平菇、榆黄菇对农田土壤重金属的修复试验

以平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)、榆黄菇(Pleurotus citrinopileatus)为试材,采用覆土栽培方式修复韶关市某重金属污染区农田土壤,研究平菇、榆黄菇覆土栽培对土壤中重金属镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)污染的吸收积累特性以及修复效应,以期为后续食用菌修复重金属污染土壤提供参考依据。结果表明：平菇与榆黄菇的子实体和菌糠对污染土中的Cd、Cu、Zn均具有富集能力,其中2种食用菌对Cd、Zn的修复效果最优,均能使土壤中的Cd、Zn含量降至污染风险筛选值以下,但土壤中Cu含量仍处于污染风险筛选值以上。因此,平菇与榆黄菇均对土壤Cd、Zn重金属复合污染具有较高的修复潜力,可用作修复Cd、Zn农田重金属复合污染土壤。     

保护地长期定位灌水方法土壤重金属研究

试验研究了蔬菜保护地长期定位渗灌、沟灌、滴灌处理0～80 cm层次土壤Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Pb 5种金属元素有效态含量和全量的剖面分布特征,以同一试验区棚外露地大田土壤样本作为对照.结果表明:棚外露地大田与保护地棚内土壤重金属全量、有效态含量变化随土层加深而降低.棚内0～40 cm土层土壤重金属全量、有效态含量明显高于棚外土壤.棚内3种灌水处理0～40 cm土层土壤间重金属全量、有效态含量差异明显,Cd、Cr全量以沟灌处理含量最高,Pb、Zn全量以渗灌处理含量最高;而Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb的有效态含量均以沟灌处理最高、渗灌处理最低.土壤Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Pb有效态含量与其全量间呈正相关关系,重金属全量随着土壤有机质含量增加而增加、有效态含量随pH值降低而增加.灌溉和施肥影响土壤有机质含量及pH值变化,进而影响到土壤重金属全量及其有效态含量的高低.     

碳酸盐岩地区水旱轮作土壤重金属垂直分布特征及赋存形态研究

以贵州遵义播州区石板镇水旱轮作的石灰性水稻土为试材，利用电感耦合等离子发射光谱，测定了土壤中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb的含量，研究了碳酸盐岩地区水旱轮作土壤重金属赋存形态、垂直分布、淋滤迁移特征以及生态危害，以期为碳酸盐岩地区农田土壤重金属污染综合防治、农产品质量安全和地下水安全提供参考依据。结果表明：在国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-2018)规定范围内，土壤重金属Cd超标率达80%,重金属Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb样点达标率为100%;研究区土壤除了Cr之外，土壤pH、有机质、重金属Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb含量均随着土层深度的加深呈下降趋势；各土层重金属淋失率呈现Zn>Cu>Cd>Cr>Pb的特征；5种重金属各形态含量随着土层深度的加深无明显变化，且5种重金属在各土层中主要以残渣态存在；地累积综合污染指数法中，研究区各土层均无污染，而综合潜在生态风险指数法中，研究区各土层均为轻微风险等级，其中Cd是最主要的生态风险元素，其次是Pb。     

草地早熟禾对叶面尘与土壤重金属的吸收作用

选择青岛市4条主干道和青岛农业大学校园路段作为具有不同交通流量的采样地区,以草地早熟禾为试材,研究了草地早熟禾的叶片、根和相应的叶面尘、土壤的Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd重金属含量的关系。结果表明:随着距道路边缘水平距离的增加,叶面尘Pb、Zn、Cd含量呈减少趋势,其中Pb含量在0.5m和10.5m处差异显著(P0.05),Zn、Cd含量在0.5m处显著高于5.5m和10.5m处(P0.05);Cu含量随距离的增加无明显变化规律;随水平距离的增加草地早熟禾叶片的Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量均呈减少趋势,其中Pb、Zn、Cu含量在0.5m处与10.5m处差异显著(P0.05);叶面尘Pb、Zn、Cd含量与滞尘量极显著或显著相关;叶片Pb、Zn、Cu含量与滞尘量呈极显著或显著相关关系,Cd含量与滞尘量相关性不明显;不同道路叶面尘Pb、Zn、Cd含量与叶片Pb、Zn、Cd含量极显著或显著相关,叶面尘Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量与根重金属含量无显著相关关系;不同道路土壤Pb含量与根Pb含量极显著相关,土壤Cd含量与根Cd含量呈负极显著相关关系;土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量与叶片重金属含量无显著相关关系。     

外源添加沸石对猪粪腐解中重金属含量的动态影响研究

以猪粪为研究对象,采用高温好氧模拟堆腐试验,研究外源添加剂沸石对猪粪腐解过程中重金属含量的动态变化规律。结果表明:高温堆肥处理后,猪粪中重金属Cu、Zn离子含量普遍升高,表现出明显的"相对浓缩效应";堆肥处理可在一定程度上降低猪粪中重金属Cu、Zn的生物有效性,使其形态向有效性低的方向转化;外源添加沸石明显降低了猪粪中DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn的含量,对堆肥可交换态重金属Cu和Zn的钝化效果分别为68.03%和46.13%。     

徐州北郊土壤重金属污染评价研究

对徐州北郊农田土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd5种重金属的含量及对土壤的污染情况进行了测定和评价分析.结果表明:徐州北郊农田土壤受到了污染,该区域内有固体残渣、煤矸石和粉煤灰等的常年堆放,经过雨水淋溶后,这些固废中的重金属元素会向周边土壤中迁移,致使污染土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd 5种重金属的含量均高于当地土壤背景值.采用地质累积指数Müller指数分析表明,Zn、Cr没有表现出污染;Pb、Cu污染强度不大,表现出轻度污染;而Cd则呈现出极强污染,污染程度顺序Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Cr.     

哈尔滨市蔬菜大棚土壤重金属污染评价

为探索哈尔滨市东北农业大学和群力两点的大棚土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Cd的污染状况,采用单因子与限值比较、综合因子指数法和相关系数法对污染情况进行综合评价。结果表明:除群力乡6a棚龄的大棚已受Zn污染外,其它大棚土壤尚未发生Cu、Zn污染,而7个大棚土壤均受到Cd污染;7个大棚土壤的综合污染情况均达到重污染的程度;东北农业大学大棚重金属Zn与棚龄、东北农业大学大棚重金属Zn和Cd、群力大棚重金属Cu和Zn、群力大棚重金属Zn和Cd之间的相关均达到显著水平。     

北京道路绿地十种花灌木对四种重金属的富集能力评价

采集北京四环路道路两侧绿地中10种花灌木一二年生枝条、叶片和其根系土壤,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定其中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu的含量,评价分析园林常用绿化灌木对土壤重金属的富集能力,以期为园林植物修复重金属污染土壤提供参考依据。结果表明:同一花灌木中重金属含量基本表现为Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd;Cd、Cu富集含量在同一花灌木器官中表现为叶>枝,而Pb、Zn富集含量多数植物表现为枝>叶;花灌木对不同重金属元素的富集系数存在着一定的差异,对Zn的平均富集系数较高,为0.50;对Cd、Pb、Cu的平均富集系数较低且相近,小于0.25。通过差异性分析,木槿、月季、紫丁香、珍珠梅分别对Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu的单一富集系数显著高于其它花灌木(P<0.05);从综合富集系数来看,紫丁香对Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu的综合富集能力最强。该研究结果为北京道路绿地及其它场地污染治理、景观建设的植物树种选择提供科学依据和参考。     

葫芦岛市工业废弃地中植物对重金属的利用程度研究

采用Tessier连续提取法,分析了葫芦岛市杨家杖子钼矿区土壤中重金属的形态分布,探讨了重金属在土壤中的生物活性特征,研究植物对重金属的吸收特性以及重金属在植物体内的分布特征,以期为治理钼矿区土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术提供理论支持.结果表明:采场周边山地可交换态Cd、Cu、Zn含量最高;排土场周边耕地可交换态Zn、Mo、Cu含量最高;尾矿库周边耕地可交换态Cd、Zn、Mo含量最高,对植物的有效性和毒性最大.通过对土壤中重金属可利用态与作物体内重金属含量的相关性分析发现,土壤中Zn、Cd的有效态含量和作物籽粒内的5种重金属含量间有着极显著的或弱的负相关关系,其余元素间的相关性都不显著.     

哈尔滨交通干道两侧土壤重金属潜在生态危害评价

以哈尔滨市公滨路、香成路、哈-腰堡路3条交通干道两侧的土壤为主要研究对象,用原子吸收光谱法分析土壤中重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni含量,采用松嫩平原土壤重金属背景值作为参比值,应用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害评价法对重金属污染进行评价,以研究公路交通引起的土壤中重金属污染以及潜在的生态危害。结果表明:研究区土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni的含量显著高于背景值。Cd和Pb为中等污染,土壤对重金属元素的污染程度:ZnPbCdCrNiCu。污染源主要为机动车燃料、轮胎、机械中所含微量重金属成分。     

Heavy metal in leaves of twelve plant species from seven different areas in Shanghai,China

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) were measured in leaves of twelve plant species from seven different locations in Shanghai, China. Unwashed and washed new and old leaves were considered, and the correlations among the heavy metal concentrations in soils and in plant leaves and deposited by the atmosphere were analyzed. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the stomatal density and structure of the leaves.The background site (Chenshan Botanical Garden) had lower mean metal concentrations than the other sites. The highest Cu contents were found in Nerium indicum and Platanus acerifolia, the highest Zn content was found in Pittosporum tobira, and the highest Pb and Cd contents were found in Cedrus deodara. The lowest heavy metal contents were found in Ginkgo biloba, potentially because Platanus acerifolia and Pittosporum tobira leaves have higher densities of stomata than on Ginkgo biloba leaves (according to SEM results). However, Magnolia grandiflora had the highest metal accumulation index (MAI) (4.27), and Cedrus deodara had the lowest MAI (1.53). When comparing the heavy metal contents in the washed leaf samples with the unwashed leaf samples, Nerium indicum captured more rare-earth elements (determined using the capture rate (CR)), including Cu (92.7%) and Zn (36.9%). Magnolia grandiflora had higher CR values for Pb (63.4%) and Cd (49.1%), and Cedrus deodara had lower CR values for Cu (0), Zn (8.90%), Pb (5.93%) and Cd (2.97%). In addition, the Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in plant needles potentially originate from the soil, and the Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in the leaves of broad-leaved plants potentially originate from bulk atmospheric deposition. This hypothesis is supported by the relationship between the heavy metal concentrations in the soils and the washed new and old leaves. In addition, the concentration factor (CF) of heavy metals supported this model.     

Application rate and plant species affect the ecological safety of sewage sludge as a landscape soil amendment

Recycling sludge as a soil amendment has become a viable option for sludge disposal. However, such application can lead to soil pollution because of its enrichment in contaminants, especially heavy metals. To identify an effective means to ensure the ecological safety of sewage sludge landscape utilization, a glasshouse experiment was conducted by mixing sewage sludge at 0%, 15%, 30%, 60%, and 100% (V/V) amendment ratios to landscape soils and planting five common landscape plants (Aphelandra ruellia, Syngonium podophyllum, Schefflera odorata, Alocasia macrorrhiza, and Dianella ensifolia). Sludge amendment significantly improved fertility and moisture retention capacity of soil, but dramatically increased the contents of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn. Compared with lateritic red soil (CK), sludge amended-soils increased the relative growth rate of landscape plants and enhanced their nutrient uptake and heavy metals accumulation. A rate of 30% or less of sludge application showed positive growth effects for all five landscape plants, and did not cause potential ecological risks of heavy metals to landscape soils. However, rates of 60% or higher posed very high potential ecological risk in multiple metals, particularly in Cd. Interestingly, S. odorata, A. ruellia and A. macrorrhiza could alleviate the ecological risks of Cd, Cu and Zn, respectively, and these results were confirmed by data of relative changes in heavy metal contents in post-experiment soil. Our results suggest that attention to reducing the environmental risks of heavy metals in sludge utilization as landscape soil-amendments should not only be paid to controlling the application dosage of sludge but also to planting suitable plant species.     

蚯蚓对苹果园土壤生物学特性及幼树生长的影响

 以果园褐土、潮土和棕壤以及2年生红富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh. ) 幼树为试材, 在盆栽条件下, 通过向盆土埋放蚯蚓, 研究蚯蚓对土壤酶、土壤微生物量碳和氮以及苹果根系和新梢生长的影响。结果表明, 引入蚯蚓后, 3类土壤中脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性以及微生物量氮均显著提高, 其中棕壤脲酶活性提高78.9% , 潮土碱性磷酸酶活性提高170.0% , 棕壤微生物量氮提高180.4%。蚯蚓处理也显著提高褐土和潮土微生物量碳, 其中潮土微生物量碳提高幅度最大, 达299.2%。3类土壤经蚯蚓处理后, 苹果幼树根系活力、根系和新梢生长量均显著提高, 其中, 棕壤中的幼树根系活力最高, 褐土中的幼树根系生长量最大, 潮土中的幼树新梢生长量最大。     

Translocation of heavy metals to tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) fruit irrigated with treated wastewater

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the extent of translocation of heavy metals to tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L. cvs. “GS₁₂” and “RS₅₈₉₉₅₆”) fruit produced in an open field near to Abu-Nusiar Wastewater Treatment Plant, Amman-Jordan. Seedlings were planted during the seasons of 1999 and 2000 and furrow irrigated with different mixtures of potable water to treated wastewater {100%:0% (1:0, control); 25%:75% (1:3); 50%:50% (1:1); 0%:100% (0:1)}. Tomato fruit, soil and water were examine for heavy metals concentrations, and changes in the pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil were tested. The obtained results revealed an increase in the concentrations of Cu, Mn and Fe, in the soil correlated with high concentrations found in the wastewater. Additionally, an increase in the pH and EC in the soil was observed with increasing the proportions of wastewater. Results of tomato fruit analysis showed an increased concentration of Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn and Zn in the cultivar “RS₅₈₉₉₅₆”, whereas, an increased concentration of Mn and Zn were detected in the cultivar “GS₁₂”, but no accumulation of Cd and Pb in both cultivars. The accumulation of heavy metals in fruit was below the Jordanian standard limits, thus, the use of treated wastewater in irrigation might be feasible.     

忻州市灌区土壤重金属污染评价及分布特征分析

以忻府区某典型污灌区农田土壤为研究对象,对重金属污染进行了风险评价且对土壤剖面的重金属含量和形态进行了分析,以期为污灌区重金属污染土壤的修复、环境治理及科学灌溉等提供参考依据。结果表明:长期污水灌溉已导致农田土壤表层土壤中的Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cd、Hg、As含量相对背景值不同程度的累积,分别是土壤背景值的1.21、0.71、1.23、1.73、1.38、4.62、3.59、1.00倍,只有Zn的平均含量低于土壤的背景值。以国家土壤环境质量标准二级限量值作为污染评价阈值,在25个采样点中,2个采样点的土壤综合污染指数高于0.7,属警戒水平,其它均属于安全水平。8种重金属元素中,表层土壤中的Cu、Zn、Cd、As含量最高,Cr、Hg在80~100 cm含量最高,Ni、Pb在不同土壤中无明显差异。Cr、Zn主要以残渣态形式存在,Cu、Ni、Cd、As主要以残渣态和有机结合态存在,Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态存在,Hg以残渣态和可交换态为主,Hg的迁移风险大。     

黄淮海与环渤海设施蔬菜产区重金属累积特征和环境质量评价

黄淮海与环渤海设施蔬菜产区是全国蔬菜发展的六大优势产区之一。通过收集2011～2019年黄淮海与环渤海设施菜田重金属研究的文献数据,对该区域重金属污染和环境质量进行了统计分析。结果表明,黄淮海与环渤海设施蔬菜产区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cd、As和Hg的平均含量均低于温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准限量值。与各个省市土壤背景值相比,土壤出现了明显的Cu、Zn、Cd和Hg累积,Cr和As均没有出现累积。8种重金属元素单项污染指数范围在0.30～0.80,排序依次为:CdPbHg=NiZnCuAsCr,仅Cd处于警戒等级,其余重金属元素均处于清洁等级。8种重金属综合污染指数平均值为0.75,表明该区域重金属污染处于警戒水平,需采取相应的污染防控措施。     

A study of chemical characteristics of soil in relation to street trees status in Riga (Latvia)

The chemical composition of soil and appropriate supply of nutrients are very important factors for normal plant growth and development. Lime tree (Tilia x vulgaris H.), is a popular tree species used for urban landscaping in Europe. However, there is little information on the chemical element concentrations available to and recommended for T. x vulgaris in urban soils. The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the amount of nutrients, de-icing salts and heavy metals available for uptake by trees in the city centre on a seasonal scale; and (2) to assess the relationship between the vitality of T. x vulgaris and soil chemistry. The research was carried out in five streets and a park in Riga (Latvia) during 2005–2007. Plant-available concentrations of 17 nutrients and heavy metals were determined via 1 M HCl extraction. Soil Cl content, pH, and electrical conductivity were also measured.The investigation revealed a high heterogeneity in soil chemical composition. In total, the element concentrations in urban soils did not exceed values commonly found in urban environments. Higher concentrations of Na, Cl, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and increased pH, but lower P and B concentrations were found in the street soils in comparison to the park soil. Significantly higher concentrations of Na, Cl, and Mg, and lower concentrations of K, Fe, Cu, and B, as well as unfavourable ratios of several element concentrations were found in the soils where more damaged street trees were growing. In addition, the recommended fertilization regimes are discussed.