无患子总皂苷减压提取工艺优化及其除草活性研究

以水为提取溶剂,采用减压提取法从无患子果实中提取总皂苷,通过分光光度法与超高效液相色谱法测定无患子总皂苷含量,在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验优化提取工艺,无患子总皂苷提取的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度60℃、提取时间1 h和料液比1∶14(g∶mL)。该条件下分光光度法测定无患子总皂苷的得率为15.34%。采用水琼脂培养基法测定无患子提取物的除草活性,结果表明:无患子提取物能有效抑制靶标植物红三叶的根系生长,且对红三叶根系的抑制率与无患子总皂苷含量呈正相关,当无患子总皂苷为15.34%时,其除草半数有效质量浓度(EC₅₀)为0.116 g/L。经薄层色谱化学显色定性分析,初步判断除草活性成分为三萜皂苷类化合物。     

绵麦冬皂苷的提取分离及免疫活性研究

采用正交试验优化超声波辅助提取绵麦冬总皂苷工艺,经溶液萃取得皂苷初步纯化物,用HZ-801树脂进一步分离得皂苷纯化物,并对皂苷纯化物进行初步的定性分析和色谱分析,最后对皂苷初步纯化物进行免疫活性研究。结果表明,超声波辅助提取100 g绵麦冬的最佳工艺为:提取温度60℃,乙醇体积分数70%,液料比15∶1(m L∶g),提取时间为2 h,提取次数为2次,总皂苷得率为(0.508±0.23)%。经树脂纯化可得3种不同的皂苷组分,都为甾体皂苷(麦冬皂苷B、A、C),得率分别为15.4%、40.6%和12.6%,纯度分别为72.7%、86.4%和83.3%。皂苷初步纯化物具有显著的巨噬细胞活化能力,促进一氧化氮和白细胞介素生成等免疫活性。     

微波辅助提取酸枣仁皂苷A的工艺优化

为了优化微波辅助提取酸枣仁皂苷A的工艺,采用单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验设计,研究了提取条件对酸枣仁皂苷A产率的影响。结果表明酸枣仁皂苷A的最佳提取工艺为:5 g酸枣仁粉末用体积分数70%乙醇提取2次,提取温度60℃,提取时间8 min,液固比16∶1(mL∶g),微波功率800 W,此条件下酸枣仁皂苷A的得率为0.526 mg/g。与其它传统提取方法相比,微波辅助提取在获得较高提取得率的同时,能有效缩短提取时间,节约资源,显示了良好的应用前景。     

无患子叶皂苷提取及结构表征

以无患子叶子为研究对象,分别考察了索氏抽提法与微波萃取法对皂苷提取得率的影响,确定了较优的提取工艺.结果表明,索氏抽提选择80％乙醇为提取剂,在液料比30∶1(g∶g,下同),提取温度95℃,抽提时间为3h,提取2次时皂苷元提取得率达到21.7％；微波萃取选择3 g原料,微波功率300 W,温度70℃,90％的乙醇,液料比20∶1,提取时间45 min,皂苷的提取得率达到22.3％.目标提取物经IT-IR、HPLC和1H NMR表征,确定其结构为常春藤皂苷元.     

超声波辅助提取盾叶薯蓣皂苷元的工艺研究

探讨了超声波辅助提取盾叶薯蓣皂苷元的优化工艺,主要考察了超声波作用对薯蓣皂苷元得率的影响,并与预发酵法结果进行比较.通过单因素及正交试验考察了不同处理条件对薯蓣皂苷元得率的影响,筛选出超声波辅助提取盾叶薯蓣皂苷元的最优工艺条件为:10g盾叶薯蓣粗粉,固液比1∶10(g∶mL,下同),萃取剂乙醇的体积分数为70%,超声波功率100W,超声波提取2次,每次30min,在此条件下,所得皂苷元得率为2.57%.而传统方法经预发酵24h后,皂苷元得率仅为2.13%.与预发酵法相比,超声波辅助法可以大大缩短提取时间,而且薯蓣皂苷元得率也有比较明显的提高.     

肥皂荚皂苷提取工艺优化及其表面张力研究

通过单因素试验和响应面法优化了肥皂荚皂苷的水浸提工艺,分析了皂苷的表面活性性能,并对皂苷结构进行了初步表征,结果表明:肥皂荚皂苷水浸提的最佳工艺条件为2.0 g肥皂荚果皮粉末,提取温度69℃,提取时间11 h 15 min,液料比10∶1(mL∶g),在此条件下,皂苷得率达26.49%。经过大孔吸附树脂纯化后得到60%乙醇洗脱皂苷和90%乙醇洗脱皂苷,其最低表面张力分别为47.43和35.83 mN/m,临界胶束浓度分别为0.35和0.75 g/L,皂苷中总糖分别为58.46%和51.16%。2种皂苷中单糖均为葡萄糖、木糖、鼠李糖和阿拉伯糖等,但单糖含量略有差异。紫外和红外光谱分析表明:2种肥皂荚皂苷样品的紫外最大吸收波长均为470 nm左右,且均具有皂苷的基本红外特征峰。     

响应面优化皂角刺皂苷超声波辅助提取工艺及其降血糖活性 LIU Yong

在单因素试验基础上，采用响应面法优化超声波辅助提取皂角刺皂苷的最佳工艺，并考察了最佳提取工艺下提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制活性。实验结果表明：皂角刺总皂苷超声波辅助提取的最佳工艺为液料比16∶1(mL∶g)、乙醇体积分数60%、超声波时间80 min和提取温度50℃,在此条件下皂角刺总皂苷得率为13.28%±0.25%。最佳工艺下的提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的半数抑制质量浓度(IC₅₀)值为(0.146±0.019) g/L,强于阳性对照阿卡波糖IC₅₀值((0.48±0.18) g/L);当提取物质量浓度为2 g/L时，对α-淀粉酶抑制率可达35.13%±0.58%,表明皂角刺具有开发成为Ⅱ型糖尿病药物的潜力。     

短葶山麦冬皂苷C提取工艺优化及因子效应分析

通过二次旋转回归试验优化短葶山麦冬[Liriope muscari(Decn.)Bailey]皂苷C提取工艺,获到最佳提取工艺参数为:提取温度40℃,酒精浓度为100%,料液比1∶30,超声时间40 min,短葶山麦冬皂苷C得率为3.33%。因子效应分析结果表明,不同因子对短葶山麦冬皂苷C得率的贡献值表现为乙醇浓度提取温度料液比超声时间。     

纤维素酶解预处理法提取杜仲胶的工艺研究

以蒽酮比色法测定的酶解液中的总糖含量和酶解杜仲胶的提取率为考察指标,优化纤维素酶解预处理杜仲粕壳的工艺条件。结果表明,纤维素酶预处理杜仲粕壳的最佳工艺条件:温度50℃,pH值3.8,酶的用量为0.30 g,料液比为1∶15(g∶mL),酶解2次,每次3 h。经最佳酶解工艺条件预处理后的杜仲粕壳,第一次提取酶解物中杜仲胶得率达到57.7%,是非酶解物中的1.3倍。采用薄层层析法检测,结果表明经酶解预处理后所提取的胶与非酶解而提取的胶成分基本相同。     

Box-Behnken响应面法优化富硒平菇柄多糖提取工艺研究

为给林下栽培平菇资源的综合利用提供参考依据,采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化了以超声辅助酶法提取富硒平菇柄多糖的工艺条件,并测定了多糖硒含量。结果表明,最佳提取条件为:复合酶液(纤维素酶∶果胶酶=2∶3)用量为2.5倍样品量,酶解温度47℃,超声提取时间46 min。在此工艺条件下,富硒平菇柄多糖的提取得率为14.53%,其硒含量为10.12μg/g。验证实验结果表明,此提取工艺简单可行,且按此工艺条件制得的富硒平菇柄多糖中有机硒的含量丰富,具有较高营养价值。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.