谷物热风烘干系统试验研究

介绍谷物的烘干特性和工艺特性,通过试验的方法确定烘干系统的各工艺参数,主要对热风温度、谷层厚度、干燥时间、热风速度、缓苏时间5项烘干参数进行试验分析.试验结果表明:在初始含水率较低时,干燥时间对降水幅度影响大;热风温度对降水幅度的影响率不大;随着初始含水率的增加,较高的热风温度对降水幅度影响增强;热风速度和缓苏时间对玉米降水幅度的影响率较小;缓苏时间对干燥有辅助作用,可提高烘干品质,减少裂纹的生成.     

水稻干燥过程应力裂纹产生的机理研究

通过水稻干燥和缓苏过程中稻谷爆腰产生的玻璃化转变分析,确定稻谷在玻璃态下干燥时对爆腰增殖无影响。建议采用2种措施：一是使稻谷在玻璃态下干燥,抑制爆腰产生;二是使稻谷在较高温度下干燥一定时间后,给稻谷缓苏足够时间以降低内部水分梯度,使内部水分均匀,有效地降低稻谷裂纹率和提高产米率。     

稻谷薄层快速干燥工艺的试验

采用组合试验与正交试验结合的方法,研究了快速薄层干燥的温度、分段降水幅度、缓苏时间比对稻谷爆腰率的影响,提出保证干燥质量、降低能耗、节省干燥机有效工作时间的分段干燥工艺,即快速干燥-储藏或缓苏-快速干燥。对于高含水率的稻谷,建议采用分段快速组合干燥,每段降水幅度不宜超过8%,且第1次降水后的含水率宜为15.5%～18%。谷物第1次干燥温度50℃,降水幅度为6.3%,缓苏96h时,第2次快速干燥温度50～55℃,缓苏时间间隔不宜少于48h。第2次干燥温度50℃时,干燥的缓苏时间可显著缩短。     

石墨烯低温远红外辐射干燥稻谷干燥特性与品质研究

为研究稻谷的石墨烯低温远红外干燥特性及其对稻谷干燥品质的影响,以辐射温度、排粮流量和除湿风量为影响因素,以整精米率和应力裂纹指数增值为评价指标,用自制的循环式石墨烯低温远红外干燥机进行稻谷干燥试验,通过BBD（Box-Behnken设计）响应面法,分析了低温远红外干燥对稻谷干燥品质的影响以及工艺参数优化。结果表明：影响稻谷干燥特性和品质的最主要因素是辐射温度,其次是排粮流量和除湿风量。随着辐射温度的升高,稻谷干燥速率和应力裂纹指数增值逐步增大,整精米率则逐步降低。与同温度的热风干燥相比,石墨烯低温远红外干燥平均干燥速率和干燥品质均有显著提高。经优化后,稻谷最佳石墨烯低温远红外干燥工艺条件为：辐射温度43℃、排粮流量4kg/min、除湿风量193m3/h,此时应力裂纹指数增值为9,整精米率为79.75%,稻谷干燥品质最佳。这说明利用石墨烯低温远红外干燥稻谷,可以明显提高干燥速率并改善稻谷干燥品质。     

基于玻璃化转变的稻谷变温热风干燥工艺研究

为保证稻谷干燥后品质、提高干燥效率,基于不同含水率稻谷的玻璃化转变温度,提出变温热风干燥工艺。采用三因素五水平中心组合试验方法,以稻谷温度、初始含水率和热风风速为影响因素,以稻谷爆腰指数、整精米率和干燥时间为评价指标,研究稻谷玻璃化转变温度、恒温和变温干燥特性,模拟解析稻谷干燥过程中传热传质规律,以5、10、15℃的变温幅度进行变温干燥试验。结果表明,稻谷玻璃化转变温度与其含水率呈负相关,恒温干燥最佳工艺参数为稻谷温度47℃、初始含水率22.0%、热风风速0.50 m/s,干燥后稻谷爆腰指数70、整精米率57.67%、干燥时间195 min;与恒温干燥相比,以5℃和10℃为变温幅度的变温干燥工艺,干燥后稻谷爆腰指数分别降低了20和10,整精米率提高12.6、7.7个百分点,干燥时间缩短30 min和60 min。研究表明,基于玻璃化转变的稻谷变温热风干燥工艺明显改善了稻谷干燥后品质,提高了干燥效率。     

稻谷干燥设备的类型

<正>目前用于稻谷干燥的机型,根据谷物和气流的流动方向分主要有混流式、横流式、顺流式、顺混流式、逆流式干燥机等。(1)横流式干燥机。横流干燥机可分横流循环干燥机和横流-缓苏干燥机两种。横流循环干燥机为中小型干燥机。日本SDA型横流循环式稻谷干燥机采用较低的热风温度(50~60℃),干燥和缓苏在同一机体内进行。干燥加热时间6~11分钟,缓苏时间60分钟,风量为每100kg稻谷0.5~0.7m3/s,降水量0.6%/h,生产率为160~1000kg/h。干燥原理为低温大风量,薄层多风道,干燥加缓苏的干燥工艺。广东南海和中国农大生产的小型横流循     

稻谷干燥设备的类型

正目前用于稻谷干燥的机型,根据谷物和气流的流动方向分主要有混流式、横流式、顺流式、顺混流式、逆流式干燥机等。(1)横流式干燥机。横流干燥机可分横流循环干燥机和横流-缓苏干燥机两种。横流循环干燥机为中小型干燥机。日本SDA型横流循环式稻谷干燥机采用较低的热风温度(50~60℃),干燥和缓苏在同一机体内进行。干燥加热时间6~11分钟,缓苏时间60分钟,风量为每100kg稻谷0.5~0.7m3/s,降水量0.6%/h,生产率为160~1000kg/h。干燥原理为低温大风量,薄层多风道,干燥加缓苏的干燥工艺。广东南海和中国农大生产的小型横流循     

玉米果穗深床层热风干燥特性试验

为了提高玉米果穗干燥均匀性和干燥效率,降低干燥品质损失,通过研制玉米果穗深床层干燥试验台,并进行不同风速（0.5、1m/s）、热风温度（常温（即室温）,50、60、70℃）以及料层厚度（180、360、540、720mm）下玉米果穗干燥特性以及品质试验研究,确定最佳的玉米果穗深床层干燥工艺与参数。试验结果表明,提高热风温度和风速均会提高干燥速率,风速0.5m/s时,热风温度50、60、70℃条件下第1层的干燥时间分别为28、20、14h,而常温通风干燥下192h后含水率仅下降到20%,随着热风温度的降低,干燥时间显著延长;提高热风风速有利于提高干燥速率,第3、4层玉米果穗干燥速率受风速的影响大于第1、2层;随着料层的增加,各干燥条件下干燥速率显著降低,干燥时间延长;常温条件下果穗各料层长时间处于高湿环境,从而在玉米果穗高含水率阶段采用常温通风干燥方式容易造成内部高湿和发热现象;干燥过程中玉米籽粒含水率先下降,果穗芯轴的含水率高于籽粒。与对照组相比,各组干燥物料的亮度均下降,提高热风风速和温度会降低亮度;常温通风干燥玉米籽粒电导率最低,随着温度和风速的提高,电导率升高,表明籽粒内部结构破坏较大;干燥后玉米籽粒淀粉含量和可溶性糖含量均有所减小,其中70℃、0.5m/s条件下玉米淀粉含量最低,60℃和70℃、0.5m/s条件下玉米可溶性糖含量较低。根据研究结果,确定玉米果穗深床层干燥工艺为先热风干燥后常温通风干燥的方式,热风温度50℃或60℃、风速0.5m/s、通风管路单侧料层厚度为360mm为较优的果穗热风干燥工艺参数。     

高湿稻谷多段逆流干燥缓苏解析模型研究

为了获得高湿稻谷逆流干燥层内的水分分布,实现干燥过程动态跟踪和调控,基于干燥水分扩散模型和深层干燥质量平衡方程,在线解析稻谷逆流干燥水分变化,给出了稻谷多段逆流干燥、缓苏复杂工艺条件下,层内含水率分布及干燥速率解析式,验证了风量谷物比为4,温度50℃的热风流过0.5 m厚的逆流层后,仍具有较强的干燥能力,解析结果与实测的干燥机出粮口水分偏差在±0.5%范围内,证实了解析模型的可靠性。     

以图像计算收缩率优化香菇真空缓苏干燥工艺

利用数字图像处理技术分析香菇干燥前后面积收缩率,是评价香菇干燥品质的有效方法。采用真空缓苏（间断）干燥是提高香菇干燥品质,节省能源的有效措施;通过四因素五水平二次回归正交试验设计,研究干燥室真空度、加热板温度、缓苏时刻含水率、缓苏时间4个因素对干燥过程中面积收缩率和干燥时间的影响,建立了多元回归数学模型;利用多目标非线性优化理论与方法,对香菇真空缓苏干燥工艺参数进行了优化并验证,确定最适宜的工艺参数为：加热板温度70℃,干燥室真空度0.09 MPa,缓苏时刻含水率70%,缓苏时间11.3 min,该参数对生产实际中的香菇干燥具有指导意义。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。