花椒采收机设计与试验

为解决花椒收获过程中的摘净率低、损伤率高的问题,在现有结构基础上,基于梳刷摘果原理对采摘装置、传动装置等零部件进行设计和分析,确定了影响花椒采收机采摘效果的因素。利用ADAMS软件,以采摘装置梳刷滚筒转速、梳刷滚筒与喂入口间距、两梳刷滚筒间距为影响因素,以花椒果实未损伤摘净率为检测目标,进行响应面仿真分析试验。结果表明：梳刷滚筒转速对花椒果实未损伤摘净率影响极其显著,梳刷滚筒与喂入口间距、两梳刷滚筒间距影响比较显著。最优参数下,即梳刷滚筒转速531r/min、两梳刷滚筒间距70.6mm、梳刷滚筒与喂入口间距46.7mm时,花椒果实未损伤摘净率为96.6%。研究结果可为后续花椒采收机的研究提供参考。     

振摇枸杞采收机设计与试验

目前我国枸杞采收仍然以人工采收为主,但人工采收存在效率低、成本高等问题。为此,根据枸杞挂果枝条的生长特性,分析了枸杞果实果柄机械分离的条件,建立了果实脱落的动力学模型,设计了一种振摇枸杞采收机,并通过求解模型得出影响果实脱落的3个参数:振摇频率、振幅和指排间距。利用ADAMS对简化后的模型进行动力学仿真分析,通过检测果实果柄惯性力的变化,确定了参数的取值范围。将采净率、采青率和损伤率作为采收效果评价指标,设置不同的参数进行正交试验,得出最佳参数组合为:振摇频率12 Hz、振幅40 mm和指排间距100 mm,在该条件下振摇枸杞采收机的采净率为93.52%,采青率为5.72%,损伤率为2.54%,满足对枸杞采收的质量要求,采收效率为485 g/min,是人工采摘效率的5.5倍。     

枸杞采收方法对比试验与分析

为大型枸杞采收技术装备研发提供关键采摘技术支撑,首先探寻枸杞采摘方法的采摘效果,选取振动、气力、辊刷和剪切枸杞采收方法开展研究,设计相关试验装置;其次制定各装置的试验方案,开展枸杞采收效果试验,最终试验结果表明:往复高频振动采收枸杞损伤率为5%～9%,采净率85%～95%,高频振动频率控制在33～38.3 Hz,采收效果较好;击振采收损伤率9%～40%,采净率50%～70%,插齿形状击振头采收效果较好;正压紊流采收枸杞损伤率为4%～13%,对气压要求高;负压采收损伤率为6%～15%,采净率90%～100%,斜推结合负压采摘效果较好;辊刷采收损伤率为4%～16%;剪切采收损伤率可忽略,易误采,采收难度大。综上所述,往复高频振动、击振和正压紊流方法可应用于大型枸杞采收装备的研发。     

手持振动梳刷式小粒咖啡采摘装置设计与试验

针对云南丘陵山区小粒咖啡人工采收成本高、大型机械采收困难等问题,设计了手持振动梳刷式小粒咖啡采摘装置。通过建立果树-机械收获动力学模型和多体动力学仿真,得到振幅的稳态响应表达式,并确定了振动部件和梳刷部件的结构参数。利用ADAMS建立了果树-机械刚柔耦合模型,采用广义力与传感器函数控制的方法进行单因素仿真试验,分析了频率、梳齿间距和偏心块夹角对小粒咖啡收获效果的影响规律。以频率、梳齿间距和偏心块夹角为试验因素,采净率、采青率和损伤率为试验指标,进行二次回归正交旋转组合试验,结果表明:对采净率和采青率的影响因素重要性依次为频率、梳齿间距、偏心块夹角;对损伤率影响因素重要性依次为梳齿间距、频率和偏心块夹角。当频率为26 Hz、梳齿间距为32 mm、偏心块夹角为22.5°时,采摘机工作性能最佳,经试验验证,此时采净率为91.35%,采青率为8.46%,损伤率为4.15%,满足小粒咖啡收获技术要求。     

手持冲击梳刷式油茶果采摘装置设计与试验

针对丘陵山地油茶果人工采摘效率低、大型机械采收难且花苞损伤大等问题,设计了一种手持冲击梳刷式油茶果采摘装置,通过冲击指的碰撞作用和指间梳刷作用采摘油茶果,可有效降低花苞损伤率。以采摘装置质量最小化为目标,利用Ansys Workbench拓扑优化模块进行轻量化设计,机架减轻近30.59%;建立“冲击指-油茶果”碰撞模型和“主枝-细枝-茶果”三摆动力学模型,明确影响油茶果采摘效果的主要因素为油茶果的质量和压入变形量、冲击指质量和转速、枝条长度和质量;进而以冲击指转速和指间夹角、装置梳刷次数为试验因素,以采摘速率、采净率和花苞损伤率为评价指标,开展油茶果采摘试验并采用响应面分析法处理试验数据。结果表明,冲击指转速对采摘效果的影响最为显著,且当冲击指转速为409.8 r/min、指间夹角为4.1°、装置梳刷4.5次时,装置的采摘性能最佳;此时,油茶果采摘速率为43.67 kg/h、采净率为86.42%,花苞损伤率低于8.89%,满足高油茶果采净率和低花苞损伤率的工作要求。     

振刷式枸杞采收机设计与试验优化

为了实现枸杞机械采收的高效、低损,融合振动和梳刷原理,设计了一种便携振刷式枸杞采收机,同时,根据枸杞鲜果与果柄脱离机理,采用单个集中质量力学模型,建立了采收机动力学模型,得到了采收机作用于枸杞鲜果的接触点位移、速度和加速度方程。运用ADAMS对采收机进行了运动学与动力学仿真,仿真结果表明:梳刷转速60～70 r/min、凸轮转速25～35 r/min、梳刷样式Ⅱ型时,熟果可以从果柄上脱离且不受损伤。采用三因素三水平二次正交旋转组合试验,建立了熟果采收率、青果错采率、熟果破损率与梳刷转速、凸轮转速、梳刷样式之间的数学模型,分析了各因素对熟果采收率、青果错采率、熟果破损率的影响,确定了最佳参数组合:梳刷转速64. 52 r/min、凸轮转速29. 68 r/min、梳刷样式Ⅱ型,并进行了田间试验验证。田间试验表明,熟果采收率为89. 12%,青果错采率为5. 87%,熟果破损率为6. 24%。     

钙果梳刷采摘仿真分析与试验

钙果成熟期,挂果枝条倒伏率达80%以上,机械化采收困难。为解决枝条倒伏问题,提出梳刷式钙果田间采收方案,梳刷采摘装置主要包括梳刷部件与运动机构两部分。梳刷部件贴近地面,将倒伏枝条扶起,并将枝条喂入梳齿间隙。梳齿间隙宽度介于果实直径与枝条直径之间,果实随部件上升,同时与枝条分离。设计了梳刷部件采收过程所需的机械机构,并对机构进行动力学仿真及有限元分析,完成机构强度校核。试验表明:梳齿间隙设定为10 mm,可以使梳刷部件同时满足枝条喂入和果实分离;试验样机采收率为80.6%;梳刷部件采摘率＞95%,破损率＜1%;采收装置的采摘率与梳刷部件运动轨迹相关。      

基于往复振动方法的枸杞低损采收技术装备设计与试验

以解决枸杞自走式连续采收难题为目标,以往复式振动关键部件采摘方法为核心技术,农机农艺深入融合,建立适宜往复仿形振动采摘模式的枸杞栽培示范区,重点设计隧道式左右和上端阵列往复振动部件总成系统的仿形采摘关键部件,辅助设计柔性接果和输送风选归集系统,结合跨行自走式动力平台,集成研创基于往复振动方法的枸杞低损采收机。夏果初茬枸杞采收试验结果:当振动频率为37.5～50 Hz,枸杞成熟果的采净率为89.5%～96.4%,采净率随着振动频率的提高显著提高;在同一振动频率前提下,随着枸杞成熟度提升,采净率整体提高,成熟度与采净率关联显著。而振动频率为37.5 Hz,含杂率控制在14.4%～18.4%,显著降低含杂率。另外,干果损伤率为3.4%～10.2%,干果损伤率呈现随着振动频率提高而增加的趋势。夏果中茬枸杞采收试验结果:当振动频率为32.5～45 Hz,干果损伤率随着振动频率增加,呈先减小后增加趋势,数据显示当频率设置为37.5 Hz左右,该机采摘干果损伤率最低。新增误采率随振频变化规律:误采率为4.18%～11.36%,误采率与振动频率关系并不显著。最后,针对秋果,关于37.5 Hz最佳振动频率左右的鲜果损伤试验,显示鲜果损伤率均在5%以内,该机作业效率较高,一机抵30个人工。     

梳夹式红花采收装置机组布局参数优化试验

为提高梳夹式采收装置的作业质量,利用实验室研制的梳夹式采收装置试验台,以新疆裕民无刺红花为试验对象,以顶部位置差、顶部高度差、中间位置差和中间高度差为影响因素,以整株采净率、含杂率和采摘质量度为评价指标,进行四因素五水平正交中心组合优化试验。通过Design Expert 10(32-bit)软件,建立了评价指标和各影响因素的数学回归模型,分析了显著因素对评价指标的影响,确定了最优参数组合为:顶部位置差198mm,顶部高度差108mm,中间位置差200mm,中间高度差135mm。在该参数组合下,取植株顶部80%以上花球开花后1~5天的红花(含水率≥44.6%)进行花丝采摘试验,结果表明:整株采净率为79.55%,含杂率为1.52%,采摘质量度为0.9,效果理想。本研究为梳夹式红花采收机具的设计提供了参考依据。     

梳排振动式荔枝采摘机的设计与试验

为提高荔枝的机械化采摘效率,设计了一种梳排振动式荔枝采摘机。利用EDEM软件对采摘机采摘部件建立仿真模型,选取不同梳摆频率(10、20、30Hz)进行仿真试验研究,结果表明:在梳摆频率为30Hz时,荔枝果实的平均压缩力峰值达到了89.62N,采摘机的适宜梳摆频率应小于30Hz。通过试验分析梳打频率、梳棒间距和梳棒重合度对荔枝采摘效率和破损率的影响,测得最优参数组合(梳摆频率为19Hz,梳棒间距为100mm,梳棒重合度为60%)条件下的采摘效率为1.94kg/min,破损率为3.14%。对比分析振动采摘和手工采摘的采后品质发现:机械采摘和人工采摘两种采摘方式的荔枝色差值、可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量在10天的贮藏期内无显著性差异,说明振动采摘未对荔枝果实品质产生不良影响。本研究可为荔枝采收机械的设计与优化提供参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。