姜油纳米乳液超声波乳化制备工艺及其稳定性研究

以辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯为乳化剂,采用超声波乳化的方法制备了姜油纳米乳液,并探讨了环境因素对其稳定性的影响。通过单因素试验和响应面优化试验,确定以乳化性能良好的Purity Gum 2000(PG)和Hi Cap 100(HC)2种辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯进行纳米乳液制备。以PG为乳化剂时,最佳工艺参数为超声功率430 W,姜油质量分数9%,乳化剂质量浓度0.1 g/m L,所得纳米乳液的平均粒径为(148±4.23)nm。以HC为乳化剂时,最佳工艺参数为超声功率410 W,姜油质量分数9.2%,乳化剂质量浓度0.125 g/m L,所得纳米乳液平均粒径为(162±3.25)nm。PG和HC姜油纳米乳液均具有良好的p H值、离子强度抵抗性。酸性环境有利于姜油纳米乳液的稳定性保持。Ca离子浓度变化对姜油纳米乳液稳定性的影响大于Na离子,PG姜油纳米乳液对离子强度的抵抗能力大于HC姜油纳米乳液。在姜油纳米乳液中添加适量的麦芽糊精可以起到抗冻的作用,PG姜油纳米乳液的抗冻性能优于HC姜油纳米乳液。     

乳化剂与内水相镁盐浓度对油包水乳液稳定性的影响

研究并讨论了内水相镁盐与疏水乳化剂PGPR对油包水(W/O)乳液稳定性的影响。制备W/O乳液的油水质量比为3∶2,油相中疏水乳化剂聚甘油蓖麻醇酸酯(PGPR)质量分数为0.5%~2.0%,水相中Mg Cl2·6H2O的质量分数为0~12.0%。采用Turbiscan Lab Expert稳定性分析仪分析了W/O乳液贮藏14 d过程中的整体稳定性。结果表明:在14 d贮藏过程中,液滴的聚沉和沉淀会导致乳液失稳。提高疏水乳化剂PGPR和镁盐的浓度可提高W/O乳液的稳定性。对W/O乳液的粒径分布及油水两相界面特性进行分析,发现W/O乳液稳定的机制在于乳液粒径的减小以及油水界面张力的降低。此外,油水两相界面粘弹性也在一定程度上改善了乳液稳定性,油水界面膜粘弹性随着镁盐浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势。     

麻疯树籽酶解液纳米乳液体系构建及其稳定性研究

利用水酶法处理麻疯树籽得到酶解液中的乳状液及水解液作为复合乳化剂,采用高压均质技术制备麻疯树籽酶解液纳米乳液。研究麻疯树籽酶解液中乳状液和水解液添加量,以及高压均质压力和均质次数对纳米乳液平均粒径、分散性指数(PDI)、ζ-电位、浊度、乳化产率和乳液稳定性指数(TSI)等性质影响,确定纳米乳液最佳制备工艺参数为:乳状液添加量15. 55%、水解液添加量45. 25%、高压均质压力91 MPa、均质次数4次。此条件下,纳米乳液平均粒径为297. 2 nm,TSI为2. 98,乳化产率高达92. 47%。通过超高分辨显微镜观测到麻疯树籽酶解液纳米乳液粒径均一、分布均匀,纳米乳液界面蛋白吸附量高达31. 20 mg/m~2。     

添加菊粉条件下的豌豆分离蛋白乳化特性研究

为探究添加不同质量分数(1%、3%、5%和7%)菊粉(Inulin,INU)对豌豆分离蛋白(Pea protein isolate,PPI)乳化性及乳液稳定性的影响,以PPI作为乳化剂,采用高压均质法制备了PPI/INU乳液,通过zeta电位测定、粒径测定、激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)、酶标法和内源荧光光谱等技术对乳液进行表征。结果表明:添加1%INU后,乳液具有最大zeta电位绝对值(为34.03 m V)和最小平均粒径(d4,3为395.50 nm); CLSM显示,低浓度(质量分数1%和3%)的INU使乳液液滴分布更均匀; INU质量分数为1%时,分别使PPI的乳化活性指数、乳化稳定性指数和乳液界面蛋白吸附率增加了7.8%、22%和11%;荧光光谱显示,随着INU浓度的增加,连续相中PPI-INU复合物的生成量增多,对乳液的稳定性产生了负面影响。由此说明低浓度(质量分数为1%和3%)的INU可改善PPI的乳化性、提高PPI乳液的稳定性,其中添加1%INU效果最显著。     

鱼油纳米乳液运载体系构建与稳定性研究

以大豆蛋白-磷脂酰胆碱作为复合乳化剂,采用高压均质技术制备鱼油纳米乳液,研究了大豆蛋白质量分数、磷脂酰胆碱质量分数、鱼油质量分数、均质压力对鱼油纳米乳液平均粒径、PDI、ζ-电位、浊度等性质影响,确定了最佳制备工艺参数为:大豆蛋白质量分数2%,磷脂酰胆碱质量分数0.2%,鱼油质量分数1.5%,均质压力100 MPa,得到鱼油纳米乳液的平均粒径为(245±3.1)nm,PDI为0.226±0.019,ζ-电位为(-30.2±0.6)mV,浊度为(2 413±34.7)cm~(-1)。通过超高分辨显微镜观测到鱼油被包埋于复合乳化剂中且均匀分布在乳液体系中;通过稳定性研究发现:大豆蛋白-磷脂酰胆碱鱼油纳米乳液分别在4℃和25℃储存30 d均稳定;对一定浓度的Na+有较好的抗性;酸性条件不稳定,碱性条件下稳定。     

超高压均质对紫苏油纳米乳液稳定性的影响

采用大豆分离蛋白(Soybean protein isolate,SPI)-磷脂酰胆碱作为表面活性剂,利用超高压均质技术制备紫苏油纳米乳液,探究不同SPI质量分数以及超高压均质压力对紫苏油纳米乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着SPI质量分数和超高压均质压力的增加,紫苏油纳米乳液的平均粒径和PDI值逐渐降低,在SPI质量分数为4%、均质压力140 MPa条件下紫苏油纳米乳液均一稳定,粒径最小为241.03 nm,PDI值最低为0.13;经过21 d的储藏试验,用Turbiscan稳定性分析仪测定紫苏油纳米乳液的物理稳定性,在SPI质量分数4%、均质压力140 MPa条件下,紫苏油纳米乳液未发生脂肪上浮或溶液聚集等现象,同时纳米乳液的平均粒径也未发生较大的变化,表明紫苏油纳米乳液在这一条件下具有较强的储藏稳定性。通过圆二色谱测定紫苏油纳米乳液中界面蛋白的二级结构变化,结果表明,超高压均质使α-螺旋的相对含量降低,而无规卷曲和β-折叠的相对含量升高,这说明界面蛋白的二级结构的变化对紫苏油纳米乳液的稳定性有一定的影响。     

大豆-乳清混合蛋白对O/W乳液稳定性及流变性的影响

采用大豆分离蛋白-乳清分离蛋白(SPI-WPI)作为乳化剂制备O/W（水包油）乳液,通过测定粒径、Zeta电位、乳化活性指数、乳化稳定性系数、乳液稳定性系数、扫描电镜、流变等指标,探究不同蛋白混合比例及浓度对复合乳液稳定性及流变特性的影响。结果表明：当SPI-WPI乳液蛋白质量分数为2.0%、SPI与WPI质量比为1∶9时,乳液体积平均粒径最小,为288.56nm,Zeta电位绝对值达到最大,为35.0mV,乳化活性指数最大,为108.23m2/g,乳化稳定性指数最大,为3.78471min,稳定性系数最大,为93.59%,此时乳液稳定性最好。当SPI-WPI乳液蛋白质量分数为2.0%、SPI与WPI质量比为9∶1时,乳液的粘度最大,乳液的剪切应力最大,流变特性较好。添加乳清分离蛋白增大了乳液的稳定性,降低了乳液的粘度和剪切力。     

两种大豆蛋白-磷脂酰胆碱纳米乳液粉末化特性研究

将超声处理及高压均质后的纳米乳液,直接利用真空冷冻干燥法制备了大豆蛋白-磷脂酰胆碱的乳化粉末,并进一步通过扫描电子显微镜、激光粒径分析仪、红外光谱等手段对真空冷冻干燥粉末以及复原乳液的物理化学等特性进行研究。研究发现冻干粉末复原乳液水复溶性良好,基本保持了与原始乳液相同的纳米级粒径。扫描电子显微镜及冻干粉末的粒径分布显示超声和高压均质制备的纳米乳液粉末结构致密均匀,表面无裂缝和孔隙,且高压均质制备粉末的表面更为平整,粒径分布总体呈现单峰分布,粒径平均值仅为6.13μm。使用超声和高压均质制备的纳米乳液冻干粉末的包埋产率和效率均达到90%以上,同时超声制备的纳米乳液冻干粉末更有利于β-胡萝卜素的包埋,更好地防止β-胡萝卜素损失。采用红外光谱学实验验证后发现,高压均质制备纳米乳液粉末的蛋白α-螺旋与β-折叠结构含量较低。与大豆蛋白-磷脂酰胆碱纳米乳液相比,真空冷冻干燥粉末的储藏稳定性及货架期显著提高。     

大豆亲脂蛋白-甲基纤维素W/O/W乳液稳定性研究

采用大豆亲脂蛋白（Soybean lipophilic protein, LP）和甲基纤维素（Methyl cellulose, MC）的复合物作为亲水性乳化剂形成W/O/W乳液外水相,以聚蓖麻酸甘油酯（Polyglycerol polyricinoleate, PGPR）为亲脂性乳化剂,橄榄油为油相,并以维生素B₁₂为指示剂,按两步法制备W/O/W型双层乳液。通过对微观结构、储藏稳定性、粒径、电位、乳液粘弹性等指标的测定,探究不同外水相比例及复合物中LP与MC的不同比例对W/O/W乳液稳定性的影响。实验结果表明：当LP与MC质量比为3∶1,外水相质量分数为70%时,W/O/W乳液液滴间的作用力最强、粒径最小、Zeta-电位绝对值最大、对活性物质的保护作用最强、28 d储藏稳定性指数较高,流变学性质较好。     

复配乳化剂乳化生物油/柴油技

以非离子表面活性剂为乳化剂,对生物油和柴油混合制备乳化油技术进行了研究.以乳化油稳定性为评价指标,研究了乳化剂的选择,并考察了HLB值、乳化温度、乳化时间对乳化油稳定性的影响.试验结果表明:在乳化温度为30～50℃的条件下,以2%的司班80和吐温80复配液并辅以0.1%的正辛醇构成的HLB值为8的乳化剂乳化含有5%生物油和柴油的混合液,可以形成油包水(W/O)型乳化油,其稳定时间可达60h;显微镜照片显示,乳化油中粒径为5～15μm的生物油液滴占60%以上.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。