基于离散元的赤芍移栽接触参数标定

为确定赤芍在移栽过程中的仿真参数以进行离散元仿真试验,以物理试验测量土壤堆积角为基础,选取土壤间的静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数、碰撞恢复系数以及土壤的表面能作为试验因素,以土壤堆积角为试验指标,进行四因素三水平离散元仿真试验设计,建立了土壤接触参数与堆积角的回归模型。以实际堆积角值为目标进行了回归模型参数优化。通过实际物理试验完成了赤芍与土壤间的静摩擦系数、碰撞恢复系数、滚动摩擦系数以及碰撞恢复系数的标定。试验结果表明,土壤接触参数近似组合为碰撞恢复系数为0.223、静摩擦因数为0.630、滚动摩擦因数为0.373、土壤表面能为0.340 J/m³,该组合离散元仿真所得土壤堆积角为31.57°,与实际测量结果误差仅为1.2%。赤芍与土壤接触参数为：碰撞恢复系数为0.25、静摩擦因数为0.84、滚动摩擦因数为0.37。研究结果可以为后期移栽离散元仿真分析奠定基础。     

颗粒饲料破损离散元仿真参数标定

为了探究气力输送中颗粒饲料的破损机理,针对当前缺乏颗粒饲料准确破损仿真模型的问题,利用EDEM仿真软件进行颗粒饲料破损离散元仿真参数标定研究。以粒径为2.50 mm混养成鱼颗粒饲料为研究对象,通过基础试验测定了颗粒饲料本征参数;通过颗粒饲料休止角试验、碰撞恢复系数标定试验和落料时间,结合试验优化设计方法,确定了饲料间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数为0.58、0.23、0.12,饲料和软塑料（软PVC）间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数为0.69、0.22、0.18;通过颗粒饲料单轴压缩破碎试验和仿真试验,结合响应面优化确定了单位面积法向刚度、单位面积切向刚度、临界法向应力、临界切向应力,分别为2.25×10⁹ N/m³、8.05×10⁸ N/m³、455 MPa、305 MPa。以确定的参数进行休止角仿真试验、单轴压缩仿真试验,结果表明,休止角、破碎力、落料时间的仿真值与实测值相对误差分别为0.35%、1.43%、2.81%;通过自由落料、斜面滑动、斜面滚动试验对粘结模型接触参数进...     

桑园土壤非等径颗粒离散元仿真模型参数标定与试验

为获取土壤离散元仿真模型的土壤颗粒物理参数和接触参数,本文采用试验与仿真相结合的方法,以桑园土壤为例,对土壤颗粒的接触参数进行了仿真标定。首先利用粉体仪、斜面仪、等应变直剪仪等,分析了试验地不同深度土壤的粒径分布,测量了试验地不同深度土壤休止角、滑动摩擦角、剪应力、内聚力、内摩擦角;然后,根据实测土壤粒径分布,利用EDEM软件建立了非等直径土壤球形颗粒模型。在此基础上,以土壤颗粒间及土壤与65Mn钢间的静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数、恢复系数为试验因素,土壤休止角、土壤-65Mn钢滑动摩擦角为目标值,建立了基于中心组合试验设计（CCD）方案,并利用Design-Expert软件对仿真试验结果进行了分析,得到了仿真标定的土壤-土壤间静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数和恢复系数的最优值分别为0.89、0.45和0.43;标定的土壤-65Mn钢间静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数和恢复系数的最优值分别为1.15、0.05和0.4。利用以上标定的最优参数对桑园土壤进行了休止角与滑动摩擦角仿真试验,试验结果表明,休止角仿真值与试验值相对误差为1.69%,土壤-65Mn钢的滑动摩擦角仿真值与试验值相对误差为2.88%。在此...     

基于离散元的微型马铃薯仿真参数标定

为系统全面地研究微型马铃薯种子离散元仿真物性参数,根据其物料特征创建微型薯模型,以此为基础建立微型薯离散元参数获取模型。利用试验测定及仿真模拟相结合的方法对微型薯颗粒离散元参数进行标定和校准,即以先后建立碰撞恢复系数测定模型、微型薯-钢板摩擦因数测定模型、微型薯颗粒间摩擦因数测定模型的方法,在EDEM中建立仿真试验模型并以所标定的相应离散元仿真参数为自变量,以仿真模型所测定的因素为评价指标,通过在仿真模型中改变自变量获取相应的评价指标值,建立曲线拟合方程,将真实试验模型中对各因素所测定的值作为仿真目标值代入拟合方程中得到微型薯离散元仿真参数并进行了仿真试验验证。求得微型薯种子离散元仿真参数:微型薯-钢板碰撞恢复系数为0.523,微型薯颗粒间碰撞恢复系数为0.478,微型薯-钢板静摩擦因数为0.644,微型薯-钢板滚动摩擦因数为0.022 1,微型薯颗粒间静摩擦因数为0.325,微型薯颗粒间滚动摩擦因数为0.030 0。对标定后的微型薯离散元物性参数进行仿真验证试验,结果表明标定后的微型薯仿真颗粒堆积角以及种子分布情况与真实试验条件相吻合,为微型薯相关播种机具设计和优化提供了理论依据。     

果荚初期饲料油菜茎秆离散元接触模型参数标定

针对饲料油菜与不同材料的接触参数实测难度大、机械化收获离散元仿真模拟缺乏接触模型参数的问题,以果荚初期饲料油菜为对象,基于EDEM开展了饲料油菜茎秆颗粒离散元接触模型参数标定。测定了果荚初期饲用油菜茎秆本征参数,茎秆平均直径为20.4mm,密度为809kg/m3,茎秆弹性模量、剪切模量和泊松比平均值分别为115.73MPa、47.04MPa和0.23;以休止角为评价指标,应用Hertz-Mindlin基本模型和圆筒提升堆积法开展了饲料油菜茎秆颗粒堆积的虚拟二水平因子试验,结果表明饲料油菜茎秆与钢之间的碰撞恢复系数和滚动摩擦因数以及茎秆之间的碰撞恢复系数对休止角的影响较小,其值分别为0.60、0.10和0.60;通过最陡爬坡试验和响应面分析,确定了饲料油菜茎秆颗粒间静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数和饲料油菜茎秆-钢静摩擦因数的取值范围,建立了颗粒休止角的回归模型,以实测休止角与仿真试验休止角之间相对误差最小进行响应面分析和优化求解,确定其参数值分别为0.36、0.03和0.23。在接触参数最优组合条件下,根据回归模型计算得出的休止角理论值与实测值误差为2.15%,仿真试验得出休止角模拟值与实测值误差为1.83%,表明标定方法正确,标定参数准确。研究可为饲料油菜机械化收获过程的离散元仿真分析提供基本参数。     

基于EDEMpy的枸杞离散元仿真参数标定与试验

为探究枸杞离散元仿真边界参数的最优组合,提高离散单元仿真方法研究枸杞与采收机械作用机理的准确性,提升后续枸杞机械采收设备的研发效率及机械作业性能,选取EDEM中“Hertz-Mindlin with Johnson-Kendall-Roberts”凝聚力接触模型,通过物理试验测量枸杞堆积角、枸杞-钢板静摩擦因数、枸杞-钢板碰撞恢复系数。在物理试验的基础上,采用基于EDEMpy的仿真试验方法对枸杞的接触参数进行试验研究,以枸杞颗粒的静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数、碰撞恢复系数、表面能JKR为影响因素,以堆积角为目标进行多因素试验,并建立回归模型。试验结果表明：对枸杞仿真堆积角影响显著的参数为枸杞-枸杞静摩擦因数、枸杞-枸杞滚动摩擦因数、表面能JKR。以实际堆积角为目标值,对回归模型进行优化分析,得到显著性参数最优组合值分别为：枸杞-枸杞静摩擦因数0.506,枸杞-枸杞滚动摩擦因数0.064,表面能JKR0.048,该组合下的仿真堆积角平均值为28.82°,与实际堆积角的偏差小于4%,边界参数标定结果可靠。研究结果可为枸杞离散元模型边界参数的选取提供参考。     

基于离散元法的川产法半夏仿真参数标定

为提高法半夏离散元粉碎仿真试验的准确性,结合台架试验与仿真试验对四川产法制旱半夏的仿真参数进行标定。基于多球聚合模型构建半夏的离散元模型,采用弹跳试验标定半夏-不锈钢碰撞恢复系数;分别开展斜面滑移试验和斜坡滚动试验,通过二次多项式拟合得到半夏-不锈钢的静摩擦系数与滚动摩擦系数。基于半夏的堆积试验及仿真数据,采用响应面法构建半夏间接触参数与堆积角相对误差的多元回归模型。以堆积角相对误差最小为优化目标,采用萤火虫算法进行寻优,并与遗传算法、响应面优化寻优结果进行对比,获得半夏之间最佳碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦系数与滚动摩擦系数组合。采用侧壁坍塌试验进行接触参数准确性验证。通过上述方法得到半夏-不锈钢的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦系数和滚动摩擦系数分别为：0.567、0.649和0.103;半夏间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦系数和滚动摩擦系数分别为：0.584、0.293和0.084。验证试验的结果表明,5次仿真试验休止角相对误差均小于5%,表明该半夏离散元模型及接触参数可为半夏的离散元仿真分析提供参考。     

基于堆积试验的针形茶叶离散元仿真参数标定

针对针形茶叶在理条机加工过程中离散元仿真缺少准确的模型参数,导致茶叶理条机离散元仿真过程中易出现失真问题,以单芽茶叶颗粒为研究对象,基于切片技术的近似法建立颗粒模型,采用离散元仿真与漏斗注入法堆积试验相结合的方法,对其仿真参数进行标定。以茶叶颗粒的休止角为响应值,设计Plackett-Burman试验得到对茶叶颗粒休止角有显著性影响的参数：茶叶颗粒间碰撞恢复系数、茶叶颗粒间静摩擦系数和茶叶颗粒间滚动摩擦系数;以仿真试验休止角和实际堆积试验休止角之间的相对误差为目标,进行最陡爬坡试验确定显著性参数的最优值范围,并通过Box-Behnken试验建立茶叶颗粒休止角与显著性参数之间的二次多项式方程,利用Design-Expert软件优化模块得出显著性参数最优值：茶叶颗粒间碰撞恢复系数0.28、茶叶颗粒间静摩擦系数0.15、茶叶颗粒间滚动摩擦系数0.10;并对标定的结果进行离散元仿真验证,结果表明：仿真得到的茶叶颗粒休止角均值为19.52°,与实际茶叶颗粒休止角20.23°相比,相对误差为3.51%,说明此参数标定结果合理有效。为茶叶理条机的优化设计及茶叶加工数值模拟过程提供一定的理论参考。     

酒用高粱种子离散元仿真参数标定

为获得酒用高粱种子离散元仿真参数,以仁怀市大坝镇地区的茅梁糯2号高粱种子为研究对象,完成了物性参数的测量种子-尼龙、种子-ABS及种子颗粒间接触参数的标定。首先,采用物理试验测出高粱种子的三轴尺寸、密度、泊松比、弹性模量、剪切模量及休止角等参数,且获取高粱种子-尼龙与高粱种子-ABS的静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数和碰撞恢复系数;其次,采用Box-Behnken法设计三因素三水平试验,得到高粱种子颗粒间接触参数与休止角的二阶回归模型;最后,以实测休止角29.14°为优化目标值,求得高粱种子颗粒间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数分别为0.422、0.504、0.074,代入EDEM中得到仿真试验结果为28.39°,与实测值的相对误差为2.57%,进一步验证了仿真试验的可靠性和有效性。酒用高粱种子物性参数测定和接触参数标定可为高粱播种机仿真分析及优化设计提供一定参考和依据。     

桑园土壤非等径颗粒离散元仿真模型参数标定与试验

为获取土壤离散元仿真模型的土壤颗粒物理参数和接触参数,本文采用试验与仿真相结合的方法,以桑园土壤为例,对土壤颗粒的接触参数进行了仿真标定。首先利用粉体仪、斜面仪、等应变直剪仪等,分析了试验地不同深度土壤的粒径分布,测量了试验地不同深度土壤休止角、滑动摩擦角、剪应力、内聚力、内摩擦角;然后,根据实测土壤粒径分布,利用EDEM软件建立了非等直径土壤球形颗粒模型。在此基础上,以土壤颗粒间及土壤与65Mn钢间的静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数、恢复系数为试验因素,土壤休止角、土壤-65Mn钢滑动摩擦角为目标值,建立了基于中心组合试验设计（CCD）方案,并利用Design-Expert软件对仿真试验结果进行了分析,得到了仿真标定的土壤-土壤间静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数和恢复系数的最优值分别为0.89、0.45和0.43;标定的土壤-65Mn钢间静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数和恢复系数的最优值分别为1.15、0.05和0.4。利用以上标定的最优参数对桑园土壤进行了休止角与滑动摩擦角仿真试验,试验结果表明,休止角仿真值与试验值相对误差为1.69%,土壤-65Mn钢的滑动摩擦角仿真值与试验值相对误差为2.88%。在此基础上,依据实测的土壤剪应力,采用试错法,以实测土壤内摩擦角为目标值,优化标定了土壤-土壤颗粒Hertz-Mindlin with Bonding接触模型中的粘结参数,标定法向粘结刚度、切向粘结刚度分别为1×108、5×107N/m3,临界法向应力和临界切向应力均为10kPa,接触半径为1.1倍颗粒半径,直剪仿真得到内摩擦角为30.24°,仿真值与直剪试验内摩擦角平均值相对误差为5.53%。本文提出的土壤颗粒建模方法、标定方法及其所标定的参数值,可用于砂质壤土桑园耕作机械触土部件与土壤相互作用的离散元仿真分析及其结构优化。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。