黄土高原重力式地下滴灌水分运动模型与分区参数研究

建立了重力式地下滴灌条件下的土壤水分运动模型,分析地下滴灌土壤水分入渗规律.对黄土高原不同分区的4种典型土壤、不同灌水技术要素条件下的地下滴灌土壤湿润体形态、滴孔处出流量及土壤土水势进行数值模拟得出:榆林紧砂土土壤导水率较大,向下渗漏过多,不适宜地下滴灌;安塞砂壤土、洛川中壤土、武功重壤土在相同灌水量下,供水压力与滴孔孔径对地下滴灌湿润体形态影响微弱,但对滴孔出流量有较大影响,因此在地下滴灌工程设计时,只需根据田块长度和渗水管损失设计孔径和供水压力,并采用较小供水压力,降低供水水池高度,减小工程量;对武功重壤土,孔径和供水压力较大时地下滴灌滴孔处土壤易饱和板结,宜采用较小的孔径和供水压力.     

重力式地下滴灌土壤水分运动规律的模拟研究

基于非饱和土壤水运动理论,建立了重力式地下滴灌条件下土壤水分运动数学模型,用Galerkin有限元法推导了重力式地下滴灌土壤水分运动有限元方程,并通过试验进行了验证,在此基础上模拟分析了中壤土条件下的滴灌管道埋深、出水孔孔径、供水压力对简易重力式地下滴灌土壤湿润特征和滴孔出水量的影响。结果表明所建模型可以分析地下滴灌土壤水分入渗规律,在中壤土条件下,不同供水压力、滴孔孔径虽对重力式地下滴灌的滴孔出流量有较大影响,但对土壤湿润特征影响微弱,地下滴灌管道埋深对土壤水分湿润特征影响较大,这些结论可为重力式地下滴灌合理的设计及运行提供理论依据。     

基于分形理论的地下滴灌灌水器水力特性研究

为了研究滴头工作压力和土壤物理特性对地下滴灌灌水器流量的影响,采用分形理论分析各种级配土壤的分形特征;以土壤颗粒质量分形维数、灌水器工作压力、土壤容积密度、土壤初始含水率为试验因素,运用混合水平均匀设计方法进行试验。结果表明,粘粒含量大小是土壤分形维数的主要影响因素,土壤分形维数随着粘粒含量的增加而增大;PLASSIM公司地下滴灌灌水器流量随土壤分形维数的增大而减小,即土壤质地越细地下滴灌滴头流量就越小;通过试验所建立的包含有土壤分形维数因素的地下滴灌灌水器流量计算经验公式的普适性较高。     

Analysis of trickle irrigation with application to design problems

Summary Designing trickle irrigation systems involves the selection of a proper combination of trickle discharge rate, spacing between emitters, diameter and length of the lateral system for any given set of soil, crop and climatic conditions. Trickle irrigation is treated as transient and steady axisymmetric infiltration processes. An existing numerical solution to nonsteady state infiltration is used to quantify the effect of soil hydraulic properties and trickle discharge rates on emitter spacing (Fig. 2). The results of the analysis suggest the possibility of controlling the wetted volume of a soil by regulating the emitter discharge according to soil properties (Figs. 3 and 4). The surface distribution of a transformed soil water content (or pressure) function (Fig. 5) is derived from a linearized solution to steady infiltration. The analysis of steady and non-steady infiltration is employed to estimate the spacing between emitters as a function of discharge and water pressure conditions between emitters using hydraulic soil data (Fig. 6). Hydraulic conductivity parameters are given for 17 different soils (Table 1) to be used for design purposes. Theoretical analysis of soil water is combined with hydraulic principles to derive lateral diameter and length for engineering design requirements.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. 1977 Series, No. 134-E     

微孔陶瓷渗灌与地下滴灌土壤水分运移特性对比

以微孔陶瓷灌水器为研究对象,在0 m工作水头下进行土壤水分运移特性试验,并以10 m额定工作水头下工作的地下滴灌灌水器作为对照。通过对比分析2种灌溉方式下累计入渗量、流量、湿润体特征和土壤含水率变化,结果表明:相同灌溉时间下微孔陶瓷渗灌的累计入渗量、湿润锋运移距离、湿润体截面面积均明显小于地下滴灌。微孔陶瓷渗灌的流量随时间逐渐减小,直至接近于零;试验后期,微孔陶瓷渗灌湿润体内整体土壤含水率变化较小;由于微孔陶瓷渗灌为无压连续灌溉,因此在其工作过程中可为作物提供一个恒定的水分环境。而地下滴灌的流量则会维持稳定,使得土壤含水率一直增大,停止灌溉后由于土壤水分再分布而减小。地下滴灌为被动恒压灌溉,因此其灌溉条件下作物生长的水分环境处于干湿交替的循环变化状态。     

地下滴灌灌水器出口正压试验研究

通过试验 ,研究了灌水器类型、流量、工作压力和土壤初始含水量对地下滴灌灌水器出口正压的影响规律。结果表明 :灌水器埋入土壤后 ,其出流由于受土壤等因素的限制 ,在灌水器出口处产生了一定的正压 ,该正压随着灌水历时的延长而增大。影响地埋灌水器出口正压的主要因素是灌水器的额定流量和土壤初始含水量     

负压灌溉对湿润体特征参数的影响

基于室内试验,分析了不同负压(-2、-1.5、-1.0、-0.5、0m)灌溉对湿润体特征参数的影响。结果表明,负压灌溉湿润体为椭球体,湿润体的宽深比随入渗时间和供水水头的增加而增加;湿润体的水平和垂直运移速度随时间的增加和供水水头的减小而减小;单个灌水器所控制的湿润土体体积Vc和湿润体的体积V具有良好的线性关系;在灌溉过程中湿润体的平均含水率无显著变化。     

基于HYDRUS-3D模型的微润灌溉土壤水分入渗模拟

掌握土壤水分入渗规律对于合理制定灌溉方案、设置灌溉参数和改进灌溉技术有重要意义。为探究微润灌溉条件下土壤水分入渗规律,利用HYDRUS-3D有限元模型对微润灌溉下土壤水分入渗进行了数值模拟,讨论了初始压力水头和土壤质地对土壤水分入渗的影响。数值模拟结果显示：在土壤水分入渗的垂直剖面上湿润体以微润管为中心呈同心圆状向外扩散,扩散速率与初始压力水头呈正相关。模拟试验周期为36h,分3个时间段进行土壤水分扩散速率的计算,0~5h内土壤水分平均入渗速率为1.85cm/h,6~15h内的平均入渗速率为0.79cm/h,16~36h内的平均水分入渗速率为0.59cm/h。土壤含水率最大值出现在微润管周围,向外围呈减小趋势。相同时间内土壤湿润峰运移距离随初始压力水头的增大而增大,微润灌溉下水分入渗速率在3种质地的土壤（砂壤土、壤土、粘壤土）中依次增大,并测得在压力水头为-180cm时整个模拟周期中3种质地土壤的平均水分扩散速率分别为：0.69、0.53、0.46cm/h。研究表明,土壤含水率和水分扩散速率随压力水头的增大而增大,随土壤黏粒含量的增大而减小。     

多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运移模拟试验研究

为了指导密植作物的滴灌系统合理设计,通过室内物理试验模拟了多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运移过程,重点研究了不同滴头流量下交汇湿润体内的土壤水分时空动态分布规律．多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运动遵循先点源入渗、再湿润锋交汇和最后形成湿润带的规律．灌水结束时,土壤水分分布呈现湿润体上部复杂、下部相对简单的特征．湿润体上部,在滴头下方存在土壤含水率相对较高的区域,2个滴头之间近地表处存在土壤含水率相对较低的区域;湿润体下部同一深度土层上的含水率有趋于一致的趋势．灌水结束后,由于土壤水分再分布,同一深度土层上含水率差异逐渐减小．灌水量相同条件下,灌水结束时,滴头流量小的入渗深度较大,湿润体内土壤平均含水率较低;灌水结束后,受土壤水分再分配的作用,不同滴头流量下入渗深度的差异较灌水结束时有所减小．     

滴头流量和灌水量对滴灌土壤水分运动的影响

滴头流量和灌水量对于滴灌系统的设计具有非常重要的实际价值。通过室内试验,对不同土质、不同滴头流量情况下滴灌土壤水分运动进行了室内试验研究。结果表明,砂土条件下,滴灌湿润体呈现越来越"尖"的直立半椭球体,滴头流量的增大会使垂直湿润锋的运移更加显著。轻壤土条件下,滴灌湿润体基本上一直呈现为平卧的半椭球体,逐渐变成半球体。滴头流量的增大会使水平湿润锋的运移更加显著。在灌水量一定的情况下,滴头流量的增加在砂土条件下会加快水分在垂直方向的运移,在轻壤土条件下则会加快水分在水平方向的运移。     

Simulation of point source wetting pattern of subsurface drip irrigation

Laboratory experiments and calculations were carried out to analyze the effect of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) design features on soil wetting patterns for a point source. Experimental and simulated soil wetting patterns, using the SWMS-2D (simulating water movement and solute transport in two-dimensional) Galerkin finite element model, were investigated to maximize the efficiency of water saving. The analysis addressed the influence of water pressure head, back pressure and emitter diameter on wetting patterns. Predictions of water content distributions in the soils made with SWMS-2D were found to be in good agreement with the observed data. Results showed that this model provides confidence that model predictions are not too sensitive to back-pressure effects.     

地表积水条件下滴灌入渗特性研究

大流量供水条件下滴灌入渗地表积水区域不断变大,直到通过积水区域的水分渗透能力和滴头的供水强度达到平衡。不同滴头流量条件下水平和垂向湿润锋的推进速率和入渗时间存在极显著的幂函数关系。滴头流量对湿润体水平和垂向湿润距离的比值有显著的影响,滴头流量越大该值也越大,并且该值随着入渗时间的增加而逐渐变小。滴灌积水入渗的稳定渗透通量Jo大于垂直一维入渗的稳渗率,并且Jo随滴头流量的增加而减小,Jo和地表积水半径的倒数呈显著的线性关系,根据Wooding入渗方程可推导出该直线的截距代表了一维入渗条件下土壤的饱和导水率。     

A review of models for predicting soil water dynamics during trickle irrigation

Designing drip irrigation systems involve selection of an appropriate combination of emitter discharge rate and spacing between emitters for any given set of soil, crop, and climatic conditions, as well as understanding the wetted zone pattern around the emitter. The exact shape of the wetted volume and moisture distribution will depend on many factors, including soil hydraulic characteristics, initial conditions, emitter discharge rate, application frequency, root characteristics, evaporation, and transpiration. Multi-dimensional nature of water flow, plant uptake and high frequency of water application increase the complexity in modelling soil moisture dynamics from trickle irrigation. Researchers used analytical methods, semi-analytical methods and numerical methods to Richards’ equation using certain boundary conditions to model the infiltration from point source irrigation for use in design, install, and manage of drip irrigation systems due to their merits over direct measurements. Others developed models based on Green-Ampt equation, empirical models using regression techniques/dimensional analysis techniques/moment approach techniques/artificial neural networks on this topic to describe infiltration from a point/line sources. A review on these models developed under each category is presented in this study. Other knowledge gaps identified include (a) effect of variations in initial moisture content and packing conditions, (b) precision in observing the wetting front and soil–water content, (c) validity of soil surface boundary conditions, (d) effect of crop root architecture and its withdrawal pattern for different input parameters, (e) effects of gravitational gradients, (f) stratification in the soils, and (g) impact of soil hysteresis. The review promotes better understanding of the soil water dynamics under point source trickle emitters and helps to identify topics for more emphasis in future modelling activity.     

套管长度和灌水器流量对涌泉根灌入渗特性的影响

为确定黄土高原苹果涌泉根灌时的适宜应用参数(流量和套管长度),选用PP棉滤芯作为配套套管进行室内土箱试验,探究灌水器流量和套管长度对其入渗特性的影响.试验结果表明:大灌水器流量有利于土壤水分在垂直方向上的运移;流量越大,灌水结束时和土壤水分再分布后,湿润体的体积、湿润体内高含水区域范围以及含水率的最大值也随之增大.套管内积水可增大入渗面和入渗水势梯度,从而使土壤水分的运移速率明显增大.灌水器流量和套管长度的交互作用会直接影响土壤水分在水平和垂直方向上的运移,当灌水器流量为12 L/h、套管长度为40 cm时所形成湿润体的体积最大,湿润体内水分分布更均匀,最有利于土壤水分在水平和垂直方向上运移.     

Emitter discharge variability of subsurface drip irrigation in uniform soils: effect on water-application uniformity

Emitter discharge of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) decreases as a result of the overpressure in the soil water at the discharge orifice. In this paper, the variation in dripper discharge in SDI laterals is studied. First, the emitter coefficient of flow variation CV _q was measured in laboratory experiments with drippers of 2 and 4 L/h that were laid both on the soil and beneath it. Additionally, the soil pressure coefficient of variation CV _hs was measured in buried emitters. Then, the irrigation uniformity was simulated in SDI and surface irrigation laterals under the same operating conditions and uniform soils; sandy and loamy. CV _q was similar for the compensating models of both the surface and subsurface emitters. However, CV _q decreased for the 2-L/h non-compensating model in the loamy soil. This shows a possible self-regulation of non-compensating emitter discharge in SDI, due to the interaction between effects of emitter discharge and soil pressure. This resulted in the irrigation uniformity of SDI non-compensating emitters to be greater than surface drip irrigation. The uniformity with pressure-compensating emitters would be similar in both cases, provided the overpressures in SDI are less than or equal to the compensation range lower limit.     

自压滴灌支管灌水单元设计方法

为了解决山地自压滴灌支管灌水单元水力设计问题,以滴头制造偏差、水力偏差和微地形偏差产生的综合流量偏差率作为灌水均匀度衡量标准,计算出支管灌水单元不同压力区允许水压力偏差和最大水压力,根据不同压力区支管水压力递推关系,确定出支管压力偏差分配系数,将支管单元设计转变为支管设计和毛管设计;支管设计采用两阶段设计法,计算出支管各节点水压力,根据该水压力和不同压力区允许最大水压力,对支管进行压力单元的划分,在不同压力区选择不同类型的滴头,使滴头额定工作压力与地形高差提供的工作压力相匹配．研究结果可直接用于山地支管灌水单元设计,计算可在Excel表格中完成,设计方法简单实用．     

土壤质地对地下滴灌灌水器水力要素的影

为研究不同质地土壤中灌水器水力要素的变化规律及其差异,选取灌水器工作压力、土壤容重和土壤初始含水率为因素,分别在粘土、壤土和砂土中采用混合水平均匀设计安排试验.试验结果表明,不同土壤中的灌水器出流规律一致:即当工作压力不变时,灌水器流量在灌水初期略大,而后减小并趋于恒定,这个变化过程仅1～2min;在相同压力下,地下滴灌灌水器流量比地表滴灌小5%～20%,压力越大,二者越接近;灌水器流量随工作压力的增加而增大;土壤因素对灌水器流量有微弱的制约作用,使流量减小.相同条件下,土壤质地越轻,灌水器流量越大;但随着土壤容重和土壤初始含水率的增加,土壤质地越轻,流量减小程度越大.     

供水压力对微孔陶瓷渗灌土壤水分运移的影响

为探明供水压力对微孔陶瓷灌水器灌水条件下土壤水分运移规律的影响,通过室内土箱模拟试验,研究了3个压力水平下的微孔陶瓷灌水器灌水时的土壤水分入渗特征。研究结果表明,微孔陶瓷灌过程中,供水压力是决定土壤水分初始入渗速率和累计入渗量的关键因素,且供水压力越大,土壤水分初期入渗速率越大,最终累计入渗量也越大;微孔陶瓷渗灌形成的湿润体轮廓为上下不对称的椭球体,湿润锋在各方向上的运移距离与时间呈幂函数关系,其中入渗向上距离水平距离向下距离,供水压力越大,水平最大入渗半径距离灌水器底部距离越远;供水压力对土壤含水分分布影响较大,供水压力越大,灌水器周围含水率越高,高含水率区域越大。在各供水压力水平下,微孔陶瓷渗灌形成的湿润体大小和含水率均能满足作物根系吸水需求。     

地下滴灌灌水器负压吸泥影响因素试验研究

为了探究引起地下滴灌系统灌水器负压吸泥的影响因素,通过对比试验,研究分析了土壤类型、单次灌水量、灌溉次数、灌水器类型、保水剂和灌水间隔等6个因素对灌水器负压吸泥的影响规律。结果表明,1流量可调式灌水器出水孔外部及内部存在负压吸泥并引起堵塞情况。外部出水孔有3个被堵塞的所占比例最多,为26.7%;泥沙分布主要集中在灌水器出水孔的内侧附近,有极少部分泥沙甚至可以越过内凸边缘,进入灌水器内圈。2压力补偿式灌水器抗负压吸泥的能力强于流量可调式灌水器,压力补偿式灌水器外部出水口及内部未发现有泥沙,而流量可调式灌水器外部出水口及内部有泥沙;灌水器在红壤土中比黄沙土中更容易出现负压吸泥情况,灌水器在红壤土中的内部泥沙量是黄沙土中的1.12~1.76倍。3灌溉方式(单次灌水量、灌溉次数、灌水间隔)对灌水器负压吸泥的影响显著。单次灌水量小的灌水器内部泥沙量较多,灌水器单次灌水量为170 m L内部泥沙量是250 m L的1.61~2.94倍;灌溉次数与负压吸泥量成正比,灌溉次数为16次的内部泥沙量是8次的3.48~5.41倍;在同一灌溉次数的条件下,灌水间隔长度与负压吸泥量成正比。4保水剂能够有效阻隔泥沙进入灌水器内部,在添加了保水剂的灌水器中,其内部未出现负压吸泥的现象。     

垂直线源灌土壤湿润体尺寸预测模型研究

基于HYDRUS-2D模型建立了垂直线源灌土壤水分运动数学模型,设置81种情景,模拟获得不同土壤质地、初始含水率以及线源长度、线源直径和埋深条件下的湿润体变化过程。湿润体尺寸主要受土壤质地影响,土壤质地越粗,湿润锋运移越快,线源长度、线源直径和埋深对其影响较小。土壤湿润锋运移过程符合幂函数关系,幂函数指数在水平和垂直向上方向上变化较小,而在垂直向下方向上随饱和导水率(Ks)的增大而增大;幂函数系数随Ks的增大而增大。提出了包含Ks在内的垂直线源灌土壤湿润体尺寸预测模型,试验验证了所建模型的可靠性,MAE和RMSE接近0,PBIAS在-4%~9%之间,NSE不小于0.929,说明预测效果良好。所建模型仅需Ks即可推求,试验设计简单,初步实现了由土壤物理参数预测垂直线源灌土壤湿润锋运移距离的可能。