Effect of water supply and salinity on pima cotton

A field study was conducted in northwestern Negev to determine the effect of the amount of water and its salinity level on the yield of Pima cotton (cv. S5). Irrigations were applied by means of a double line-source sprinkler system using two parallel lines, each supplied with water of a different salinity. The water salinity ranged from 2 to 7.5 dS m⁻¹ and the seasonal water application ranged from 30.0 to 68.0 cm. With water amounts of up to 50.0 cm (42% of Class A evaporation), an increase in water salinity caused a reduction in the seed cotton yield and the salinity threshold increased with an increasing amount of water. The maximum yield of seed cotton (about 5000 kg ha⁻¹) was obtained with a water application of 50 cm and a water salinity between 4 to 5 dS m⁻¹. With seasonal water applications exceeding 50 cm, an increase in salinity increased the yield. This is attributed to a depression of excessive vegetative growth in the presence of large amounts of water.     

An agronomic, economic and behavioral analysis of N application to cotton and wheat in post-Soviet Uzbekistan

Cotton and winter wheat play a vital role in Uzbek agriculture: the first crop is a vital component of the national export revenues, while the latter is key in achieving independence from grain imports. Due to these strategic roles in the national economy, both crops are part of the state procurement system and, hence, are subject to strict regulations imposed to ensure budget revenues and self-sufficiency. However, many factors cause the divergence of crop yields from their technically maximum levels. We analyzed those factors, which hamper achieving the optimum response to fertilizer applications. In a stepwise procedure, we (i) reviewed the technical and financial optimum yield responses of cotton and winter wheat production to fertilizer applications and (ii) analyzed the changes of fertilizer-to-product price ratios to shed light on the agronomic and economic performance of cotton and wheat in the post-Soviet agricultural system of Uzbekistan. The analysis combined data from long-term, historical yield and fertilizer responses, agronomic N-fertilizer response experiments, and socio-economic farm surveys. Quadratic yield-response functions were used to derive economic and technical optimum rates of N-fertilizer applications. Based on the parameterized function and fertilizer-to-product price ratios observed for 1996-2003, we analyzed the difference between recommended fertilization and economic optimum application rates. Results showed that under the state procurement system, Uzbek farmers may not necessarily tend to maximize the profits from their cotton and wheat production. The level of subsidies and the differential crop support by the state induce farmers to follow the official fertilizer recommendations to ensure that they fulfill the production targets even if it implies higher production costs. The present gaps between the officially recorded yields and those technically achievable given the agro-ecological conditions in Uzbekistan cannot be narrowed by only improving N-fertilizer management. It would require additional efforts to improve cotton and wheat yields.     

Water status response of corn and cotton to altered irrigation

Water is a primary limiting factor to crop production and thus crop water status is essential information for management decisions. Corn and cotton were grown in the field under two constant water regimes. The low water level (WL) was 0.662PET (potential evapotranspiration) in corn and rainfall for cotton. The high water level (WH) was 1.02PET for both crops. Two transient water treatments in each crop began as the two constant water level treatments but then the water inputs were reversed and the change in water status was monitored. When the transient water treatments were initiated, corn was at the V14 and V16 growth stages in the WL and WH treatments, respectively, and cotton was 2 weeks past first bloom for both water levels. The purpose of the experiment was to compare the sensitivity of leaf water potential (LWP) and crop canopy temperature to changes in irrigation rate. The transient water treatment of each crop that relieved water stress (TLH) changed from WL to WH and the treatment which induced water stress changed from WH to WL (THL). The LWP values of the transient water treatments reversed 5 and 8 days after reversing water input rates to corn in 1998 and 1999, respectively, and after 3 days in both years for cotton. A reversal in canopy temperatures, expressed as the amount of daily time that the temperature was above 28°C (DST), was not detected between the TLH and THL treatments of corn after 25 days in 1998 or after 13 days in 1999. The DST values of the cotton transient water treatments reversed after 4 days in 1998 and 5 days in 1999, when the values of THL became greater than for TLH. Corn tassels, which apparently transpire less than leaves, were forming at the beginning of the transient water treatments and their presence in the view of the infrared thermocouples may have reduced the apparent radiometric temperature difference between the transient water treatments. During the water status adjustment period following the initiation of the transient water treatments, there were significant linear relationships between LWP and DST in cotton in both years but only in 1998 in corn. Cotton canopy temperature could be used to rapidly monitor an entire field in contrast to LWP which accurately measures plant water status but cannot provide automated measurements across a large area.     

基于响应面法的棉秆压捆试验研究

针对棉秆压缩打捆密度低、压缩打捆装备可靠性差等问题,采用设计的棉秆压捆试验平台,将棉秆含水率、棉秆切断长度、棉秆喂入量和压缩活塞压缩频率作为试验因素,以压缩活塞端面压力、压缩室压力和棉秆压捆密度作为试验性能指标进行棉秆压缩打捆单因素和中心组合试验,建立各试验因素和试验性能指标之间的回归方程,确定各试验因素对性能指标的影响规律,并进行优化计算,对优化结果进行试验验证。结果表明:棉秆压缩打捆的最优组合为棉秆含水率30%,棉秆切断长度25 cm,棉秆喂入量2.15 kg/s,压缩活塞压缩频率110次/min,压缩活塞端面压力13.84 kN,压缩室压力3.36 kN,棉秆打捆密度145.83 kg/m~3,为棉秆压缩打捆机械的设计提供理论指导。     

大豆振兴背景下吉林省大豆供给反应研究——基于Nerlove模型的实证分析

大豆振兴背景下,大豆成为吉林省农业结构调整的关键作物.本文利用19852019年吉林省大豆相关数据,通过建立Nerlove模型对大豆供给反应进行分析,得出吉林省大豆短期供给价格弹性为0.23,而长期供给价格弹性为0.39,表明大豆供给对价格反应较为迟缓,缺乏弹性.测得预期价格调整系数为0.72,调整时滞为1.39,表明...     

籽棉在棉模中的存放和处理

<正>自从1972年将棉模技术引入到棉花采收领域中后,它的应用范围一直在稳步增长,多年以来,德克萨斯州、加利福尼亚州和亚利桑那州已经有超过70%的棉花收获使用棉模技术,近几年,在中南部、东南部的应用也在快速增长,1991年,已有57%的棉花收获使用棉模技术,正确地存放和处理棉模中的籽棉对棉农和棉花加工厂都有益处。     

Agronomic and socio-economic analysis of water management techniques for dry season cultivation of common bean in Malawi

A study was carried out in Malawi to compare agronomic and socio-economic aspects of different water management practices for two advanced bean lines. Four irrigation technologies and one control were studied in Chingale Area Development Program in Zomba District in southern Malawi. The technologies encompassed motorized pumps (MP), treadle pumps (TP), water cans, gravity-fed surface irrigation (GR) and a non-irrigated practice that used residual moisture. The study found that technologies that used <2 labour hours m^?3 were appropriate for such small-scale irrigation systems. The aggregated bean production labour cost and labourday thresholds were $893 ha^?1 and 2,978 LD ha^?1, respectively. An irrigation supply in the range of 7,000–10,000 m³ ha^?1 for the TP, MP and GR would be adequate. Assuming 20 irrigations season^?1, 400–600 m³ irrigation^?1 would be adequate, supplying 40–60 mm every 5–7 days. The study found that poor small-scale farmers in Malawi, particularly those using MPs, need fuel subsidies in order to offset operational costs. Basing on the findings in the study, we recommend further research on several bean lines in different agro-ecologies of Malawi using technologies that showed high yields, low labour efficiency and high water use productivity.     

基于BILSTM的棉花价格预测建模与分析

棉花市场价格指数波动是一个非常复杂的非线性系统,具有随机波动特性,容易受到气象、金融、政策和国际环境影响.在现有研究棉花价格的数据集特征的基础上如政策、国际环境、进出口、产量等,增加气候因素对棉花价格影响的数据特征如降水、日照、湿度等,并对数据进行收集、整理及预处理.基于棉花价格的波动特性,采用双向长短期记忆网络BiL...     

时段划分对棉花作物水模型的影响与改进

为了改善时段划分对作物水模型模拟精度的影响,依据山西水利职业技术学院试验基地2006和2008年棉花田间试验资料,将棉花全生育期等间隔地划分为不同时段,用非线性优化方法求得了不同时段数条件下的作物水模型参数,分析研究了模型参数与时段数的关系,据此在作物水模型的水分敏感指数累积函数中引入了时段数,并与现有的作物水模型进行了比较。结果表明,引入时段数的作物水模型模拟产量的相对误差随时段数的增加而减小,当时段数大于11时,相对误差平均值和最大值分别减小到7%和15%以下,与现有的作物水模型比较,模拟精度有所提高,但参数个数未增加。该模型更多地反映了水分胁迫时间对作物产量影响的信息。     

Uncertain water supply in an irrigated Mediterranean area: An analysis of the possible economic impact of climate change on the farm sector

Analysis of the possible economic impact of climate change at the local level is becoming increasingly relevant to agricultural policy, in terms of the definition of new measures to sustain adaptation of the farm sector. This study focuses on a Mediterranean agricultural zone to evaluate the economic impact of rainfall regime changes that modify the accumulation of irrigation water in a dam. The objective is to identify farm typologies that suffer more from rainfall changes, in order to target policy measures that increase farm sector capability to adapt to climate change. First, an analysis of historical series is conducted for precipitation. The decreasing trend in annual precipitation, as well as an increase in monthly rainfall variability, is shown to have a statistically significant influence on the regime of water accumulation in the dam. Density functions representing this regime are estimated for several periods, including the 1960s-1970s, the current time and a time interval that extends to 2015. A comparison of these functions reveals an increase in variability of water accumulation in the dam through time. Parameters of these functions are used in three models of Discrete Stochastic Programming to represent different expectations of irrigation water availability and to simulate the possible reaction of the farm sector in the study area to the different scenarios. The simulation results show that both income and employment are noticeably reduced in some farm typologies when scenarios with higher variability levels for water accumulation in the dam are considered. In addition, changes in the use of soil are seen, the use of inputs declines and the quantity of extracted groundwater increases.     

Establishment of shallow and restricted root systems in cotton and its impact on plant response to irrigation

Summary The effects of frequent and shallow soil wetting by surface drip irrigation on root growth, morphology, and location, and their impact on plant sensitivity to irrigation management were studied in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Daily drip irrigation, which wetted the 0 to 40-cm soil depth, encouraged root development mainly around the drippers. Water extraction took place mostly from 0 to 20 cm below the drippers, where the roots were concentrated. Shallowness of root growth was not altered by the expansion and deepening of the wetted soil zone which resulted from an increase in amount of irrigation water. The shallow and restricted root system was characterized by a high fraction of thin roots (less than 1 mm dia.) which comprised almost 90% of the root dry matter. Root proximity to the drippers and the limited amount of water in the rooted soil led to a sensitive and quick response of the plants to small amounts of irrigation. A supply of 1.0 mm H₂O given at midday to 70 day-old plants resulted in a leaf water potential (L _w) increase from –1.64 to –1.32 MPa over a 20-min period. This amount of irrigation comprised 15% of the average daily quantity. A 24 h delay in irrigation to 80 dayold plants was enough to decrease L _w from –1.41 to –2.42 MPa. This decrease was caused by a soil water deficit of less than 6 mm H₂O. Extending the irrigation delay to 72 h affected yield and earliness, although the deficient amount of water was supplied over the several days after the treatment. A strong response to minor, but continuous, differences in the daily irrigation amount was detected. Differences in irrigation of less than 1 mm H₂O per day applied during the whole growth season substantially affected L _w, yield and earliness. It was concluded that the establishment of a shallow and restricted root system resulted in strong dependence of the plants on frequent and sufficient supply of water, and temporary minor changes in irrigation affected plant water status and productivity.     

供水系统模型辨识与动态特性分析

为掌握离心泵供水系统在不同工况下转速突变时的动态模型结构、运行情况及其特性,通过改进水泵供水系统的出口端阀门结构,搭建了新的离心泵调速供水试验系统.通过试验台的改进在试验中实现系统的阶跃输入扰动,较为准确地反映系统工况的变化并进行调速工况下的模型辨识试验.试验中使用虚拟仪器和高频电参数测量仪搭建测量系统,对供水系统中所需数据进行测量采集.试验基于阶跃响应辨识原理,采用最小二乘法,通过Matlab系统辨识工具箱对数据进行预处理并确定其传递函数,绘制所得传递函数的零极点图和阶跃响应曲线.对比分析发现,系统运行在升频的工况下时,其超调量和震荡情况明显大于系统运行在降频工况下.结果表明,离心泵供水系统是最小相位系统,数学模型为二阶惯性加时滞结构.其模型参数会随着工况的变化而改变,实时辨识和实时变参数控制更为适合该系统.     

基于视觉的采棉机器人机械手定位运动分析

基于机器人的视觉,结合棉花生长的特点和环境,对采棉机械手的运动进行了规划,对目标定位算法进行了设计。提出了"视觉"定位的方法。在研究了末端执行器接近目标的方法基础之上,设计了电路寻迹装置,实现了机械手对目标的寻的控制。     

送水泵站中水泵选择的合理性及其节能分析

目前在自来水生产企业中,节能降耗正逐渐成为企业追求的一个重要经济指标。本文通过对怀化市一水厂的改造,阐述了正确合理选择送水泵站的水泵和供水方式,使水泵运行区域均在高效区,以达到最大限度的节能效果,为企业带来巨大的经济收益。     

Water use and lint yield response of drip irrigated cotton to the length of irrigation season

A 2-year experiment was conducted at Tal Amara Research Station in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon to determine water use and lint yield response to the length of irrigation season of drip irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Crop evapotranspiration (ET_crop) and reference evapotranspiration (ET_rye-grass) were directly measured at weekly basis during the 2001 growing period using crop and rye-grass drainage lysimeters. Crop coefficients (K_c) in the different growth stages were calculated as ET_crop/ET_rye-grass. Then, the calculated K_c values were used in the 2002 growing period to estimate evapotranspiration of cotton using the FAO method by multiplying the calculated K_c values by ET_rye-grass measured in 2002. The length of irrigation season was determined by terminating irrigation permanently at first open boll (S1), at early boll loading (S2), and at mid boll loading (S3). The three treatments were compared to a well-watered control (C) throughout the growing period. Lint yield was defined as a function of components including plant height at harvest, number of bolls per plant, and percentage of opened bolls per plant.Lysimeter-measured crop evapotranspiration (ET_crop) totaled 642 mm in 2001 for a total growing period of 134 days, while when estimated with the FAO method in 2002 it averaged 669 mm for a total growing period of 141 days from sowing to mature bolls. Average K_c values varied from 0.58 at initial growth stages (sowing to squaring), to 1.10 at mid growth stages (first bloom to first open boll), and 0.83 at late growth stages (early boll loading to mature bolls).Results showed that cotton lint yields were reduced as irrigation amounts increased. Average across years, the S1 treatment produced the highest yield of 639 kg ha⁻¹ from total irrigations of 549 mm, compared to the S2 and S3 treatments, which yielded 577 and 547 kg ha⁻¹ from total irrigations of 633 and 692 mm, respectively, while the control resulted in 457 kg ha⁻¹ of lint yield from 738 mm of irrigation water. Water use efficiency (WUE) was found to be higher in S1 treatment and averaged 1.3 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹, followed by S2 (1.1 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹), and S3 (1.0 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹), while in the control WUE was 0.80 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹. Lint yield was negatively correlated with plant height and the number of bolls per plant and positively correlated with the percentage of opened bolls. This study suggests that terminating irrigation at first open boll stage has been found to provide the highest cotton yield with maximum WUE under the semi-arid conditions of the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon.     

An economic evaluation of sugar cane production under different water supply systems in Thailand

In a vegetative crop like sugar cane, soil water stress will invariably result in reduced growth and yield. Under inadequate rainfall conditions such a crop needs supplemental irrigation to maximize the yield.The present article discusses the relationship between sugar cane yield and rainfall/irrigation requirements. Special attention is given to the potential sugar cane yields and benefit/cost ratios in the Malaiman area in Thailand, under four water conveyance systems (from low- to high-density irrigation and drainage network) and under optimized rainfed cultivation.A linear relationship between cane yield and water use is applied for the prediction of potential crop yields for the various water conveyance systems. These yields are compared with the actual cane production in pilot areas with different irrigation infrastructure, which has been monitored over a period of years. Actual yields fall short of predicted in all cases. This is mainly be attributed to the low cane prices, resulting in sub-optimal cultivation practices by the farmers.Prediction of potential sugar cane yields for local circumstances is quite possible. At present sugar cane price levels, development of a low-density irrigation infrastructure seems to be the most economical solution.     

Spatially targeting the distribution of agricultural input stockists in Malawi

Developing the rural agricultural input markets in sub-Saharan Africa can improve the current low productivity of smallholder farmers. Malawi has seen significant efforts in addressing the availability of agricultural inputs at village level in the last few years; for example, the improvement of rural agro-dealer networks. Nevertheless inputs are still difficult to obtain for many remote smallholder farmers. Spatial analysis can help in the expansion of input stockists, especially agro-dealer networks, by assessing the coverage of existing input outlets and deriving optimum locations for village-level input stockists.We address three research questions. First, what is the locational efficiency of the current village-level stockists of inputs (Citizens Network for Foreign Affairs – Rural Agricultural Market Development Trust trained network of agro dealers and public sector)? Secondly, how many village-level stockists of markets are needed to reach 60% of the population in the central region of Malawi within one hour? Finally we address the potential spatial components of the sustainability of input stockists relating to the potential demand from smallholder farmers and the access to bulk supplies. The problem of finding the optimum location for village-level stockists of markets is addressed in two stages, using spatial analysis in conjunction with location–allocation models. First, the locational efficiency of the existing network of stockists of inputs is determined, followed by the establishment of a set of optimal sites for village-level stockists of inputs. A final step explores the viability of stockists and calculates the population surrounding the stockists taking into account competition from other sources of inputs and the accessibility of the selected stockists to potential wholesalers who are bulk distributors of farm inputs.Our results show that locational efficiency can be assessed in terms of the differential access of households to resources and transport. Often, these differences are not considered in covering problems and can have a large effect on the physical access to inputs. The results can be used to define which areas are inherently difficult to serve with agricultural inputs and could inform efforts to provide incentives to remote areas. Further implications for input policies in Malawi are that improvements in road infrastructure might not directly benefit the poorest farmers (if they are walking) but could serve to reduce the wholesale prices and therefore the retail price. In addition, the improvement in roads might increase the number of potential customers of any particular stockist, with economies of scale allowing the reduction of prices while ensuring a satisfactory profit margin for the stockist. The results of our models imply that Citizens Network for Foreign Affairs may need to train stockists over a wider area to increase the access to inputs of those smallholder farmers with least resources.     

采棉机单摘锭试验台采摘过程试验分析

利用单摘锭试验台和高速摄像系统,对摘锭的整个采摘过程进行实时拍摄,研究分析影响采棉机采净率的主要因素有:水平摘锭转速、棉花进给速度、水平摘锭本身的材料和制造工艺、棉花开放状态、摘锭工作时和棉花之间的角度、棉绒含水率等。但每个因素作用的程度不同,在试验过程中不可能对每个因素都进行试验分析,所以把摘锭转速和棉花开放状态作为试验目标,采取单因素法进行研究。     

An alternative water source and combined agronomic practices for cotton irrigation in coastal saline soils

The field experiment for cotton crop (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was conducted at the Zhongjie Farm, Huanghua city of Hebei province in the coastal salinity-affected areas in North China Plain, to determine the effects of an alternative of irrigation water sources/methods and agronomic practices on seedling emergence and yields of cotton, soil water–salt distributions, and soil pH changes during cotton growth stages. The experiment was setup using split-plot design with two water sources as main treatments (well water/desalinized sea-ice water); two irrigation methods (+PAM (Polyacrylamide)/−PAM); and four fertilization modes: check (CK), mineral fertilizer (F), mineral + organic fertilizer (FM), and mineral fertilizer + gypsum (FG). Using desalinized sea-ice water irrigation showed the same effects on top-soil salt leaching and desalinization as using well water did. There was no significant difference in seedling emergence and cotton yields between two irrigation water sources for cotton irrigation. Using PAM-treated irrigation, the 10-cm top-soil salinity significantly decreased to about 2.3–3.9 g kg⁻¹ from 4.6 to 8.6 g kg⁻¹ (PAM untreated). The PAM-treated irrigation increased seedling emergence by about 13, 29 and 36% and yields by about 50, 49, and 70%, with F, FM, and FG, respectively, as compared with CK. PAM-treated irrigation, either using well water or desalinized sea ice, especially in combination with gypsum-fertilization, shows the best practice for both seedling emergence and cotton yields. In conclusion, the desalinized sea-ice water used as an alternative water source, integrated with better agronomic practices of soil water-salt management could be acceptable for cotton irrigation in the coastal saline areas.