基于电容法的非接触式土壤水分传感器设计与性能分析

针对接触式土壤水分传感器存在对土体破坏大及使用安装、更换困难等问题,设计了一种基于电容法的非接触式土壤水分传感器。借助网络矢量分析仪对传感器环形探头在不同介电常数的有机溶液中进行测量,确定了传感器环形探头电容变化范围为7.08~22.75 p F。选取11种不同电容值高频瓷片分别与102 n H的绕线电感进行并联谐振试验,得到的测试结果与仿真结果的决定系数达到了0.98,检测电路的测量精度能够满足传感器的设计要求。以北京地区粘壤土作为测试样本,对传感器输出与对应的测量值进行了多项式拟合,决定系数达到了0.995 9,系统的稳态与动态性能均能满足土壤水分的检测要求。通过试验分析了温度对传感器输出的影响,将传感器输出结果与温度进行线性拟合,决定系数达到了0.987 9。进一步提出了能量指数Ka,通过试验的方式确定了传感器的纵向影响范围为10 cm,横向影响范围为5 cm。最后对比试验表明,所设计的土壤非接触式水分传感器与国外同类产品性能相当,能够满足土壤非接触式测量的要求,但具有更高的性价比,为同类产品的国产化奠定了基础。     

基于含水率与温度补偿的土壤pH值在线实时检测系统

针对目前常用土壤pH值传感器在测量过程中受土壤含水率和温度影响较大的问题,设计了带有温度、含水率补偿模型的锑电极土壤pH值在线实时检测系统。利用最小二乘法对pH值和测量结果进行线性分析,补偿土壤pH值测量误差。试验结果表明,经过补偿之后,由温度和含水率变化导致的pH值测量误差至少可降低84. 5%,pH值测量值随温度和含水率的变化幅度不超过±0. 1。与市场产品ZD-18型土壤酸度计、HYSWR-ARC-12V型土壤含水率传感器、水银温度计对比研究得出,3项指标线性拟合决定系数均达到0. 99以上。为了确保自然环境下土壤pH值测量的适用性,探索了系统在使用过程中土壤含水率的阈值与测量精度,表明在土壤体积含水率大于5%的情况下均可有效测量。试验表明,在pH值3. 06～10. 36范围之内,本系统可有效测量,检测误差为-1. 53%～3. 51%,满足土壤pH值实时在线测量要求。     

基于加速度补偿的土壤紧实度测量方法与传感器设计

针对目前基于圆锥指数的土壤紧实度测量中,无法消除土壤摩擦力对紧实度测量的影响,要求检测传感器匀速贯入土壤,因此存在使用不便、精度不高的难题。为了提高土壤紧实度实时测量方法的精度及可操作性,在圆锥指数方法基础上,设计了土壤紧实度实时检测传感器,并加入了加速度的同步测量,消除了使用过程中金属杆插入速度不均造成的误差,提高了土壤紧实度测量精度。通过大量试验验证了自制传感器具有较好的静态性能和动态性能,其测量范围为0~900 k Pa,灵敏度为0.041 896,稳定性测量标准差为5 k Pa,测量精度为±0.02%FS,超调量为7.81%,过渡时间为0.632 s。与美国SC-900型土壤紧实度仪对比其准确性的线性拟合决定系数均达到0.96以上,结果表明设计的土壤紧实度传感器与SC-900型土壤紧实度仪在实际测量中性能相当,且使用更方便、价格更低廉。为农林生产、环境保护及生态监测提供了一种具有自主知识产权、精准获取土壤紧实度的有效手段。     

土壤剖面水分传感器探头仿真与试验

为准确掌握土壤墒情信息,针对农田环境下不同作物根区土壤含水率变化难以实时观测的问题,对土壤剖面水分传感器探头进行了仿真,并通过试验验证,给出了传感器探头设计尺寸的优选方案。在建立传感器探头微量化平面电容二维模型的基础上,分析了传感器探头结构变化对探头微量化平面电容周围电场强度和电容变化的影响,确定了探头结构尺寸的最优组合。当探头铜环电极外径40 mm、内径38.4 mm、轴向长度20 mm、轴向间距15 mm时,探头的灵敏性和探测范围最优。试验结果表明,本文研究的土壤剖面水分传感器测量精度为±1.42%,具有很高的稳定性和一致性。所设计的传感器探头可以根据实际测量深度需要任意组合,满足不同作物根区深度的土壤含水率测量需求。     

多层土壤剖面复合传感器设计与性能分析

针对土壤剖面温度与水分检测存在传感器安装困难、对本地土壤扰动比较大等问题,设计了一种基于驻波比土壤水分测量原理与基于铂电阻测温原理的多层土壤剖面复合传感器。借助矢量网络分析仪与HFSS电磁场仿真软件对传感器电极的阻抗特性与电场分布状况进行了分析,确定了铜质检测探头结构为:直径5 cm、宽度2.5 cm、厚度0.09 cm,测试电路激励频率为100 MHz。以3种不同质地土壤作为测试样本,对土壤水分与温度检测单元的输出与对应的测量值分别进行了多项式拟合与线性拟合,相关性均达到0.99以上,系统稳态及动态性能均满足土壤剖面温度与水分的检测要求。通过试验分析了土壤温度与体积含水率对传感器输出的影响,利用统计回归方法建立了传感器在不同温度时的修正模型。在北京市小汤山野外环境下,将传感器工作于埋入土壤的PVC管体中,同时获取3层土壤温度与水分剖面信息,数据可靠,性能稳定,为实时获取多层土壤墒情及土壤温度提供了一种高效方法。     

土壤剖面水分线性尺度测量方法

针对现有土壤水分点尺度下测量的局限性,提出了一种线性尺度下的土壤剖面水分测量方法,并设计了一种基于驻波比法的土壤剖面水分信息测量传感系统。借助HFSS高频电磁场仿真软件与网络矢量分析仪对传感器环形探头的电场强度分布情况与阻抗特性进行了分析研究,确定了环形探头适应性与敏感区域。以2种不同质地的土壤作为试验样本,对土壤水分传感器的输出与对应的测量值进行了多项式拟合,决定系数均达到了0.99以上,传感器的稳态与动态性能均能满足土壤剖面水分的测量要求。通过多层水分土柱穿层试验与对比试验表明,该系统能够满足线性尺度下土壤剖面水分的实时测量需求,具有较高的测量精度与稳定性。设计的土壤剖面水分线性测量系统的各项指标均达到实际应用的需求,具有较高的应用推广价值。     

基于LVDS传输线延时检测技术的土壤含水率传感器

为实现土壤含水率的快速准确监测,设计了一种基于LVDS差分传输线延时检测技术的土壤含水率传感器。该传感器将高频振荡信号分路为两通道LVDS差分信号,一个通道用于测试土壤含水率,另一个通道用于提供参考信号。由于土壤中水分的变化改变土壤介电常数,从而导致测试通道LVDS差分总线上信号传输延时的变化,则传感器检测该通道信号的传输延时就可以确定土壤含水率。为了获得LVDS总线设计线宽和线间距的最优值,以LVDS总线阻抗值均方误差最小化为目标,构建了线宽和线间距的最优化计算模型,并通过遗传算法求解出了最优线宽为0.178 9 mm和最优线间距为0.223 8 mm。试验表明,根据该参数设计的传感器在50 MHz频率时,对体积含水率8.31%以上的砖红壤土和黄壤土的预测模型为线性模型,决定系数R2为0.964 2,绝对预测误差在2.45%以内。     

基于潜热效应的活立木冻融检测传感器设计与实验

针对植物冻融过程中植物水分生理信息(植物水冰含量)难以实时、在线、连续监测及冻融难以准确判断的问题,设计了一种基于潜热效应的活立木冻融检测传感器。通过检测植物冻融过程中潜热释放引起的温度变化对茎干是否冻融进行有效判断,在准确检测冻融点的基础上,根据茎干体积含水率变化计算冻融过程中的茎干体积含冰量及径向冻融深度,同时设计环式弹片探头消除固定式探头对茎干压迫形成的凹槽。标定结果表明,传感器测量结果与真值拟合决定系数超过0. 99。静动态特性分析表明,传感器体积含水率和温度测量范围分别为0～68. 67%、-30～80℃,动态响应时间小于2 s。室内冻融模拟实验及室外长期冻融监测表明,传感器能够有效检测植物冻融过程中茎干水分生理参数的变化,可以作为植物冻融的有效监测手段。     

管针式土壤含水率探头设计与影响因素分析

为了给基于频域反射法测量土壤质量含水率提供一种方法,设计了一种由圆管和探针组成的管针式土壤质量含水率测量探头。以杨凌地区的塿土为对象,分析了所设计探头间接测量土壤容重的误差;在信号源频率为50、100、150、300、500 MHz下,研究了土壤质量含水率(2.58%~21.43%)、土壤容重(0.80~1.30 g/cm3)和温度(10~50℃)对探针上的电压与信号源输出电压的比值(信号电压比)的影响;建立了信号电压比与土壤温度、容重和质量含水率之间的三元二次方程,分析了模型预测土壤含水率的可行性。结果表明:管针式探头间接测量土壤容重的绝对误差为-0.129~0.016 g/cm3;含水率、容重和温度均影响信号电压比,50、100、150 MHz下含水率对信号电压比影响较显著。在0.01的显著水平上,150 MHz下所建模型较优,其决定系数R2为0.849 6;对该模型的检验结果说明,计算的信号电压比与实际电压比的绝对误差为-0.166~0.159。基于该模型计算的土壤含水率与实际含水率的绝对误差为-3.440%~4.039%。     

基于准静态同轴探头模型的土壤复介电测量方法

末端开路同轴探头法测量土壤复介电值用于表征土壤含水率具有准确、快捷的优点。针对目前土壤介电同轴探头集总测量模型没有充分考虑探头的参数以及土壤体积对测量结果影响等问题,基于电磁场理论,对末端开路同轴探头建立了准静态数学模型,适用于土壤的复介电常数准确测量。通过全波软件仿真和模型计算结果对比,以无水乙醇介电实测值和理论值对比,验证模型的准确性。采用本文介电测量模型对不同含水率的黄绵土进行测量计算,复介电常数实部与实测土壤含水率二阶多项式拟合决定系数大于0.965,表明本文所提土壤介电测量方法适用于土壤复介电常数和含水率的测量。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。