低温弱光对茄子幼苗某些生理指标的影响

研究了茄子幼苗在低温弱光（10℃/5℃ 昼/夜,光强60和120μmol/）胁迫和恢复各7d后的部分生理指标的变化。结果表明,低温弱光胁迫后茄子幼苗的净光合速率（Pn）,气孔导度(Gs)和叶绿素(Chl.)含量显著降低;光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、光饱和时的Pn、表观量子效率(AQY)降低;CO2补偿点（CCP）升高,CO2饱和点（CSP）、CO2饱和时的Pn、光合能力（A350）、CO2羧化效率（CE）降低;POD和CAT活性明显下降;Pro.和MDA含量有不同程度的升高;均以低温下较强光照时（120μmol/）的变化幅度较大;恢复7d后除MDA含量基本恢复到对照水平外,其它各项指标仍然不能恢复到对照水平。试验条件已使茄子幼苗发生了膜脂过氧化作用,并对茄子幼苗叶片光合机构的结构和活性造成了不可恢复性的伤害。     

低温后不同光强对烤烟幼苗叶片活性氧代谢和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为揭示低温和光强对我国北方烤烟幼苗移栽期生长的影响,采用室内盆栽方法,模拟研究我国北方早春低温(8±2)℃和光强(模拟弱光:200μmol/(m~2·s);模拟强光:1 000μmol/(m2·s))不同组合,对移栽期烤烟幼苗叶片活性氧代谢和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:低温胁迫1,2 h后弱光处理下烤烟幼苗叶片的O_2~速率没有明显变化,但低温后强光处理下O_2~产生速率明显增加,低温后不同光强下烤烟幼苗叶片的H_2O_2含量均明显增加,并且低温胁迫1,2 h后强光处理下O_2~产生速率和H2O2含量增加幅度均明显大于弱光处理。低温胁迫1,2 h后200μmol/(m~2·s)光强处理下以及低温胁迫1 h后强光处理下烤烟幼苗叶片的SOD和APX活性明显增加,但低温胁迫2 h后强光处理下SOD和APX活性却有所降低,即(8±2)℃低温胁迫2 h后强光处理抑制了烤烟幼苗叶片抗氧化酶的活性。不同处理下烤烟幼苗叶片活性氧的变化导致了叶片MDA大量积累,膜质过氧化程度的增加,同样MDA含量的变化幅度也表现为强光处理大于弱光处理,低温处理2 h大于低温处理1 h。低温1,2 h后弱光下烤烟幼苗叶片的Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo没有发生明显变化,但低温后强光下Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo却明显降低,同样低温2 h处理的降低幅度均大于低温1 h处理。     

耐性不同辣椒幼苗光合和PSⅡ光化学效率对低温弱光的响应

模拟节能日光温室低温弱光逆境,研究了耐性不同辣椒幼苗光合作用和光化学效率对低温弱光的响应.结果表明,在15℃/5℃(昼/夜)、100μmol/(m2·s)PFD条件下处理1～7天后.耐低温弱光的佳木斯辣椒叶片的羧化效率(CE)、气孔导度(Gs)、光合能力及RuBP再生速率的降低幅度均显著地低于冷敏感的陇椒6号.处理1～7天后,佳木斯叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率Fv/Fm、实际光化学效率φPSⅡ和光化学猝灭系数qP均无显著变化,处理3天后,陇椒6号叶片的Fv/Fm、φPSⅡ和qP降低,且随处理时间延长,降低幅度加大.陇椒6号的气孔对低温弱光非常敏感,胁迫1天后,最大气孔导度即降低了66.41%,净光合即检测不出,而佳木斯的只降低了15.02%,处理的前5天能检测到净光合速率.低温弱光处理后,两品种辣椒幼苗叶片的光合色素含量均降低,佳木斯叶片的Chla/Chlb不变,Car/ChlT下降;陇椒6号的Chla/和Car/ChlT增大.在低温弱光胁迫下,佳木斯叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性显著高于陇椒6号.处理前期,佳木斯的SOD、APX、GR活性同步提高,陇椒6号的GR活性不能与SOD、APX同步升高.     

不同耐性烟草品种苗期叶片光合特性对低温胁迫的响应

对不同耐性烟草苗期叶片的光合特性在低温胁迫及其随后常温恢复生长条件下的变化进行了详细研究。结果表明,4℃~6℃的低温胁迫几乎完全抑制较耐冷烟草品种K326和敏感品种云烟97幼苗的生长,但在恢复至常温条件时K326的生长速度显著高于云烟97。低温胁迫降低烟草幼苗叶片的光合作用,而且胁迫时间越长,抑制效应越明显,处理6d后叶片气体交换参数净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs) 、胞间CO2浓度(Ci) 、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔限制值(Ls)以及叶绿素荧光参数最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PS II量子产量或光能捕获的效率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、表观电子传导率(ETR)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)均与处理前的差异达到了显著水平。恢复至常温生长条件时,幼苗叶片光合作用迅速得以增强,K326提高的幅度比云烟97大;虽然恢复至第9d时这两个品种的光合作用还没有回复到处理前的水平,但较耐冷品种K326的光合作用参数与处理前的差异较小,而低温敏感品种云烟97与处理前仍存在显著性差异。     

模拟移栽期低温高光胁迫对烤烟幼苗叶片光合机构PSⅡ功能的影响

为探明我国北方烟草移栽期温度和光强等限制因素对烟草光合作用的影响,利用快相叶绿素荧光动力学技术研究了低温((8±2)℃)处理2 h后弱光(200μmol/(m2·s))和强光(1 000μmol/(m2·s))处理对烤烟幼苗叶片光化学活性、PSⅡ电子传递以及类囊体膜的聚合状态等方面的影响。结果表明:低温后弱光处理没有明显改变烤烟幼苗叶片的OJIP曲线形态,但低温后强光处理下烤烟幼苗叶片的OJIP曲线形态发生了明显的改变,低温后强光处理下烤烟幼苗叶片的Fv/Fm和PIABS均明显降低,即叶片PSⅡ光化学活性降低,而低温后弱光处理则没有明显降低烤烟幼苗叶片的PSⅡ光化学活性,说明低温后强光是引起烤烟幼苗叶片光抑制的重要原因。低温后弱光处理没有改变烤烟幼苗叶片的VJ、Mo和Sm,但低温后强光处理下烤烟幼苗叶片的VJ和Mo明显增加,而Sm没有发生明显变化,说明低温后弱光处理并没有抑制烤烟幼苗叶片PSⅡ受体侧的电子传递能力,但低温后强光处理下烤烟幼苗PSⅡ受体侧电子由QA向QB传递能力明显降低,并且这直接与低温强光引起QB接受电子能力的降低有关,而不是PQ库容量降低间接效应造成的。低温后弱光和强光处理均没有明显改变烤烟幼苗叶片的VL和VK,即(8±2)℃的低温处理2 h后弱光和强光处理均没有使烤烟幼苗叶片的OEC活性降低,也没有造成叶绿体类囊体的解离。强光是加剧低温胁迫后烤烟幼苗叶片光抑制的重要诱因,北方春季烤烟移栽期可以考虑阴天移栽或移栽后中午适度遮阴,避免强光伤害。     

菜用大豆耐低温弱光鉴定方法和评价指标的研究

为建立一套有效、可靠的菜用大豆耐低温弱光鉴定方法和评价指标,选择12个熟性不同的春播型菜用大豆品种材料,通过对其在低温弱光胁迫下种子发芽快慢、幼苗存活率及相关生理生化指标等的检测分析,鉴定各品种材料对低温弱光逆境胁迫反应的差异。结果表明,在弱光低温组合60~80 μmol/(m2?s)、12℃的逆境胁迫下,12个菜用大豆品种材料的出苗快慢、幼苗存活率及叶片中SOD、POD及CAT活性等存在差异,相关分析表明保护性酶活性与光温组合呈极显著正相关。     

低温胁迫对油棕幼苗光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

在30 μmol/(m2.s)的弱光条件下,以25℃、10℃、7℃、4℃、1℃各处理油棕幼苗3天,测定了油棕幼苗叶片光合参数及叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明：温度由 25℃降至4℃,净光合速率（Pn）显著下降的同时,气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）也显著下降,但气孔限制值(Ls)和水分利用效率(WUE)却显著增加,说明光合作用的下降主要由气孔因素引起;之后随温度下降至1 ℃,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔限制值均出现显著下降,但胞间CO2浓度却显著上升,说明光合作用的下降主要由非气孔因素引起。叶绿素荧光参数显示,随温度下降,初始荧光(Fo)不断上升,PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数（qN）不断下降,其中以4 ℃以下的低温胁迫,这些参数的变化最为显著。表明严重低温对油棕幼苗产生了显著的光抑制,过剩的激发能不能通过热耗散途径散失,大量积累于PSⅡ反应中心,使光合机构遭受了较大程度的破坏,最终导致油棕幼苗光合能力的急剧降低。     

低温胁迫对高粱幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

[目的]探索低温逆境胁迫对高粱苗期幼株叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以期揭示高粱耐冷生理机制以及为耐低温高粱品种的选育提供科学依据。[方法]以晋杂12号和晋中405为试验材料,盆栽试验采用随机区组设计,设置2,4,6,8,10d低温胁迫处理,自然生长为对照(ck)。[结果]随着低温处理时间的延长,高粱幼株叶片潜在光化学效率(Fv/F0)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)整体上均呈下降趋势,而初始荧光(F0)显著上升,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)则先上升后下降,参试高粱幼苗10d低温胁迫处理的Fv/Fm比对照最大降幅23.70%,10d低温胁迫的qP比对照下降最多为50.31%。[结论]低温胁迫处理对高粱苗期幼株叶片的叶绿素荧光特性具有减弱效应的影响,且随着低温处理时间的延长,高粱幼苗的叶绿素荧光特性削弱。     

耐性不同辣椒幼苗光合和PSII光化学效率对低温弱光的响应

模拟节能日光温室低温弱光逆境,研究了耐性不同辣椒幼苗光合作用和光化学效率对低温弱光的响应。结果表明,在15℃/5℃(昼/夜)、100μmol•m-2•s-1 PFD条件下处理1~7d后,耐低温弱光的佳木斯辣椒叶片的羧化效率（CE）、气孔导度（Gs）、光合能力及RuBP再生速率的降低幅度均显著地低于冷敏感的陇椒6号。处理1~7d后,佳木斯叶片的PSII最大光化学效率Fv/Fm、实际光化学效率ΦPSⅡ和光化学猝灭系数qP均无显著变化,处理3d后,陇椒6号叶片的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和qP降低,且随处理时间延长,降低幅度加大。陇椒6号的气孔对低温弱光非常敏感,胁迫1d后,最大气孔导度即降低了66.41%,净光合即检测不出,而佳木斯的只降低了15.02%,处理的前5d能检测到净光合速率。低温弱光处理后,两品种辣椒幼苗叶片的光合色素含量均降低,佳木斯叶片的Chla/Chlb不变,Car/ChlT下降;陇椒6号的Chla/Chlb和Car/ChlT增大。在低温弱光胁迫下,佳木斯叶片的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性显著高于陇椒6号。处理前期,佳木斯的SOD、APX、GR活性同步提高,陇椒6号的GR活性不能与SOD、APX同步升高。     

弱光下不同贮藏温度对黄瓜穴盘秧苗质量的影响

以中农16号黄瓜为试材,在弱光光照强度为30 μmol/(m2·s)条件下,研究不同贮藏温度对黄瓜秧苗主要形态及生理指标的影响,温度设定分别为15℃/12℃(昼/夜,下同)、12℃/9℃,光周期为13 h/11 h,处理时间为19 d.另外以温室条件(25℃/15℃)作为对照用以评判低温下贮藏秧苗的质量,温室平均温度为...     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.