乙基多杀菌素

理化性质：乙基多杀菌素是从放线菌刺糖多孢菌（saccharopolyspora spinosa）发酵产生的．是多杀菌素（spinasad）的换代产品。其原药的有效成分是乙基多杀菌素-J和乙基多杀菌素-L的混合物（比值为3：1）,     

60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂防治豇豆蓟马田间药效试验

以25g/L多杀菌素SC和45%吡虫啉ME作为对照药剂,进行60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC防治豇豆蓟马田间药效试验。结果表明,60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC1000倍液、1500倍液、2000倍药后3d对豇豆蓟马的防效分别为97.3%、95.1%和90.2%,药后7d对豇豆蓟马的防效分别为95.6%、92.1%和86.9%,显著优于25g/L多杀菌素SC和45%吡虫啉ME,且对豇豆安全。     

低剂量乙基多杀菌素对小菜蛾解毒酶的影响

为探讨低剂量乙基多杀菌素对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella（L.）解毒酶的影响,采用叶片浸渍法,测定了乙基多杀菌素和多杀菌素对小菜蛾敏感种群的毒力,并比较了低剂量（LC25和LC50）处理6、12、24、48和72 h时小菜蛾体内羧酸酯酶（CarE）、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）和多功能氧化酶系（MFOs）活性的变化动态。结果表明:乙基多杀菌素对小菜蛾的杀虫活性优于多杀菌素,处理48 h后其LC25和LC50浓度分别为0.018和0.048 mg/L,经此低剂量浓度处理后,小菜蛾CarE活性波动较大,6~24 h,处理组CarE活性高于对照组,且均呈先升后降趋势,24~72 h,处理组CarE活性均低于对照组,并且具有一定的时间效应;对GST具有明显的诱导作用,GST活性均高于对照组;对MFOs具有明显的抑制作用,除在48 h时相差不大外,其他时间MFOs活性均显著低于对照组。结果表明,GST可能参与了乙基多杀菌素在小菜蛾体内的代谢。     

超高效液相色谱法测定土壤中多杀菌素和乙基多杀菌素的残留

建立了土壤中多杀菌素(spinosad)A和D以及乙基多杀菌素(spinetoram)J和L残留量的超高效液相色谱(UPLC)检测方法。土壤样品经乙腈-5%氯化钠溶液-1 mol/L氢氧化钾溶液提取,固相萃取柱净化,UPLC检测,外标法定量。结果表明:土壤中多杀菌素和乙基多杀菌素的定量限分别为0.1和0.05 mg/kg;最小检出量分别为8.0×10-7和2.8×10-7g;在0.1~2 mg/kg添加水平下,多杀菌素在土壤中的平均回收率为89%~96%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为2.1%~4.9%;在0.05~0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,乙基多杀菌素在土壤中的平均回收率为86%~93%,RSDs为1.2%~8.1%。该方法提取效果好,具有良好的灵敏度、回收率和重复性。     

几种杀虫剂对水稻二化螟的防治效果试验

阿维菌素的大面积、多频次使用,导致水稻二化螟抗药性增强,防治效果下降。作者选取四唑虫酰胺对单季稻上二化螟进行防治,与常用的乙基多杀菌素、阿维菌素等药剂比较防治效果,以期筛选出高效药剂。结果表明,乙基多杀菌素、四唑虫酰胺对二化螟防治效果较好,可作为阿维菌素替代对口药剂,其与喹硫磷进行混配,一定程度上可以提升杀虫效果,还可延长有效期。     

乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的残留及消解动态

开展了 60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂在杨梅上的残留田间试验,对乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的残留量及消解动态进行了分析,为乙基多杀菌素在杨梅上的膳食风险评估、合理使用及制定残留限量标准提供依据。建立了液相色谱串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定杨梅中乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物的残留量的分析方法。当乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的添加浓度为0.05、1.0, 2.0mg/kg时,平均回收率82.6%-96.6%,相对标准偏差为3.3%-7.4%,符合残留检测方法的要求。消解动态试验结果显示,乙基多杀菌素在杨梅中的消解动态规律符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为0.9~2.6d,属易降解农药。最终残留试验表明60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂按有效成分40和60mg/kg,施药1次和2次,末次施药后1、2、3、5、7d,杨梅中乙基多杀菌素最终残留量分别为<0.05 ~0.38mg/kg、<0.05 ~ 0.39mg/kg、< 0.05 ~ 0.32mg/kg、< 0.05 ~ 0.19mg/kg、< 0.05 -0.11 mg/kg0 建议在杨梅上使用60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂时,有效成分用药量40mg/kg,施药1次,安全间隔期7d。     

4种增效剂对3种小菜蛾防治药剂的增效作用

为明确增效剂对防治小菜蛾的杀虫剂的增效作用, 减少化学农药用量, 分别采用浸叶法和茎叶喷雾法进行了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验?室内测定结果表明, 3种供试杀虫剂中, 虫螨腈和乙基多杀菌素对小菜蛾毒力较强, 其LC50分别为6.303 mg/L和10.479 mg/L; 3种杀虫剂分别与不同增效剂混配后均具有一定的增效作用, 增效比介于1.6~5.1, 其中高效氯氰菊酯+橙皮精油?虫螨腈+激健和乙基多杀菌素+有机硅的组合增效作用明显?田间试验表明, 在保证防效的前提下, 通过添加激健可使10%虫螨腈SC使用量减少20%, 添加有机硅可使60 g/L乙基多杀菌素SC使用量减少50%?因此, 激健?有机硅可作为防治蔬菜小菜蛾杀虫剂的理想增效剂产品, 在生产中推广应用?     

不同杀虫剂对瓜绢野螟的室内毒力测定

当前,瓜绢野螟已经成为瓜类蔬菜的主要害虫,发生日趋加重。然而,登记用于瓜绢野螟的防治药剂种类极少。本研究采用浸渍法和浸叶法测定了登记用于防治瓜类蔬菜上其他害虫的10种药剂对瓜绢野螟卵、2龄和5龄幼虫的毒力。结果表明,乙基多杀菌素、虫螨腈、甲维盐对瓜绢野螟卵具有较好的毒杀效果;乙基多杀菌素、甲维盐、印楝素、虫螨腈、溴氰虫酰胺等对2龄幼虫的毒力较高;乙基多杀菌素和甲维盐对5龄幼虫的毒力较高。因此,在长江流域瓜类蔬菜生产中,可以轮换使用乙基多杀菌素、甲维盐、虫螨腈等药剂防控瓜绢野螟幼虫。     

25%乙基多杀菌素水分散粒剂防治水稻二化螟田间药效试验示范

为明确25%乙基多杀菌素水分散粒剂防治水稻二化螟及其增产效果,2021年我省开展了25%乙基多杀菌素水分散粒剂防治水稻二化螟试验示范,结果表明,25%乙基多杀菌素水分散粒剂在二化螟卵孵盛期叶面喷雾两次,第一次药后10d、20d、30d、40d防效分别为95%、95.23%、97.56%、100%,实际测产产量750kg/667m²,较空白对照增产8.7%。25%乙基多杀菌素水分散粒剂防治二化螟持效期长,防效显著,增产效果明显。     

乙基多杀菌素与4种杀虫剂复配对黄胸蓟马的联合毒力

为筛选出与乙基多杀菌素复配具有增效作用的杀虫剂组合,采用叶管药膜法测定了乙基多杀菌素分别与啶虫脒、毒死蜱、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯复配对黄胸蓟马2龄若虫的联合毒力,并采用共毒系数法评价了复配组合的联合作用。结果表明,乙基多杀菌素与啶虫脒在配比为3∶7、5∶5、7∶3和8∶2时,与毒死蜱在所有配比组合中,与阿维菌素在配比为2∶8、3∶7和6∶4时,其共毒系数(CTC)均大于120,表现出显著的增效作用;而与高效氯氰菊酯在所有配比下均不具有增效作用。乙基多杀菌素与啶虫脒、毒死蜱、阿维菌素采用上述具有增效作用的复配比复配,在害虫治理和抗性治理中具有一定的应用前景和开发潜力。     

昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性机制研究进展

双酰胺类杀虫剂是以昆虫鱼尼丁受体为作用靶标的新型杀虫剂,由于其作用机制独特,对多种鳞翅目害虫具有良好的防治效果而得到广泛应用。但已经有多种害虫的田间种群对该类药剂产生了抗性,甚至导致田间防治失败。本文在综述昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性现状的基础上,重点总结了抗性机制方面的最新研究进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为进一步深入研究双酰胺类杀虫剂的抗性机制提供借鉴。     

Resistance and cross-resistance to the spinosyns - A review and analysis

The spinosyns were introduced in 1997 with the launch of spinosad. Since then, there have been several cases of resistance to spinosad in the field populations of insect pest species that have resulted in reduced efficacy. There have also been a number of studies where spinosad-resistant insect strains were created and characterized in the laboratory. Likewise many studies examining resistance to a variety of other classes of insecticides have included spinosad in the evaluation of their cross-resistance spectrum. Understanding mechanisms of resistance and cross-resistance can provide the basis for developing insecticide resistance management programs, as well as defining the most appropriate tools to address potential resistance issues. This review provides an overview and analysis of resistance and cross-resistance to the spinosyns (spinosad and spinetoram). Although there are more than 30 examples of resistance to the spinosyns, only half of these are related to selection in the field. The majority of these field selected examples occur in either the diamondback moth or western flower thrips. There have also been over 85 studies investigating cross-resistance to the spinosyns. However, in half of these studies spinosad showed no cross-resistance, and in another third of the total studies spinosad cross-resistance was minimal. Therefore, while resistance and cross-resistance to the spinosyns does occur, it is appears to be more limited in impact than might be implied from the large body of literature on the subject.     

不同杀虫剂对烟蓟马的室内毒力与田间防效

烟蓟马是一种世界性害虫,为筛选出高效低毒的药剂,采用叶管药膜法测定了不同药剂对烟蓟马的室内毒力,并开展了田间防效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明,对成虫活性最高的药剂是阿维菌素、乙基多杀菌素和虫螨腈,其LC₅₀均小于1 mg/L;多杀霉素的毒力也较高,其LC₅₀为2.11 mg/L;吡丙醚对2龄若虫表现较高毒力。田间试验结果表明,2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯SC、10%虫螨腈SC和60 g/L乙基多杀菌素SC对烟蓟马药后3~14 d的防效均达90%以上,除100 g/L吡丙醚SC外,其他药剂药后14 d的防效均达80%以上。2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯SC、10%虫螨腈SC和60 g/L乙基多杀菌素SC可作为防治烟蓟马的首选药剂,并交替使用其他药剂。     

Diversity of insecticide resistance mechanisms and spectrum in European populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella

Only a few of the registered insecticides against Cydia pomonella L. are still effective in areas where insecticide resistance has emerged in this pest. Resistance mechanisms are multiple, and their lone or cumulative effects in a single population are not completely understood. A detailed estimation of resistance spectrum is still required to define the suitable insecticides to use against a given population. The efficacy of ten insecticides was therefore investigated together with the resistance mechanisms expressed in four laboratory strains and 47 field populations of C. pomonella from five countries. Bioassays were performed using topical applications of diagnostic concentrations on diapausing larvae, and resistance mechanisms were analysed on adults emerging from control insects. All populations exhibited a reduced susceptibility to at least one insecticide when compared with the susceptible laboratory strain. Cross-resistances were observed between azinphos-methyl or phosalone and more recent compounds such as spinosad and thiacloprid. Resistances to azinphos-methyl, diflubenzuron, spinosad, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were significantly correlated with mixed-function oxidase activity, while increased glutathione-S-transferase and reduced non-specific esterase activities were correlated with resistance to azinphos-methyl and emamectin, respectively. Conversely, resistances to azinphos-methyl, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were negatively correlated with increased esterase activity. None of the observed mechanisms explained the loss of susceptibility of populations to chlorpyrifos-ethyl, and no significant correlation was detected between resistance to deltamethrin and the presence of the kdr mutation. The suitability of such non-target instars to monitor insecticide resistance in field populations is discussed.     

Selection for resistance, reversion towards susceptibility and synergism of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

BACKGROUND: Obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), is an economic pest of pome fruits throughout North America. Repeated applications of broad‐spectrum insecticides have resulted in the development of resistance, cross‐resistance and multiple resistance in this pest. Studies were conducted to determine the possibility of resistance evolution, stability of resistance and the effect of metabolic synergists on toxicity of new reduced‐risk insecticides chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in C. rosaceana. RESULTS: Larvae of C. rosaceana were selected for resistance to chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in the laboratory. Significant levels of resistance to each insecticide were observed after 12 generations of selection. In the absence of selection pressure, susceptibility of a subset of larvae from both chlorantraniliprole‐ and spinetoram‐selected populations reverted to preselection levels after five and six generations respectively, indicating that resistance to both chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram was unstable in C. rosaceana. In synergist bioassays performed after 12 generations of selection, S,S,S‐tributylphosphoro trithioate (DEF) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergized the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram respectively, suggesting the involvement of esterases in chlorantraniliprole resistance and the involvement of mixed‐function oxidases in spinetoram resistance. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram could be incorporated into C. rosaceana resistance management programs by using rotational strategies. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Toxicity of indoxacarb and spinosad to the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), via three routes of exposure

The use of selective insecticides may improve conservation of natural enemies and therefore contribute to the success of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. In this study, the toxicity of two commonly used selective insecticides, indoxacarb and spinosad, to the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), was evaluated. Third instars and adults of H. axyridis were exposed to indoxacarb at 50 and 100% of the field rate (FR), to spinosad at 100% FR and to water (untreated check) under laboratory conditions via three routes of exposure. Treatments were applied directly on insects (i.e., topical application), on Petri dishes (i.e., residues), or on soybean aphids, Aphis glycines Matsumara (i.e., treated prey). Mortality of exposed individuals in each life stage was recorded 2 and 7 days after treatment. Logistic regression indicated that indoxacarb at 100% FR, followed by indoxacarb at 50% FR, was more insecticidal than spinosad to third instars. Mortality was higher when H. axyridis were exposed to both insecticides via residues followed by treated prey. Indoxacarb at 100 or 50% FR was insecticidal to adults. Adults were tolerant to spinosad via all routes of exposure. The present results suggest that indoxacarb may decrease H. axyridis field populations by causing mortality to larvae and adults via all routes of exposure. Implications of the toxicity of indoxacarb to H. axyridis within an IPM context and possible reasons for the differences in susceptibility of H. axyridis for each route of exposure are discussed.     

国外草地贪夜蛾化学防治技术的研究与应用

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是一种适应性和迁徙能力很强的农业害虫,并具有暴发为害的特点。几十年来,化学防治一直是防治草地贪夜蛾的重要技术措施。20世纪80年代以前,美洲国家防治草地贪夜蛾以有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂为主;随后拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂得到了广泛使用;20世纪90年代中后期,美洲特别是美国推广种植转基因Bt玉米后,防治草地贪夜蛾杀虫剂的用量显著减少;近年来,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素、除虫脲、虱螨脲、茚虫威、氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟苯虫酰胺、溴氰虫酰胺等一系列新型杀虫剂品种在防治草地贪夜蛾中发挥了突出的作用。伴随着不同种类杀虫剂的使用,草地贪夜蛾对杀虫剂抗性也相应地呈现出明显的变化,20世纪80年代后,美洲的草地贪夜蛾先后对有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂产生了抗药性,截至2017年,美洲地区的草地贪夜蛾至少对包括氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类及Bt杀虫蛋白等不同类型共29种杀虫剂产生了抗药性;2016年,采自北美洲波多黎各的草地贪夜蛾田间种群对双酰胺类杀虫剂氟苯虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性倍数最高分别达500倍和160倍。草地贪夜蛾的抗药性机制主要是解毒代谢增强和靶标基因突变。种子处理可以预防作物苗期草地贪夜蛾的为害,并且有利于天敌保护。雾滴粒径不仅影响杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾的防治效果,还影响草地贪夜蛾对杀虫剂抗药性的发展,因此,防治田间草地贪夜蛾适宜采用细雾喷雾方式。使用得当,化学杀虫剂可以与天敌和生物杀虫剂协同增效防治草地贪夜蛾。航空施药要和地面施药联合使用才能对玉米田严重发生的草地贪夜蛾达到好的防治效果。     

High‐level of resistance to spinosad,emamectin benzoate and carbosulfan in populations of Thrips tabaci collected in Israel

BACKGROUND: The onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, is a major pest of several crop plants in the genus Allium, such as onions, garlic and chives. In Israel, these crops are grown in open fields and in protected housing. This thrips is usually controlled by the application of chemical insecticides. In recent years, spinosad, emamectin benzoate and carbosulfan have been the major insecticides used for the control of the onion thrips. In the last 4 years, growers of chives and green onion from several regions of Israel have reported a significant decrease in the efficacy of insecticides used to control the onion thrips. RESULTS: The susceptibility of 14 populations of the onion thrips, collected mainly from chives between the years 2007 and 2011, to spinosad, emamectin benzoate and carbosulfan was tested using a laboratory bioassay. The majority of the populations showed significant levels of resistance to at least one of the insecticides. LC₅₀ values calculated for two of the studied populations showed that the resistance factor for spinosad compared with the susceptible population is 21 393, for carbosulfan 54 and for emamectin benzoate 36. Only two populations, collected from organic farms, were susceptible to the insecticides tested. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of a high resistance level to spinosad, the major insecticide used to control the onion thrips. Resistance cases to spinosad were associated with failures to control the pest. Populations resistant to spinosad also had partial or complete resistance to other insecticides used for controlling the onion thrips. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Lethal and sublethal side-effect assessment supports a more benign profile of spinetoram compared with spinosad in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to identify the potential side effects of the novel naturalyte insecticide spinetoram in comparison with spinosad on the bumblebee Bombus terrestris L. The potential lethal effects together with the ecologically relevant sublethal effects on aspects of bumblebee reproduction and foraging behaviour were evaluated. Bumblebee workers were exposed via direct contact with wet and dry residues under laboratory conditions to spinetoram at different concentrations, starting from the maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC) and then different dilutions (1/10, 1/100, 1/1000 and 1/10 000 of the MFRC), and compared with spinosad. In addition, the side effects via oral exposure in supplemented sugar water were assessed. RESULTS: Direct contact of B. terrestris workers with wet residues of spinosad and spinetoram showed spinetoram to be approximately 52 times less toxic than spinosad, while exposure to dry residues of spinetoram was about 8 times less toxic than exposure to those of spinosad. Oral treatment for 72 h (acute) indicated that spinetoram is about 4 times less toxic to B. terrestris workers compared with spinosad, while exposure for a longer period (i.e. 11 weeks) showed spinetoram to be 24 times less toxic. In addition, oral exposure to the two spinosyns resulted in detrimental sublethal effects on bumblebee reproduction. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) for spinosad was 1/1000 of the MFRC, and 1/100 of the MFRC for spinetoram. Comparison between the chronic exposure bioassays assessing the sublethal effects on nest reproduction, with and without allowing for foraging behaviour, showed that the respective NOEC values for spinosad and spinetoram were similar over the two bioassays, indicating that there were no adverse effects by either spinosyn on the foraging of B. terrestris workers. CONCLUSION: Overall, the present results indicate that the use of spinetoram is safer for bumblebees by direct contact and oral exposure than the use of spinosad, and therefore it can be applied safely in combination with B. terrestris. Another important conclusion is that the present data provide strong evidence that neither spinosyn has a negative effect on the foraging behaviour of these beneficial insects. However, before drawing final conclusions, spinetoram and spinosad should also be evaluated in more realistic field‐related situations for the assessment of potentially deleterious effects on foraging behaviour with the use of queenright colonies of B. terrestris. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of toxicity and genotoxic effects of spinosad and deltamethrin in Drosophila melanogaster and Bactrocera oleae

BACKGROUND: The insecticides spinosad and deltamethrin are being increasingly used in pest management programmes. In order to assess further their toxic effects to target and non‐target insect species, an evaluation was made of their insecticidal profile on Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) and Drosophila melanogaster (Meig.). Moreover, possible genotoxic effects of the two pesticides were investigated using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in D. melanogaster. RESULTS: Both insecticides were highly effective against B. oleae, exhibiting similar LC₅₀ values. Moreover, they were found to be more effective against Bactrocera than against Drosophila adults. However, spinosad was significantly more toxic than deltamethrin to D. melanogaster. The results showed a lack of genotoxic activity of both insecticides under the in vivo experimental procedure employed, at least at applied doses. CONCLUSION: The present study provides information for lethal and sublethal effects of spinosad and deltamethrin against a target and a non‐target species. Both insecticides can exert high toxicity to B. oleae when adults are exposed even to very low doses for long periods of time. The results contribute to the database on the genotoxic potential of spinosad and deltamethrin, suggesting a safety profile for both insecticides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry