A naturally occurring bacterium found in the gut and/or environment of a targeted insect that is modified to express toxins or other detrimental substances could provide certain advantages (such as persistence and recycling) over inundatively applied microbial control agents, particularly within soil habitats. The hypothesis that these species or others from the survey represent candidates for genetic modification to provide control options forL. canus is discussed.     

Genetically engineered viral insecticides: New insecticides with improved phenotypes

Baculoviruses are natural pathogens of insects which have been used as biopesticides. In contrast to many chemical agents, baculoviruses affect only a limited number of insects and so can be used to target particular insect species. Unfortunately, unless the host receives a very high virus dose, the insect continues to feed and causes damage to crops, because the virus takes several days to kill it. This lag is unacceptable in the protection of many crops, especially where cosmetic damage seriously reduces the value of a crop (e.g. fruit). Strategies have been devised recently to circumvent this problem. The baculovirus genome has been modified, using genetic engineering techniques, to incorporate foreign genes encoding insect-specific toxins, or hormones or enzymes. Expression of some of these genes in the virus-infected host insect has been shown to reduce both the feeding damage to crop plants and the time taken to kill the insect pest. The current status of this developing field is described, together with an assessment of the possible risks involved in using such genetically modified agents in the environment.     

Biocontrol of soil-borne plant pathogens: Concepts and their application

A few soil-borne plant pathogens have been controlled successfully by commercial formulations of biocontrol agents, but many attempts to develop biocontrol inoculants, although promising under experimental conditions, have met with difficulties in practice. The reasons for this are discussed in this review, which outlines some of the major findings on the behaviour of microbial inoculants in soil. It is emphasized that biocontrol also occurs naturally in current agricultural practice and can be exploited purposely, but it is vulnerable to disruption by agrochemicals or mismanagement. The future of biocontrol of soilborne plant pathogens probably lies in integrated (biorational) control systems that combine the use of commercial inoculants, where appropriate, with management practices that maintain and enhance the natural biocontrol systems.     

多杀菌素防治储粮害虫的研究进展

多杀菌素广谱高效、低残留、对非靶标动物安全,同时杀虫机理独特,与现有储粮害虫防治药剂不存在交叉抗性,是一种极具应用前景的微生物源绿色储粮防护剂。本文简单介绍了多杀菌素结构和作用机理,重点讲述了其防治储粮害虫的功效和粮库应用试验,并提出以＂预防为主,综合治理＂的原则来使用多杀菌素防治储粮害虫。