甜菜链式纸钵苗分离装置的设计

采用引出轮与分离轮转速不同对链钵产生拉力的原理,实现了对甜菜链式纸钵苗由引出到分离的工作.通过对工作过程中钵苗的运动和受力分析,求出了分离装置的主要结构与工作参数,设计了链钵分离装置,解决了甜菜移栽机钵苗高速分离和有序供给的关键问题.     

番茄钵苗移栽探出式取钵机构设计与试验

为了降低番茄钵苗移栽过程取钵机构对秧苗钵土根系的损伤,同时避免机械式钵苗移栽机构设计特殊取苗轨迹与姿态的优化难题,提出了一种可与系列移栽机构配合使用的番茄钵苗探出式取钵机构,实现取苗各关键位置机构秧针以固定角度完成探出入钵、移动送苗及收回推秧工序。根据钵苗移栽取钵过程分析与设计要求,建立了探出式取钵机构力学分析模型,并获得影响秧针扎入钵土时驱动杆受最小驱动力的因素。基于Matlab App Designer平台开发了取钵机构计算机辅助分析设计软件,获得满足番茄钵苗移栽要求的取钵机构设计参数集。采用三因素五水平二次回归正交旋转中心组合试验方法,以驱动杆斜杆夹角、钵体含水率、入钵深度为试验因素,以钵体完整率和取苗成功率为评价指标,试制样机并搭建台架实施参数组合优化及验证试验,结果表明：探出式取钵机构可有效地配合取苗机构完成各项性能工作要求,在参数组合为驱动斜杆间夹角112°、钵体含水率57.5%、入钵深度28.4mm时作业效果最佳,钵体完整率为96.44%,取苗成功率为97.06%,满足钵苗移栽作业性能。     

2ZDJ-2型钵苗移栽机栽植系统试验

为了提高导苗管式移栽机栽植作业效果及稳定性,以导苗机构为研究对象,选取连杆杆长、曲柄初始相角和移栽机作业速度为试验因素,钵苗直立率为试验指标,在室内土槽中对研制的2ZDJ-2型钵苗移栽机进行了混合水平均匀试验设计。建立了试验因素与指标间的多元非线性回归模型,并分析了因子效应对试验指标的影响规律。采用Matlab软件对试验取值范围内的因子组合进行了优化求解,并进行了最优因子组合方案重复性验证试验,试验结果表明,曲柄初始相角取70°,连杆杆长取356 mm,作业速度设定280 mm/s时,钵苗直立率升至95.5%,导苗机构作业性能稳定。     

蔬菜移栽机气吹振动复合式取苗机构设计与试验

针对我国全自动蔬菜移栽机取苗、投苗机构复杂等问题,设计了一种蔬菜移栽机气吹振动复合式取苗机构及其配套苗盘。设计的取苗机构主要由送苗装置、振动装置和气吹装置等组成,各部分配合完成自动取苗、投苗工作。构建了振动过程中苗盘与钵苗的动力学模型,通过分析钵苗取苗条件,求解出振动过程中影响取苗成功率的3个主要参数:振动频率、振幅以及钵苗基质含水率。综合考虑振动与气吹相结合的取苗方式,以取苗成功率、基质破损率作为取苗效果评价指标,选取钵苗基质含水率、振动器振动频率、吹气气压为试验因素,进行多目标正交试验。试验结果表明:在给定因素水平下,当钵苗含水率为55%、振动器振动频率为36 Hz、吹气气压为0. 45 MPa时,取苗效果最佳,此时取苗成功率为92%,基质破损率为3. 46%。     

蔬菜钵苗高速移栽机吊杯式栽植器参数优化

为了获取高速状态下蔬菜钵苗移栽机吊杯式栽植器的最佳工作参数,设计了移栽参数可调的栽植器试验台,并进行了钵苗移栽土槽试验。采用二次正交旋转中心组合设计法,以移栽速度、特征参数和吊杯倾角为影响因子,以直立度合格率、株距变异系数和栽植深度合格率为响应值,利用SAS 9.1软件进行回归分析和响应曲面分析,探究单因子及交互因子对响应值的影响效应,并结合非线性优化计算方法,对栽植器的结构参数和工作参数进行优化计算。结果表明:在满足栽植频率大于90株/min的高速移栽状态下,各因子对直立度合格率的影响贡献由大到小为吊杯倾角、特征参数、移栽速度;对株距变异系数的影响贡献由大到小为移栽速度、特征参数、吊杯倾角;对栽植深度合格率的影响贡献由大到小为移栽速度、吊杯倾角、特征参数。优化所得栽植器最佳参数条件:移栽速度为0.47 m/s、特征参数为1.18、吊杯倾角为87°,此时理论最优值为直立度合格率98.01%、株距变异系数5.93%、栽植深度合格率89.25%,优化后验证试验表明直立度合格率为96.6%,株距变异系数为6.1%,栽植深度合格率为87.8%,试验结果与理论结果一致,所建立的回归模型合理;优化后直立度合格率、栽植深度合格率较优化前分别提高5.8、3.6个百分点,也高于国家和行业标准规定的指标值。     

两种型式油菜移栽机研制的应用效果分析

为了探讨油菜移栽机应用推广的可行性,我们进行了裸苗和钵苗两种型式油菜移栽机的研制和试验。本文对其性能及影响因素进行对比分析。 一、基本结构与性能 (一)工作原理与结构 1.钵苗油菜移栽机的工作原理与结构 钵苗移栽机由旋耕机、开沟器、喂苗器、导苗管、限土板及镇压轮等组成,喂苗手将油菜钵苗投入到喂苗盘的喂苗杯中,喂苗盘由镇压轮驱动,当     

花椰菜钵苗移栽机栽植机构设计与试验

针对云南省丘陵山区地形特点和坡耕地条件下的作业环境,设计了一种双曲柄五杆式花椰菜钵苗移栽机栽植机构。通过对移栽机五杆机构的分析,确定了五杆机构各杆件长度,并基于线性独立矢量法得到满足五杆机构惯性力平衡条件的各杆件质量矩;结合Matlab软件图像处理功能设计了与钵苗轮廓相匹配的打孔器;应用RecurDyn与ANSYS仿真软件,对栽植机构栽植轨迹和打孔器结构强度进行了分析;采用高速摄像验证了栽植机构的栽植轨迹。根据仿真结果,进行了栽植机构栽植性能台架试验,以台架前进速度、栽植频率和入土深度为试验因素,建立了栽植合格率、露苗率和株距变异系数的数学模型,采用响应曲面法优化得到了最佳工作组合,即台架前进速度0.4~0.54m/s,栽植频率50~68株/min,入土深度10cm时,栽植合格率大于90%,露苗率小于5%,株距变异系数小于5%。设置花椰菜钵苗移栽机机组的前进速度为0.52m/s,花椰菜钵苗的栽植频率为61株/min,打孔器入土深度控制在10cm,进行田间试验,结果表明,花椰菜钵苗的栽植合格率为91.67%,露苗率为3.33%,株距变异系数为4.17%,满足花椰菜钵苗移栽农艺要求。     

鸭嘴式钵苗移栽机的设计和试验研究

设计出一种钵苗移栽机,通过对移栽机的工作过程的阐述及运动学分析,确定了钵苗落苗过程中零速投苗点,使移栽效果最佳。对移栽机进行试验分析,选择机车前进速度﹑滚筒深度﹑可调连杆角度为试验因素,得出各试验因素与试验指标的关系。通过正交试验结果分析各试验因素对试验指标的影响大小,得出最优组合。结果表明:当机车前进速度0.30m/s、滚筒深度60mm、连杆角度40°时,直立度合格指数为85.18%,株距变异指数8.73%,漏栽指数1.68%,为移栽机结构和性能参数进一步优化提供了理论依据。     

番茄钵苗茎秆力学特性试验研究

研究番茄钵苗茎秆力学特性及其变化规律可为番茄钵苗移栽机夹茎式自动取苗机构的设计提供重要依据。为此,利用DF-9000型动静态电子万能材料试验机对适栽期番茄钵苗茎秆进行拉伸、弯曲试验,利用TA.XT plus型质构仪对适栽期番茄钵苗茎秆进行了压缩性能试验,获得其在试验条件下的应力-应变曲线,并进行分析。试验结果表明:相同加载速度下,平均抗拉断力大小随夹持茎秆位置的升高而减小;相同取样部位条件下,随着加载速度的增大,所用的弯曲载荷力增大;相同加载速度下,番茄钵苗茎秆最大压缩力随取样高度的增加而减小,茎秆根部最大压缩力值最大;相同取样部位在一定压缩位移条件下,随着加载速度的增大,压缩载荷随之增大。研究结果可为番茄钵苗夹茎式自动取苗机构设计提供重要的理论依据。     

玉米移栽机分苗机构的结构设计与参数分析

为了实现玉米钵苗的大田高效移栽,避免传统苗钵分离方式造成的秧苗损伤,设计了一种以锯齿刃圆盘切割刀为主体的分苗机构,并重点研究了圆盘切割刀的结构形式。利用UG进行建模和仿真分析,搭建试验台进行分苗试验,结果表明:该机构能顺利将单排纸钵苗切割分离成单个玉米钵苗并送入导苗管中,为全自动玉米移栽机的研制奠定了基础。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。