苎麻属植物资源的搜集、保存与开发利用

1995年以来,我所在我国长江流域及以南14个省(市)、自治区搜集到荨麻科植物资源222份,其中苎麻属130份,分属19个种7个变种.根据形态特征,将已搜集到的苎麻属植物划分为腋球苎麻组、帚序苎麻组、苎麻组、序叶苎麻组和大叶苎麻组五个组.苎麻属植物的种群分布与海拔高度有关,按其生态特点可分为湿生性、湿中性、半阴湿性和旱生性四大生态类型.来自于不同地域、不同气候和生态环境的苎麻属植物,异地保存时有的不易成活,建圃保存时要从水分、光照、温度上创造有利条件,满足其生长发育需要.     

中国苎麻属植物性别表现及其演化

苎麻属植物为单性花,已往文献将其性别分为雌雄同株、雌雄异株、雌雄同株或雌雄异株、雌雄同株或全雌株四类.而据我们对活体保存的苎麻属五个分类学组的16种7变种的系统调查,仅观察到雌雄同株、全雌或雌雄同株两类,未见其它的两种性别类型的物种.帚序苎麻组、腋球苎麻组、序叶苎麻组为雌雄同株物种,大叶苎麻组性别表现为雌雄同株、雌雄同株或全雌.苎麻属某些种内居群间、居群内性别分化表现亦存在较大差别,这可能与苎麻属中同时存在无融种综和多倍种综的复杂种群结构有关.苎麻属植物性别演化趋势是由雌雄同株向雌雄异株或全雌株演化.     

中国苎麻属植物性别表现及其演化

苎麻属植物为单性花，已往文献将其性别分为雌雄同株、雌雄异株、雌雄同株或雌雄异株、雌雄同株或全雌株四类：而据我们对活体保存的苎麻属五个分类学组的16种7变种的系统调查，仅观察到雌雄同株、全雌或雌雄同株两类，未见其它的两种性别类型的物种。帚序苎麻组、腋球苎麻组、序叶苎麻组为雌雄同株物种，大叶苎麻组性别表现为雌雄同株、雌雄同株或全雌。苎麻属某些种内居群间、居群内性别分化表现亦存在较大差别，这可能与苎麻属中同时存在无融种综和多倍种综的复杂种群结构有关。苎麻属植物性别演化趋势是由雌雄同株向雌雄异株或全雌株演化。     

中国苎麻属植物野生种考察报告

１９８４—１９９４年对苎麻属植物主要分布区广西、云南等１０省（区）的部分山区进行苎麻属植物野生种考察，共收集到苎麻属１７种７变种１５７份材料，其中活体保存于本所搜集圃有１６种７变种１２３份。考察发现广西新记录种５种，云南新记录种１种，湖南新记录种２种；首次发现茎花苎麻与滇黔苎麻、茎花苎麻和水苎麻的中间类型材料。收集到一批种内新变型材料，从而充实了苎麻属植物的特征特性。对种群的生长习性、繁衍生殖特点及利用价值进行了初步分析和分类。     

中国苎麻属植物野生种考察报告

１９８４－１９９４年对苎麻属植物主要分布了广西、云南等１０省（区）的部分山区进行苎麻属植物野生种考察，共收集到苎麻属１７种７变种１５７份材料，其中活体保存于本所搜集圃有１６种７变种１２３份。考察发现广西新记录种５种，云南新记录种１种，湖南新记录种２种；首次发现茎花苎麻与滇黔苎订、茎共麻和水苎麻的中间类型材料，收集到一批种内新变型材料，从而充实了苎麻属植物的特征特性。对咱群的生长习性、繁衍生死特点及     

基于苎麻属野生近缘种形态变异类型的系统关系研究

本文从变异性分析、相关分析和构建系统聚类树方面系统地研究了苎麻属野生近缘种5组26种(变种)的基本形态生物学特征。结果表明:1)苎麻、大叶苎麻、序叶苎麻、细野麻这4个野生种形态的丰富变化主要集中在叶色、叶脉色、托叶色、叶缘锯齿这几种表型。2)苎麻属各野生种表型之间叶形与叶基特性的关系非常紧密,其余的形态表型之间没有发现显著的相关。3)苎麻组组内演化关系为微绿苎麻→青叶苎麻→苎麻、贴毛苎麻。苎麻和贴毛苎麻都起源于青叶苎麻。4)苎麻属野生种种间的系统聚类树显示,处在最低位置的苎麻属组群是帚序苎麻组和腋球苎麻组,序叶苎麻组位于中间位置,苎麻组和大叶苎麻组则是位于最高位置的苎麻属组群,苎麻组和大叶苎麻组的亲缘关系更加紧密。该研究结果对进一步研究苎麻属野生近缘种分类及系统演化提供了基础。     

鄂西山区12份苎麻属野生种抗逆性研究初报

以鄂西山区收集的12份苎麻属野生种质资源为材料,应用电导法研究了野生材料在高温和低温条件下细胞膜透性的变化,并对这些材料进行了抗炭疽病鉴定。结果表明:在高温处理时所测定的苎麻属野生种的相对电解质渗出率变化范围较大,其中HR-03-03(栽培种野生类型)的耐高温能力最强;低温处理时,不同材料的相对电解质渗出率也存在较大差异,其中HR-01-02、HR-01-04(序叶苎麻)等两份材料耐低温能力较强;不同材料对苎麻炭疽病的抗性差异显著,序叶苎麻和艾麻发病时间晚,病情指数相对较低,其中HR-01-03和HR-01-04的病情指数最低,而两个栽培种野生类型为苎麻炭疽病的高感材料。     

苎麻属三组五种核型研究

本文研究苎麻属(Boehmeria)三个分类学组中五个种的核型,其中二组四种为首次报道。序叶苎麻(B.clidemi0ides)的核型为:2n=28=6t 22T 1B;苎麻(B.nivea)的核型为:2n=28=4st 2t 20T 2st(SAT);大叶苎麻(B.longispica)的核型为:2n=42=6t 36T;悬铃木叶苎麻(B.platanifolia)的核型为:2n=42=8t 32T 2st(SAT);长叶苎麻(B.macrophylla)的核型为:2n=42=1m 8t 33T。通过核型比较,讨论苎麻属植物的染色体基数及进化趋势,首次提出苎麻属的染色体基数可能是7。同时指出,苎麻属的某些种类可能具性染色体。     

鄂西山区12份苎麻属野生种抗逆性研究初报

以鄂西山区收集的12份苎麻属野生种质资源为材料,应用电导法研究了野生材料在高温和低温条件下细胞膜透性的变化.并对这些材料进行了抗炭疽病鉴定.结果表明:在高温处理时所测定的苎麻属野生种的相对电解质渗出率变化范围较大,其中HR-03-03(栽培种野生类型)的耐高温能力最强;低温处理时,不同材料的相对电解质渗出率也存在较大差异,其中HR-01-02、HR-01-04(序叶苎麻)等两份材料耐低温能力较强;不同材料对苎麻炭疽病的抗性差异显著,序叶苎麻和艾麻发病时间晚,病情指数相对较低,其中HR-01-03和HR-01-04的病情指数最低,而两个栽培种野生类型为苎麻炭疽病的高感材料.     

中国苎麻属野生种资源多样性保护现状与对策

苎麻属野生种资源是中国苎麻资源的重要组成部分,遗传多样性十分丰富,具有当前推广品种所缺少或没有的优质基因,是研究和改良苎麻物种不可缺少的物种基础.由于各种原因———其中主要是人为原因,野生苎麻正面临严重的衰退、丢失、甚至灭绝.本文介绍了苎麻属野生种的搜集、保存和分布情况.对野生苎麻种质资源保护提出了浅见.     

苎麻属分类学问题的探讨

《中国麻类作物栽培学》等著作和一些论文中有关国产苎麻属植物分类存在一些分歧，本文分析了分歧产生的原因，并对《中国麻类作物栽培学》中苎麻属分类学问题进行了探讨。     

茶树及其他山茶属植物花粉形态、超微结构及演化

用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对26份茶组植物及4份其他山东属植物包括红茶组、油茶组共计30份材料进行了花粉形态及其中6份材料的花粉外壁超微结构的观察。结果表明,其他山茶属植物所具有的花粉粒大、隐沟型萌发孔、外壁表面纹饰光滑、穴大、脊平和外壁内层厚度大等特征均比茶组植物原始,其中红山茶、白毛红山茶和落瓣油茶的表面纹饰与较原始的茶组植物广南茶、圆基茶、老黑菜及属大理茶中的巴达大茶树极为相似,均属穴网状纹饰,因此,茶组植物与其他山茶属植物具有一定的亲缘关系。文中还对苦茶的演化位置、较原始的条组植物花粉表面纹饰的类型进行了讨论。     

中国云南茶树新种和新变种

本文报道了近年来在云南省发现的17个茶树新种和1个新变种,即:大苞茶、广南茶、疏齿茶、马关茶、哈尼茶、圆基茶、多瓣茶、老黑茶、勐腊茶、拟细萼茶、德宏茶、假秃房茶、多萼茶、多脉茶、紫果茶、元江茶、高树茶和苦茶。     

野生稻酯酶等电聚焦电泳分析

 对16个野生稻种(基因组分别为AA、BB、CC、CCDD、BBCC、EE和FF)的酯酶等电聚焦电泳分析表明:普通野生稻组的普通野生稻系和宽叶野生稻系、狭叶野生稻组的酯酶酶谱各有其特定模式,这和传统的稻属分类结果相一致。同种野生稻不同地理分布地收集的样品酯酶酶谱模式基本相同,但有些物种有差异。酯酶酶谱可以作为野生稻分类的依据之一,又能揭示同一野生稻种内细微遗传差异。     

苎麻属野生种光温特性研究初报

对苎麻属野生种17个种进行了不同光照长度、不同播种期的试验研究.结果表明,不同的野生苎麻种对光照长短的敏感性有所不同,长光照和短光照均对野生苎麻的现蕾开花有较大的影响,在不同光长条件下,由于野生苎麻种不同表现出不同的光反应类型.温度对生长发育有一定影响,随着播种期推迟,现蕾、开花所需的积温减少.     

Solanum neovavilovii: A new wild potato species from Bolivia

Regions such as Mexico, where important sources of resistance to late blight of potato have been found, have also been widely explored for wild potatoes. In contrast, Bolivia has received little attention. Although more than 50 names have been published for wild species from Bolivia, a great majority of these only constitute synonyms. Nevertheless, our exploratory work shows that finding new species is still possible in the isolated and remote localities of this country as demonstrated by the present new species,Solarium neovavilovii (Sect. Petota), dedicated to the great Russian scientist Nicolai I. Vavilov. Solatium neovavilovii is a diploid species (2n = 2x = 24 chromosomes) and belongs to the Conicibaccata series. Its preferred habitat is in thickets of “Ceja de Selva,” an ecological formation which is humid, cold, and frequently foggy, typical of the eastern region of the Andes. Its type locality has an altitude of 3000 m. This species is closely related toSolanum limbaniense Ochoa from south east Perú.     

Evaluation of micropropagation for the introduction into cultivation and conservation of Lippia junelliana, an endemic aromatic plant from Argentina

The aims of this work were to introduce Lippia junelliana into cultivation, to compare the essential oil accumulation between cultivated and wild plants, and to reintroduce micropropagated plants in the location of the original population. The leaves and inflorescences of cultivated plants accumulated, on a dry weight basis, higher amounts of essential oil than their wild counterparts. Thus, total essential oil accumulation of cultivated plant parts was also significantly higher than that of wild counterparts. The cultivated plants showed the same essential oil profile than the wild plants. This work demonstrates that cultivation can be a more efficient vehicle to both preserve and exploit L. junelliana, than collection from the wild, because higher yields of biomass and oil accumulation can be achieved, while essential oil composition is less affected by the different treatments. The reintroduction of new plants into the species’ original location has proved to be a viable alternative for their in situ preservation or enrichment planting. This model of introduction of aromatic plants into cultivation through micropropagation could be a useful technique to recover valuable chemotypes from the wild in the search for new alternatives in the agriculture and for the preservation of natural resources for future generations.     

Evaluation of Genetic Variation Among Wild Populations and Local Varieties of Rice

Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is derived from Asian wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff). Vietnamese local varieties and wild natural populations in Vietnam and Myanmar were examined to evaluate the levels of genetic variation in cultivated and wild rice. In total, 222 Vietnamese local varieties were analyzed with ten microsatellite markers. Using marker genotype and gene diversity data, the local varieties were differentiated based on geographical distribution, cropping season, and human preference. A total of 976 wild plants were collected at six natural sites of wild populations (three each in Myanmar and Vietnam), and the degrees of variation among populations were analyzed with five microsatellite markers. Phylogenetic analyses revealed wide genetic differentiation among wild populations. The diversity values detected in a single wild population in Vietnam were higher than those in whole Vietnamese local varieties. These results indicate that wild rice has much greater genetic variation than cultivated rice.