高油玉米的农业气象条件研究初报

高油玉米的农业气象条件研究初报杨渊华李红宇（内蒙古赤峰市气象局，赤峰０２４００一般称含油率超过６％的玉米为高油玉米。玉米含油率越高越好，现在美国和中国育成的高油玉米杂交种，含油率已达到１０％以上。如按高油玉米６６６．７ｍ２产５００ｋｇ、出油率按６％...     

基于核磁共振的玉米不同籽粒类型单粒质量和含油率分析

针对现有玉米单倍体核磁共振分选系统基于一个含油率阈值,无法对胚败育籽粒和单倍体籽粒正确分选的问题,分别对玉米生物诱导产生的二倍体、单倍体和胚败育3种不同籽粒类型的单粒质量和含油率进行分析,提出了利用籽粒含油率双阈值提高单倍体正确识别率的分选方法。该研究以2个普通玉米杂交种和3个自交系为母本,以高油型诱导系为父本,进行生物诱导产生的3种不同类型籽粒为研究对象,利用核磁共振分选系统分别对不同类型籽粒的单粒质量和含油率进行测定,结果表明：单粒质量整体表现为单倍体>二倍体>胚败育,除二倍体籽粒与胚败育籽粒间存在极显著差异外,其他籽粒类型间差异不显著;不同类型籽粒的单粒质量平均变异系数为16.62%,并且每个材料的3种籽粒类型间出现较大的重叠区域。而不同类型籽粒含油率整体表现为二倍体>单倍体>胚败育,变异性以二倍体最小,平均变异系数仅为12.52%,其次是单倍体,而胚败育籽粒最高（34.14%）,但其含油率最低且均≤2%;每个材料各自的3种类型籽粒间含油率呈现梯度分布,存在较明显的界限。由此可见,利用籽粒含油率能够区分玉米生物诱导的3种不同籽粒类型,而单粒质量则不能;通过设置二倍体籽粒的最小含油率为上限,胚败育籽粒的最大含油率为下限,利用含油率的双阈值可提高单倍体的正确识别率,为玉米生物诱导单倍体高效自动化分选提供依据。     

适于玉米杂交种纯度鉴定的SSR核心引物的确定及纯度鉴定图谱绘制

为了确定一套适于玉米杂交种纯度鉴定的核心SSR引物，利用10个SSR引物对420份已知玉米杂交种进行DNA指纹分析。综合考虑多态性和杂合率两个指标，确定bnlg161和bnlg1450为玉米杂交种纯度鉴定的首选核心引物，利用这两个引物进行筛选，412个品种（占98%）能够找到具有杂合带型的鉴定引物；确定bnlg439、bnlg125、umc2105、umc1705、bnlg1792这5个引物为玉米杂交种纯度鉴定的备选核心引物；phi072、bnlg162和phi065因多态性或杂合率低，不推荐作为玉米纯度鉴定用引物。研究了纯度鉴定用特异引物的选择问题，并确定了部分品种的纯度鉴定用特异引物。基于以上研究结果，进一步筛选玉米杂交种的双亲互补型引物，建立已知玉米杂交种的纯度鉴定DNA指纹图谱。此外，对玉米杂交种纯度鉴定用核心引物及特异引物的选择标准进行了探讨。     

高油玉米杂交种在广西南宁的生态适应性表现

1999－2001年用五个高油玉米杂交种与对照品种桂顶1号进行品比试验。结果表明：所有参试高油玉米杂交种在南宁均具有较好的生态适应性，特别是高油115、高油647，生育期适合，农艺性状好，株型好，果穗性状优良，增产优势明显；F2代籽含油量均较对照品种提高了1倍多。     

油葵籽实含油率积累动态与温度条件的关系

对早熟与中熟两组品种，在４个地区两年含油率积累动态进行观察分析。结果表明，灌浆初期的温度是当年油葵含油率高低的重要制约因素；含油率积累速率前期快，后期较慢，且积累高峰期随地域不同而有差异；含油率的积累与花期积温和气温日较差呈显著正相关     

不同灌溉制度对玉米根系生长及水分利用效率的影响

为了探讨不同灌溉制度对玉米根系生长和水分利用效率的影响及基因型间差异,在大型活动防雨棚和棚外田间条件下,利用一组玉米遗传材料杂交种户单四号、父本803和母本天四进行了研究。结果发现玉米杂交种在根系生长、分布和水分利用效率上表现出显著的杂种优势。在充分灌溉条件下,玉米杂交种在浅层的根长密度大于亲本,但在水分亏缺条件下,玉米杂交种根长密度在整个剖面上都显著大于亲本;同一玉米基因型在不同的灌溉制度下根长密度在土壤剖面的分布也不同,拔节期不灌溉条件下玉米根系在深层土壤中的分布较充分灌溉条件下大,保证了玉米对深层土壤水分的充分吸收,而后期灌水延缓了表层根系生长的衰退,产生明显的补偿效应;拔节期干旱而抽雄期和灌浆期灌水显著提高了3种基因型玉米的水分利用效率。通过合理灌溉优化玉米根系分布特性以提高玉米吸水能力和水分利用效率,是节水栽培上的可行途径。     

不育化玉米杂交种母本雄花不育系防杂保纯繁育技术

不育化玉米杂交种，全称是恢复型玉米雄花不育胞质杂交种，它是由母本雄花不育系及其保持系和父本恢复系组成，因此，又叫三系配套杂交种或三系杂交种。制种田母本不用人工去雄，省时省力，种子纯度高，成本低，产量高。当今世界利用的玉米雄花不育系（简称不育系）主要有3种，即T型、S型和C型。科研和生产实践表明，只有利用不育性稳定和纯度高的不育系作母本，配以纯度高的父本恢复系，才能获得纯度高、产量高的不育化杂交种。因此，搞好雄花不育系的防杂保纯工作非常重要。     

玉米幼苗根系对硫酸盐亲和性配合力的研究

本以来源不同的９个玉米自交系及共按双列杂交组合的３６个杂交种为材料，研究了玉米幼苗根系对硫酸盐亲和性的配合力。结果表明：Ｋｍ以非加性基因效应较重要，Ｋｍ与产量间有密切关系。鉴定出可供玉米育种利用的２个自交系合二和２９２及其有更广泛适应性和高产特性的３个杂交组合；５００５、５０２２、５０３０。     

高油玉米亲本遗传距离与杂种表现的相关性及分子选配的可行性

以BHO、ASK、SYNDO、RYD等4个高油群体20个高油玉米自交系和5个普通玉米(ZeamaysL.)自交系的100个杂交组合为材料,从亲本分子选配角度对玉米亲本遗传距离与杂交种产量性状的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,SSR遗传距离与F1组合的产量之间没有显著相关性,同一群体衍生系的杂交组合也表现类似趋势,表明既使是共同种质背景的高油自交系,SSR遗传距离也不能直接用于预测杂交种产量表现。但亲本分子遗传距离与杂交种在个别产量构成性状上存在一定相关性,表明分子标记有可能在个别性状上为亲本的分子选配提供有价值的参考信息。     

玉米根系剖面分布对水分亏缺的响应

在水分亏缺和正常供水(土壤含水量分别维持在田间持水量的40%～45%和75%～80%)两种水分条件下,采用土柱实验方法,研究了玉米杂交种户单四号(F1)及其父本803(♂)、母本天四(♀)根系剖面分布对水分亏缺的响应.结果表明:水分亏缺除了对父本的总根重无显著影响之外,使杂交种和母本的总根重以及3个品种的总根长和根系总表面积均显著下降.在剖面分布上,水分亏缺显著降低了杂交种和母本在表层土层中的根重和根表面积.使杂交种在表层和中层土层中的根长以及亲本在深层土层中的根长显著下降.可见,玉米杂交种响应中度干旱胁迫的形态学变化是减少上层干土中的根系生长,而增加深层土层中根系的相对生长,即其深层根系分布占总根系的比重较亲本高,这种根系剖面分布的优化导致杂交种较高的生物量积累和水分利用效率.     

茶叶籽贮藏时间对毛油产率与质量的影响

为了揭示茶叶籽贮藏时间对发酵法茶叶籽毛油产率与质量的影响,每2周从贮藏的茶叶籽中取样,利用茶叶籽油发酵法生产工艺进行茶叶籽毛油生产,并对工艺中各项剩余物的含油量及毛油的重要质量指标进行了测定,结果如下。室温条件下,茶叶籽贮藏47周后,毛油产率下降了23.5%、酸值及过氧化值分别升高了44.88%及69.4%,毛油色泽基本没有变化。滤渣、发酵沉淀的质量分别升高了20.27%及23.35%;淀粉、油渣质量分别降低了6.13%及3.64%。滤渣、发酵沉淀、淀粉及油渣含油率分别升高了15.63%、22.77%、206%及12.88%。发酵沉淀质量对毛油产率的影响是正向的,淀粉、油渣及滤渣质量对毛油产率的影响是负向的;发酵沉淀及滤渣含油率对毛油产率的影响是正向的,淀粉及油渣含油量对毛油产率的影响是负向的,影响大小的排序为:油渣淀粉滤渣发酵沉淀。综合分析表明,滤渣是通过滤渣质量的增加导致毛油产率随贮藏时间下降的,其下降作用的贡献占全部下降因素的79.28%。贮藏47周后的茶叶籽仁,利用发酵法生产工艺仍然具有毛油生产价值。该研究可为茶叶籽油合理生产提供理论支撑。     

原油在扰动土壤中入渗的实验研究

随着国家发展对能源的迫切需求,石油作为我国能源的主要构成之一,其开采和冶炼也在不断地增加。然而由于某些相关管理环节的不完善引发的污染事故日趋增多,其中原油的土壤污染问题尤为严重。为研究原油在土壤中的入渗过程,通过室内土柱模拟实验,测定了原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离、湿润推进速率与时间的关系以及被原油污染的土壤中残留物的含量。结果表明:对于同一质地土壤,随着容重的增加,原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离、湿润推进速率和残留物的含量均降低;容重相同而质地不同的土壤,随着粉粒含量的增加,原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离、湿润推进速率和残留物的含量均表现为降低趋势;原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离随时间的变化可以用对数函数拟合,湿润推进速率与时间的关系可以用幂函数拟合,均达到显著水平。研究原油在土壤中的入渗对于了解原油在土壤中的迁移有着重要的意义。     

Variability in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) germplasm and hybrids for fatty acid profile of oil

Coconut oil, the main product of coconut fruit, is the richest source of glycerol and lauric acid and hence is called lauric oil. This paper reports the fatty acid profile of oil from 60 Talls, 14 Dwarfs, and 34 hybrids. These include collections from 13 countries covering a large coconut-growing area of the world, apart from the indigenous ones. Capillary gas chromatography analysis of oil indicated a wider variation for the fatty acid profile than earlier reported. Apart from this, for the first time other fatty acids such as behenic and lignoceric acids were detected. Oil from cultivars and hybrids of coconut has significantly differed, particularly for commercially important fatty acids such as lauric acid and unsaturated fatty acids. However, coconut oil seems to have a conserved fatty acid profile, mainly because of low unsaturated fatty acids, indicating the possibility of grouping cultivars on the basis of their fatty acid profiles. The cluster analysis based on fatty acid profile indicated grouping together of geographically and typically closely related cultivars. Cultivars with high concentrations of specific fatty acids can be of potential use for industrial exploitation, whereas those with high concentrations of short- and medium-chain fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids are more suitable for human consumption. Cultivars and hybrids with high and low values for each of the fatty acids are also identified.     

基于薄膜干燥-真空抽滤技术的核桃油体提取及破乳研究

为降低实际生产中油体破乳的成本,实现油体的绿色、高值化综合利用,该研究通过低速离心（2 862 g,15 min）将去衣核桃仁水提物分离成油体富集物、清液和沉淀组分,其中,油体富集物通过薄膜干燥和真空抽滤破乳制备核桃油和富含磷脂和膜蛋白的高值附加产品。在此过程中,系统考察了脂质和蛋白质在3个离心组分中的分布和性质,并研究了油体富集物在薄膜干燥过程中的破乳机制。结果表明：去衣核桃仁中的脂质主要分布在油体富集物（占核桃仁脂质总量的85.69%）中,而蛋白质主要分布在清液（占核桃仁蛋白质总量的23.58%,主要是清蛋白和球蛋白）和沉淀（占核桃仁蛋白质总量的65.04%,主要是谷蛋白）中。油体富集物在薄膜干燥的过程中表现出向变稠-变软-液态的形态转变,液态物料通过真空抽滤分离为游离油（占核桃仁脂质总量的81.78%）和磷脂-膜蛋白富集物。磷脂-膜蛋白富集物主要成分质量分数分别为：中性脂占67.23%、蛋白质占19.41%（其中,膜蛋白占蛋白成分的50%以上）、磷脂占6.61%和其他成分（如鞘氨醇）占6.75%。激光共聚焦显微镜和电导率分析表明,在薄膜干燥过程中,油体会随着水分的蒸发逐渐聚合为更...     

Alleviation of soil acidity improves the performance of oil palm progenies planted on an acid Ultisol

Abstract

Soil acidity is one of the main factors that limit profitable and sustained agricultural production. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is mainly planted in acidic soils. In the last years, there has been a stagnated yield and increases in disease incidence and severity worldwide that could be attributed in some extent to soil acidity. This study was conducted to determine the effects of soil acidity alleviation on oil palm seedlings. The effects of ground magnesium limestone or dolomite and magnesium carbonate (0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3 and 4.4 t ha^?1) applied to an Ultisol dominated by kaolinite (pH in water 4.4) were evaluated on selected morphological, physiological and nutritional characteristics of hybrid (Deli dura × AVROS pisifera) and clonal (clone 366) oil palm progenies under nursery conditions for 8 months. Increasing rates of ground magnesium limestone and magnesium carbonate showed a significant effect on improving soil pH and lowering exchangeable aluminium. The hybrid oil palm showed significant either linear or quadratic trends for most of the parameters evaluated, indicating that the best responses for morphological and physiological traits were achieved from 2.5 to 4.23 t ha^?1 with ground magnesium limestone and 2.87 to 3.45 t ha^?1 with magnesium carbonate. Positive effects of increasing rates of ground magnesium limestone and magnesium carbonate were observed on nitrogen and magnesium uptake. Aluminium concentration in the third frond decreased significantly with increasing ground magnesium limestone rate. A significant reduction of manganese uptake was also observed with increasing rates of both ameliorants. The clonal oil palm progeny exhibited a better performance on un-amended treatment. This may be explained by the significant higher root growth of this progeny. Soil acidity alleviation improved the oil palm seedling growth. These results are important for the oil palm industry and could be applied in the nursery stage as well as extended to the immature stage.     

Cultivars of canola respond similarly to applied nitrogen in n-deficient soils of south Western Australia

Six cultivars of canola (Brassica napus L.) were grown with six levels of applied nitrogen (N) fertilizer (urea 46% N) at six locations in south Western Australia (SWA) during 2010 and 2011. The aim of the experiment was to determine if the seed yield (SY) increase (response) of the canola and associated herbicide technologies were different to applied N. Open pollinated (OP) and hybrid cultivars of associated herbicide technologies (Triazine Tolerant, TT; Roundup Ready, RR; Clearfield, CL) were used. Varieties had large SY differences with no N applied. Generally, RR hybrid of 2011 tended to have the highest SY, except for Katanning 2011 where several varieties obtained the same SY. The average amount of N required for 90% of the maximum SY was 113 kg N ha^?1 and economic breakeven N rates were less than or equal to 100 kg applied N ha^?1. The average rate of return on investment in fertilizer N was $1.60.

In four out of six experiments RR hybrids had the highest oil concentration with no applied N. N decreased the oil concentration in all canola types, except at Gibson 2010. At Gibson in 2010, N application increased the oil concentration to about 100 kg N ha^?1 with further additions of N decreasing the oil concentration. There was a linear relationship where N application decreased the oil concentration and increased protein concentration of the seed. In this study, the summation of oil percentage and protein concentration in the seed was on average 65%, with RR hybrids producing 67%.

In most aspects, RR hybrids outperformed RR, OP and other canola types; however, hybrid TT and hybrid CL canola did not consistently outperform their OP counterpart. We suggest that current N fertilizer recommendation models are useful for all canola types currently grown in SWA; however, adjustments should be made to take into account the higher SY and oil concentration potential of RR hybrids compared to TT canola at every rate of applied N.     

菜籽油碱催化法制备生物柴油的工艺参数

以碱催化剂为媒介的转酯化反应制备生物柴油方法因其转化率高而倍受重视。该文以菜籽油为原料,在小型试验装置上,采用均相碱催化法,研究了菜籽油在碱性催化剂NaOH的作用下与甲醇经酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺条件。考察了醇油摩尔比（4︰1～8︰1）、催化剂用量（0.5%～2%）、反应温度（30～60℃）和反应时间（30～150 min）等工艺参数对酯交换反应的影响,对生物柴油的组成成分进行了气相色谱/质谱联用(GC-MS)分析。结果表明,在醇油摩尔比6︰1,催化剂用量为油质量的1%,反应温度为50～60℃,反应时间为60 min时,酯交换反应转化率最高可达到96.7%。该生物柴油主要由油酸甲酯、芥子酸甲酯、9,12-十八碳二烯酸甲酯、11-二十碳烯酸甲酯、亚麻酸甲酯等脂肪酸甲酯组成,其中油酸甲酯含量最高,相对质量分数高达50.30%。     

油脂预乳化提高大豆拉丝蛋白素食香肠品质

为了提高大豆拉丝蛋白(Textured Fibril Soy Protein,TFSP)素食香肠的品质,该研究将油脂预乳化工艺应用于TFSP素食香肠的加工,利用响应面试验设计优化了预乳化工艺条件,采用质构分析仪测定分析了产品的质构特性,并进行了感官评价。结果表明优化后的最佳预乳化工艺条件为菜籽油含量445g/L、大豆分离蛋白浓度105g/L、乳化机剪切速率9.0×103r/min。与对照组相比,此条件下制作的预乳化-TFSP素食香肠的凝胶强度、硬度和咀嚼性分别提高了约1倍、10%和26%,且产品口感鲜嫩、富有汁液感,感官评价得分显著提高。采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察分析了不同工艺制作的TFSP素食香肠在煮制前后微观结构的变化,结果发现油脂预乳化工艺可大大提高乳化油脂的稳定性和在香肠凝胶基质中的均匀分布,从而使乳化油脂的‘填充作用’得以发挥,不仅增强了TFSP素食香肠的保水保油能力,降低了蒸煮损失率,而且对香肠的质构和感官特性产生了重要影响。因此油脂预乳化工艺是一种辅助提高素食香肠整体品质行之有效的方法。