含子闭环的并联机构运动学分析

为解决含子闭环的并联机构运动学建模问题,对含子闭环的机构进行界定。基于旋量运算得到子闭环中任意两构件的相对速度和加速度,并将结果整理成广义螺旋的形式。将子闭环这种新的表示形式与其所在同一串联支链中其他构件相对运动的传统旋量表示相结合,得到这类串联运动链的一、二阶影响系数。进而推导出含子闭环并联机构的输入速度和加速度向末端构件旋量速度和加速度映射的通用公式。分别以含有1自由度和2自由度子闭环的2个并联机构为例进行仿真验证,结果证明所讨论的方法是正确的。     

空间3-PUS-UP并联机构运动灵巧性与刚度性能研究

以含中间支链的3自由度3-PUS-UP并联机构为研究对象,充分考虑驱动支链、串联约束支链及末端平台伴随运动的影响,利用封闭矢量法求解位置逆解,建立并联驱动部分的雅可比矩阵;采用D-H法建立中间UP串联约束支链的雅可比矩阵。结合驱动方程和约束方程的关系,构建了3-PUS-UP并联机构完整的雅可比矩阵,建立该机构的运动学模型,通过仿真验证了雅可比矩阵的正确性;引入运动灵巧性和机构刚度性能指标,并绘制运动灵巧性和机构刚度在工作空间中的分布图谱,研究机构的运动灵巧性和机构刚度在整个工作空间的分布情况,建立了该机构基于运动学灵巧性的最优工作区域。研究表明,该3-PUS-UP并联机构具有良好的运动灵巧性与刚度性能。     

提高农网长距离线路末端电压的研究——基于电容补偿

66kV线路是农村电网的骨干线路,线路较长,电抗较大,因而线路电压损失较大,使末端电压较低。为此,从应用电容补偿提高线路电压的原理入手,对分别应用串联补偿、并联补偿以及同时应用二者的补偿效果进行了比较,经理论分析与仿真,得出了相应的结论:应用串联补偿效果较理想;应用并联补偿效果不明显;同时应用两种补偿时,并联补偿对串联补偿有一定的抵消作用。     

直线驱动型并联机器人误差模型与灵敏度分析

为提高直线驱动型并联机器人动平台末端执行器位置精度,根据并联机构结构和运动学模型,对影响末端位置精度的各项误差源进行了分析,利用解析法建立动平台末端操作空间与关节空间之间的误差映射模型;在灵敏度误差模型的基础上,依据全域灵敏度评价指标,提出了一种误差源筛选方案,筛选影响位置精度的主要误差源,利用蒙特卡洛法随机模拟并联机器人中各零部件的尺寸误差、驱动误差和装配误差,得知筛选前后动平台位置误差基本一致,验证了评价指标的正确性。以激光跟踪仪为测量工具在任务空间中取点测量,对筛选后的主要误差源进行辨识,修正并联机构的正向运动学模型后,并联机构末端位置精度改善显著,验证了误差源筛选方案的有效性和可行性,减轻了误差参数辨识的复杂程度和计算量,对结构较复杂的机构误差补偿具有一定的指导意义。     

基于Jacobian+RBF的3-PTT并联机构末端精确控制方法

为降低并联机构机械误差测量和补偿的难度,实现机构末端的精确控制,本文提出一种基于Jacobian和RBF神经网络相结合的末端误差补偿方法。以一种3-PTT并联机构为研究对象,分析机构正、逆运动学,验证数学模型的正确性。根据运动学模型解算Jacobian,分析机构约束奇异和运动奇异。为验证机构末端误差补偿方法的有效性,设置两种实验条件,分别为是否有丝杠的回程误差补偿和末端受不同负载,并通过激光跟踪仪测定末端位置。实验结果表明,使用本文的误差补偿方法后,机构末端轴向(x轴)、径向(y轴)位置误差均降低90%以上,竖直方向(z轴)位置误差均降低80%以上,证明了本文方法的有效性。     

半对称三平移Delta-CU并联机构运动误差分析与标定

对提出的一种半对称三平移Delta-CU并联机器人机构进行误差建模和实验分析。在规划执行末端运动轨迹的基础上,采用外部直接标定和修正系统输入的方法对机构的运动学误差进行补偿。在外部直接标定的过程中,为降低系数矩阵中的随机测量误差对执行末端坐标精度的影响,利用整体最小二乘法求解坐标变换参数;以误差数据为样本,通过模糊神经网络模型进行训练,并将训练好的模糊神经网络模型用于Delta-CU并联机器人机构的误差值预测。实验表明,模糊神经网络模型能够对Delta-CU并联机器人机构误差进行精准的预测,有利于提高Delta-CU并联机器人机构的补偿精度,可为Delta-CU并联机器人机构误差补偿提供参照。补偿后其绝对位置精度由1.187 mm提高到0.4 mm,重复位置精度由0.037 mm提高到0.018 mm。     

2UPR-RPS型并联机构精度设计

几何误差对并联机构末端位姿精度产生重要影响。为揭示几何误差对并联机构末端位姿精度的影响规律,并据此确定其最优区间,以2UPR-RPS型并联机构为例,进行过约束并联机构的精度设计。采用一阶摄动法建立该并联机构的几何误差模型,获得对末端位姿误差有影响的几何误差源。利用区间分析理论建立末端位姿精度关于几何误差源的灵敏度指标,通过灵敏度分析揭示几何误差源对末端位姿精度的影响程度。以灵敏度指标作为权重建立精度综合模型,采用均匀设计法确定在任务空间内精度综合的位姿点,推导各几何误差源的最优区间,并据此制定关键零部件的精度等级及配合公差。采用Sobol序列的拟蒙特卡洛法预估该并联机构的末端位姿精度,仿真结果表明,经过精度综合得到的几何误差区间数满足预设的末端位姿精度要求,从而验证了该精度设计方法的可行性。     

考虑关节摩擦的3-PRS并联机构动力学建模研究

为了研究摩擦力对并联机构运动过程的影响,对3-PRS并联机构进行了基于关节摩擦力的动力学分析。对3-PRS并联机构进行末端理论运动轨迹规划,采用矢量法对机构进行了运动学分析。提出3种不同的关节摩擦模型,包括库伦摩擦模型、库伦-粘性摩擦模型以及库伦-粘性-静摩擦模型,在考虑关节间摩擦的情况下,基于牛顿-欧拉法建立了3-PRS并联机构的动力学分析模型。逆动力学实例分析表明,负载越大,摩擦力越大,在有无摩擦力的情况下,3个移动副驱动力的最大误差分别为1.40%、1.51%、1.49%。通过正动力学实例分析了不同情况下关节间摩擦模型对末端运动轨迹的影响,结果表明,不同关节摩擦模型对3-PRS并联机构末端的运动轨迹有较大的影响。     

考虑润滑间隙效应的空间并联机构动力学优化

为了改善润滑间隙效应引起的空间并联机构动态性能的渐变劣化问题,以■RPaR冗余并联机构为研究对象,提出一种考虑润滑间隙效应的空间并联机构动力学优化方法。建立了考虑润滑转动副间隙的■余并联机构动力学模型;以优化末端执行器的动力学响应误差和优化间隙关节处的约束反力为目的设置目标函数,通过优化末端执行器质量以及转动惯量的方式来缓解运动副间隙导致的劣化效应,建立了考虑润滑间隙效应■余并联机构动力学优化模型;试验验证了所建动力学模型的有效性,对比分析两种目标函数对优化效果的影响以选择最佳优化方式,并分析优化前后考虑润滑间隙效应的空间并联机构动力学特性,结果表明动力学优化使润滑间隙转动副处约束反力峰值降低16.16%,为改善间隙效应提高空间并联机构动态性能提供了理论支撑。     

大型重载并联稳定接货平台动力学建模

大型重载并联稳定接货平台对于海上集装箱货物的安全转运发挥着重要的作用。根据需求设计了一个具有3个变形剪叉分支的并联稳定接货平台,该变形剪叉分支具有行程放大的功能,其由1个含子闭环的运动链URRRUU和2个SPS驱动单元构成,当分支中的2个驱动单元同步驱动时,变形剪叉分支与RPS运动链等效。在非惯性系下,首先基于矢量法分析了并联稳定接货机构上平台的伴随位移、速度和加速度,相应求得该机构的位置解;然后基于螺旋理论建立了该机构的运动学和动力学解析模型;最后通过数值算例验证了所建运动学和动力学模型的正确性,为此机构的后续结构优化和控制奠定了理论基础。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。