高标准农田生态位障碍因子诊断模型建立与应用

基于生态位理论,将生态位模型和指标偏离度思想相结合构建了基于生态位的障碍因子诊断模型。以河南省新郑市为研究对象,从准则层和指标层对制约新郑市高标准农田建设的主要障碍因子展开分析,结果显示:新郑市障碍度在0.5以下的耕地总面积为22 741.14 hm2,占研究区域耕地总面积的41.98%;障碍度在[0.51,0.65]之间的耕地总面积为22 493.79 hm2,占研究区域耕地总面积的41.53%;障碍度大于0.65的耕地总面积为8 933.01 hm2,占研究区域耕地总面积的16.49%。总体来看,新郑市耕地整体自然禀赋条件较好,障碍度不高。制约新郑市高标准农田建设的主要障碍因子是灌溉保证率和排水条件,部分地区的土壤有机质含量偏低和土壤污染指数偏高。利用该模型获取了新郑市高标准农田建设主要障碍因子的空间分布信息,与实地调查分析结果相符,验证了模型的有效性。该模型既克服了目前障碍因子诊断模型中主观赋权的局限性,又以最适生态位值代替指标偏离度模型中的100%值,为指标偏离度模型中100%值的确定提供了相关的理论和科学依据,弥补了障碍因子诊断模型的不足,为障碍因子诊断提供了新思路,拓展了生态位理论的应用范围。     

基于耦合协调度模型的高标准农田建设项目区优选研究

以河南省新郑市为研究区,在对高标准农田建设适宜性和空间稳定性评价的基础上,通过构建耦合协调度模型,结合热点分析理论,优选高标准农田建设项目区。研究结果表明,高标准农田建设难易程度中基本具备级别所占面积最大,耕地面积为33 731.84 hm2,占耕地总面积的62.27%。根据农田建设难易程度,选取了5个高标准农田建设项目区,涉及新村镇、城关乡、观音寺镇、梨河镇、八千乡和辛店镇等6个乡镇,可建成高标准农田面积3 455.87 hm2。研究方法可为高标准农田建设项目选址提供科学依据。     

高标准农田建设区域划定与项目区选址研究

以河南省新郑市为例,基于GIS和改进突变级数模型相结合的方法测度高标准农田建设的适宜性和空间稳定性指数,并以耦合协调度模型统筹适宜性和空间稳定性,从而明确高标准农田建设的区域,在此基础上通过冷热点分析遴选高标准农田建设项目区。结果表明,研究区较为适宜开展高标准农田建设,优先建设区、重点建设区、全面整治建设区和不宜建设区的面积分别为27 004.83、17 040.40、4 361.16、5 761.55 hm2。其中优先建设区应大力发展特色优质安全高效现代农业,重点建设区以整治项目为依托提升利用效率和效益,全面整治建设区以优化耕地布局和提升潜力为主,不宜建设区应注重修复提升地力、增强防灾抗灾能力。通过冷热点分析高标准农田建设的适宜性和空间稳定性耦合协调度在空间上的联系模式,实现了快速识别高标准农田建设项目区,结合研究区实际遴选了10个高标准农田建设项目区。同时,基于障碍度模型诊断识别各项目区的主要障碍因素,从而有针对性地指导各项目区有序开展高标准农田建设活动。     

基于TOPSIS和热点分析的高标准农田建设优先区选择

高标准农田建设是保护优质耕地,保障粮食安全的战略部署,合理规划建设时序和空间布局是科学、高效进行高标准农田建设的前提。以河北省涿州市为研究区,按照国家对高标准农田建设区域的基本要求,构建了耕地综合质量评价指标体系,以规则网格为评价单元,基于TOPSIS模型对高标准农田建设优先度进行了综合评价计算,并采用热点分析方法划定了高标准农田建设一级优先区、二级优先区和不宜建设区。研究结果表明:涿州市中部和西南部区域耕地立地条件较优,基础设施较好,适宜建设高标准农田,列入一级优先建设区和二级优先建设区,面积占比分别为38.4%和31.8%;西部和东部部分乡镇不宜建设高标准农田。研究结果可为高标准农田建设优先区选择提供指导,为下一步的整治方向提供依据。     

县域“旱改水”项目遴选布局方法与实证研究

从分析遂溪县"旱改水"建设适宜性和空间稳定性入手,提出了基于耦合协调度模型和冷热点分析方法的"旱改水"建设项目遴选布局方法。结果表明,遂溪县开展"旱改水"建设潜力较大,其中高、中适宜区占耕地总面积的81.08%,主要分布在中东部乡镇;稳定性与适宜性的空间分布差异显著,高稳定性地块主要集中在北坡镇和广前公司,在其余乡镇也有分布;容易改造地块占耕地总面积的41.04%,主要分布在北坡镇、界炮镇、杨柑镇和广前公司等,该类耕地自然禀赋较好、基础设施完备,并且与城镇、交通干线有一定距离,建设占用的可能性较小;"旱改水"建设适宜性和空间稳定性耦合协调的热点区主要分布在杨柑镇、北坡镇、界炮镇和广前公司等中部乡镇,是"旱改水"项目布局的优先选择区域;结合研究区实际,确定遂溪县"十三五"期间"旱改水"建设区总面积462.75 hm2。该研究为科学遴选、布局"旱改水"建设项目提供了方法借鉴。     

基于TOPSIS和BP神经网络的高标准农田综合识别

为提高耕地综合生产能力,适应农业现代化发展需求,我国提出了高标准农田建设的重大战略部署。高标准农田的识别是建设前选址和建设后评价的基础。本文以耕地图斑为基本单元,融合遥感影像等多源数据,从本底条件、空间形态、建设水平、生态防护等方面,构建农田综合质量多特性表征体系,采用逼近理想点排序法(TOPSIS)进行初步评价,再以人机交互的方式选取各质量等级农田的真值样本,进一步采用BP神经网络算法修正各特性权值,得到农田综合质量的精确评价结果,实现高标准农田识别。以吉林省大安市为研究区,研究结果表明:基于多特性表征体系的农田综合质量评价方法精度达到96%以上;研究区高标准农田面积广大,主要分布在耕地集中连片、道路通达、生态防护良好、具有农业现代化生产优势的东北部、中北部、西北部边缘和部分南部区域;当地已备案的高标准农田和未备案、有潜力的高质量农田区域均得到有效识别。     

农田宜机化能否成为 高标准农田建设方向的探讨

正高标准农田建设,是指以建设高标准农田为目标,依据土地利用总体规划和土地整治规划,在农村土地整治重点区域及重大工程、基本农田保护区、基本农田整备区等开展的土地整治活动,并通过农村土地整治建设形成集中连片、设施配套、高产稳产、生态良好、抗灾能力强、与现代农业生产和经营方式相适应的农田。农田宜机化改造的对象主要为农机作业基础条件差、不具备大中型农机开展全程机械化作业的耕地。主要针对地块坡度大、面积小、细碎分散、异形地块多、田间道路系统不完善等田块。在项目实施区域的选择上以具有以上特点的坡耕地为主,原则上应为田面坡度10°～20°之间的坡耕地。注重耕作田块的     

宁夏高标准梯田宜机化建设实践与思考

<正>加快建设高标准梯田是宁夏高标准农田建设的重中之重,补齐丘陵山区农业机械化发展短板是宁夏农业机械化发展的关键所在。宁夏回族自治区现有耕地面积119.84万hm²,其中旱地66.22万hm²,占耕地总面积的55.3%,坡台地农田面积占全区总耕地面积的51%。截止2018年底,全区累计建成水平梯田近40万hm²,建设的水平梯田以田面宽度5—6m为主,部分水平梯田田面宽度只有3—4m。2019—2022年,全区新建旱作高标准梯田12.07万hm²,占全区新建高标准农田面积的46.4%。     

基于TOPSIS和局部空间自相关的永久基本农田划定方法

永久基本农田划定是保护优质耕地、控制建设用地占用优质耕地的有效手段,也是高标准农田建设的基础。本文提出了一种基于优劣解距离法(Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution,TOPSIS)和局部空间自相关的永久基本农田划定方法,从耕地的自然禀赋、区位条件、建设水平和生态景观条件4个角度出发,构建较全面的综合质量评价体系,借助TOPSIS法对耕地综合质量进行评价;引入空间聚类的思想对耕地综合质量进行局部空间自相关分析;最后,依据各区域的耕地综合质量及空间聚类特征,将符合要求的耕地划入永久基本农田。以河北省高碑店市为研究区开展实证研究,结果表明,该方法划定的永久基本农田较合理,划定永久基本农田面积为339.61 km2,占高碑店市耕地总面积的81.75%,划定比例达到国家相关规程要求。本文在耕地质量评价中加入生态景观因素,并结合最佳距离阈值和改进的反距离空间权重矩阵的空间聚类方法,为永久基本农田划定提供了新思路。     

基于耕地连片度的高标准基本农田建设划区

为提高高标准基本农田划定区域的耕地连片性,在耕地综合质量评价和耕地连片网络基础上,提出了局部耕地连片度计算公式来评价耕地的连片性,并采用四象限法空间耦合耕地质量和连片度2个时空属性。结果表明:献县高标准基本农田优先建设区域面积为24 803.45 hm~2,重点建设区域面积为19 688.77 hm~2,有条件建设区域面积为19 538.64 hm~2,与面积累加方法相比,优先建设区域连片度提高了15.55%,而有条件建设区域连片度减小了37.82%,表明该方法明显提高了高标准基本农田建设划区的耕地连片度。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。