种植行距对两种穗型小麦品种籽粒糖代谢及灌浆特性的影响

为给不同穗型小麦品种选择适宜种植行距提供参考依据,以多穗型品种豫麦49和大穗型品种兰考矮早8为材料,在大田高产栽培条件下,研究了行距对两种穗型小麦品种花后籽粒蔗糖代谢和籽粒灌浆的影响。结果表明,两品种在灌浆期间籽粒可溶性糖含量、蔗糖含量和蔗糖合成酶活性均呈下降趋势,淀粉含量则快速上升。在灌浆前期兰考矮早8的可溶性糖含量和蔗糖含量以窄行距（15和10 cm）处理较高,而灌浆后期则以宽行距（20和25 cm）处理较高;豫麦49在整个灌浆期可溶性糖含量和蔗糖含量均表现为宽行距处理高于窄行距处理。籽粒淀粉含量两品种均呈现“S”形变化动态。兰考矮早8籽粒淀粉含量为窄行距处理高于宽行距处理,豫麦49则相反。行距对灌浆特征参数的影响因品种而异,兰考矮早8籽粒灌浆持续期、有效灌浆持续期和最大粒重以15 cm最大,豫麦49平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率和有效灌浆持续期的灌浆速率以及最大粒重则以20 cm最高。综合来看,兰考矮早8适宜行距为15 cm,而豫麦49为20 cm。     

种植密度对两种穗型冬小麦品种籽粒糖含量和淀粉积累的影响

为探明不同种植密度对两种穗型冬小麦品种籽粒糖含量和淀粉积累的影响,于2004~2005年在大田试验条件下,分析了不同种植密度下多穗型品种豫麦49-198系和大穗型品种兰考矮早八灌浆期间籽粒蔗糖、可溶性糖含量和淀粉积累量的变化。结果表明,随着灌浆进程的推进,两种穗型冬小麦品种籽粒中蔗糖和可溶性糖含量均呈下降趋势,而淀粉含量则持续上升。不同种植密度对小麦品种籽粒糖含量变化和淀粉积累的影响存在差异:多穗型品种豫麦49-198系和大穗型品种兰考矮早八分别以225×104株/hm2和375×104株/hm2种植密度有利于蔗糖和可溶性糖的转化以及籽粒淀粉的积累,从而提高了千粒重;两种穗型品种千粒重变化与光合同化物及淀粉积累的变化趋势相吻合。因此,在生产实践中,应针对不同类型品种籽粒糖和淀粉积累特点确定适宜的种植密度,以达到提高产量的目的。     

行距配置对高产冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及淀粉和蛋白质积累的影响

为研究不同行距配置对小麦籽粒发育及淀粉和蛋白质积累的影响,以4个高产冬小麦品种为材料,在河南浚县农业科学研究所超高产攻关田研究了不同行距配置下小麦籽粒灌浆特性及淀粉、蛋白质的积累动态.结果表明,高产小麦籽粒中可溶性糖含量下降与淀粉含量的增加趋势基本吻合,宽窄行种植模式(S1)籽粒中可溶性糖含量较高,且转化利用较快,促进了籽粒淀粉积累.从行距配置看.周麦22籽粒蛋白质含量以等行距种植模式(S2)较高,偃展4110和矮抗58均以S1较高,而豫麦49-198在两种种植模式下无明显差异.籽粒灌浆速率、千粒重和产量则表现为豫麦49-198、周麦22和矮抗58均以S较高,而偃展4110以S2较高.灌浆模型分析表明,灌浆持续天数和最大灌浆速率出现时间是行距配置影响粒重的主要因素.     

行距配置对两种穗型冬小麦品种光合特性及产量的影响

为确定两种穗型冬小麦品种高产栽培的适宜行距配置,在大田试验条件下,研究了不同行距(10、15、20和25cm)种植方式下,多穗型品种豫麦49和大穗型品种兰考矮早八的旗叶光合特性。结果表明,两种穗型品种旗叶净光合速率(Pn)均随籽粒灌浆进程呈逐渐降低的趋势,花后0～14d,多穗型品种豫麦49旗叶Pn高于大穗型品种兰考矮早八,之后兰考矮早八优势趋于明显;两品种旗叶qP和Fv/Fo均于花后10d达最大值,之后逐渐下降;豫麦49的光截获(LI)在花后10d高于兰考矮早八,而在花后20d低于兰考矮早八。行距对两种穗型冬小麦品种光合特性、LI和产量有一定影响。随着行距的变大,豫麦49的Pn逐渐增加,而兰考矮早八则逐渐降低;豫麦49的Fv/Fo在花后0～10d随行距的增加而升高,之后以行距20cm最高,兰考矮早八则随行距增加呈先升后降趋势,但始终以15cm最高;豫麦49以行距20cm的qP值较大,而兰考矮早八以行距15cm最高;两穗型品种的LI均随行距增大而降低。籽粒产量则表现随行距增加呈先升后降的变化趋势,豫麦49和兰考矮早八分别以行距20和15cm的产量最高。因此,生产中不同穗型品种选择各自适宜的行距配置,有助于光能的吸收利用,促进光合物质向籽粒转移。     

源库调节对小麦籽粒灌浆及光合特性的影响

为探讨不同穗型超高产小麦品种的源库关系,通过剪叶和去穗处理研究了两个不同穗型小麦品种“兰考矮早八”和“豫麦49—198”的籽粒灌浆和光合特性。结果表明,两个品种的籽粒体积、千粒重、灌浆速率在花后15d之后均表现为去穗处理〉对照〉去叶处理。去叶处理使两个品种的千粒重、灌浆速率均有所下降．其中豫麦49—198较对照下降最大比例分别为24．4％和22％,兰考矮早八下降的最大比例分别为7．6％和9％;去穗处理使两个品种的千粒重和灌浆速率均有所增加,其中豫麦49—198较对照增加的最大比例分别为11．1％和17％,兰考矮早八增加的最大比例分别为12．2％和17．25％。源库改变对两个品种的光合特性均有影响,表现为对照旗叶〉去穗旗叶〉去叶倒二叶〉对照例二叶。随着灌浆进程,豫麦49—198去叶处理的倒二叶光舍速率较对照增加的比例从40％减为25％．兰考矮早八去穗处理的旗叶光合速率较对照下降的比例从27％减为20％。     

灌水对不同穗型小麦碳氮代谢及籽粒灌浆的影响

为了给小麦节水栽培实践提供参考,在大田条件下研究了灌水次数对大穗型小麦品种豫麦66与多穗型小麦品种豫麦49碳氮代谢及籽粒灌浆的影响。结果表明,增加灌水次数可以提高旗叶硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,在灌浆中后期豫麦66较豫麦49具有明显优势。随着灌水次数增加,旗叶和籽粒可溶性糖含量在灌浆前期降低,而在灌浆后期籽粒可溶性糖含量升高,旗叶则表现相反。籽粒淀粉积累速率在灌浆前期随灌水次数增加而降低,但在灌浆后期则与之相反。籽粒灌浆速率呈单峰曲线变化,增加灌水次数,积累高峰期推迟,且前期慢,后期快,在花后35 d豫麦66在灌一水、灌两水和灌三水处理下籽粒灌浆速率分别为0.96、1.24和1.07 mg/d,而豫麦49分别为0.94、0.39和0.36 mg/d。豫麦66与豫麦49号相比,旗叶可溶性糖含量在灌浆中后期较低,淀粉及籽粒积累速率的峰值出现较晚但持续时间较长,表明大穗型品种同化物外运能力和库活性较强,灌浆进程稳健。     

施硫对小麦旗叶糖含量和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

为了研究硫对小麦糖类和淀粉积累的影响,以国审中筋高产小麦品种豫农949和兰考矮早8为供试材料,研究了施硫对小麦旗叶可溶性糖含量、蔗糖含量以及籽粒淀粉积累的影响.结果表明,与对照(S0)相比,施硫(S1)有利于提高小麦旗叶净光合速率,增加花后旗叶可溶性糖和蔗糖含量,提高"源"器官碳同化物的供应能力,尤其提高了灌浆前期籽粒中可溶性糖和蔗糖的含量,促进了籽粒可溶性糖、蔗糖的转化.加速了籽粒淀粉的积累.在本试验条件下,施硫显著提高了小麦籽粒产量和淀粉含量,豫农949和兰考矮早8分别增产12.74%和6.16%,籽粒淀粉含量分别增加4.66%和6.20%.     

追氮时期对冬小麦籽粒灌浆及淀粉特性的影响

为给小麦高产优质栽培中氮素的合理运筹提供依据,在大田高产栽培条件下,以大穗型小麦品种兰考矮早八为试验材料,研究了返青、拔节、抽德三个关键时期追氮对其籽粒灌浆特征和淀粉糊化特性的影响.结果表明,不同时期追氮处理小麦籽粒灌浆进程均呈"慢-快-慢"的"S"型变化曲线,Logistic方程决定系数均在0.99以上,达到极显著水平,拟合效果良好.籽粒干物重随灌浆进程的推进呈逐渐增加趋势,籽粒灌浆速率与粒重呈显著正相关,而灌浆持续时间与粒重形成无显著相关,表明提高籽粒灌浆速率对增加该品种粒重尤为重要.不同时期追氮对兰考矮早八籽粒灌浆及淀粉特性的效应不同,以抽穗期追氮籽粒干物质积累量和灌浆速率最大.随施氮时期的后移,籽粒直链淀粉含量下降,而支链淀粉、总淀粉含量及淀粉糊化特性则以拔节期追氮处理最高(优).     

氮肥用量对不同品质类型小麦品种籽粒灌浆特征和产量的影响

在大田条件下,以强筋小麦品种郑麦9023和豫麦34、中筋小麦品种豫麦18以及弱筋小麦品种豫麦50为试验材料,采用10、15和20 kg/667m2三种施氮水平,研究了氮肥用量对不同品质类型小麦品种籽粒灌浆和产量的影响。结果表明,在各施氮处理中不同品质类型小麦品种籽粒灌浆过程均呈“S”型变化,但模型参数因氮肥用量而不同。郑麦9023和豫麦18的各项灌浆参数均表现为15 kg/667m2>20 kg/667m2>10kg/667m2;豫麦34籽粒灌浆持续期、理论最大粒重、最大灌浆出现时间、有效灌浆持续期、有效灌浆持续期增加值、有效灌浆持续期灌浆速率均表现为15 kg/667m2>20 kg/667m2>10 kg/667m2,平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率表现为20 kg/667m2最大,15 kg/667m2次之,10 kg/667m2最小。豫麦50籽粒灌浆持续期、有效灌浆持续期以20 kg/667m2最长,15 kg/667m2次之,10 kg/667m2最小;最大籽粒灌浆出现时间、最大灌浆速率、有效灌浆持续粒重增加值、有效灌浆持续期灌浆速率以15 kg/667m2最高(早),20 kg/667m2次之,10 kg/667m2最低(晚);而理论最大粒重、平均灌浆速率则表现为10 kg/667m2>15 kg/667m2>20 kg/667m2。同时,郑麦9023、豫麦18和豫麦34粒重与各灌浆参数均呈正相关,郑麦9023粒重与籽粒灌浆持续期、平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率相关系数达到显著水平,与有效灌浆持续期相关系数达到极显著水平;豫麦18粒重与最大灌浆速率和有效灌浆持续期相关系数达到极显著水平,与平均灌浆速率之间达显著水平;豫麦34粒重与籽粒灌浆持续期相关系数达到显著水平;豫麦50粒重与籽粒灌浆持续期呈负相关,与平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率、有效灌浆持续期和有效灌浆持续期灌浆速率均呈正相关,差异均不显著。豫麦18和豫麦34在15 kg/667m2下产量最高,且差异分别达到极显著和显著水平,郑麦9023和豫麦50在20 kg/667m2下产量最高,差异达显著水平。     

施氮对小麦干物质累积和转运的影响

为给高产小麦氮素科学管理提供依据,以河南温县和兰考典型高产区为试验地点,连续两年在0、90、180、270、360kg.hm-2氮水平下,研究了施氮对多穗型品种豫麦49-198和大穗型品种兰考矮早八干物质累积、分配、转运的影响及与产量的关系。结果表明,从越冬到收获,小麦干物质累积逐步增加,但两个品种小麦干物质累积都在拔节后差异明显,以拔节-开花增幅最大,其次是开花-收获。施氮使小麦干物质累积、转运和产量均增加,其中豫麦49-198干物质累积量和转运量、转运干物质对籽粒的贡献率、籽粒产量都以施氮270kg.hm-2较高,而兰考矮早八则都以施氮180kg.hm-2较高。氮肥用量与小麦开花期、成熟期干物质累积和不同器官干物质分配之间的关系均可用一元二次曲线拟合,豫麦49-198在开花期不同器官最大干物质的施氮量都高于兰考矮早八,但两个品种最大籽粒产量的施氮量接近。开花期豫麦49-198茎鞘干物质比例低于兰考矮早八,穗轴干物质比例高于兰考矮早八;成熟期豫麦49-198叶片、茎鞘、穗轴干物质分配比例低于兰考矮早八,籽粒干物质分配比例高于兰考矮早八;豫麦49-198花前干物质累积比例、转运干物质对籽粒的贡献率都低于兰考矮早八。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).