滤网孔径对网式过滤器内部流场的影响

为探究典型滤网孔径(0.180、0.150、0.125 mm)对全自动网式过滤器内部流场在过滤时的影响,采用Fluent软件提供的Realizable k-ε模型和多孔阶跃模型模拟其清水流场,讨论和分析不同滤网孔径下的速度场、压强场及能态场。结果表明,滤网孔径为0.180、0.150、0.125 mm的实测水头损失和数值计算的相对误差分别为4.00%、3.52%、7.32%,可知选择的数学模型具有较高的可靠度;滤网孔径越小,网式过滤器过滤时的内部流场越紊乱,水头损失越大,罐体与出水管交界处的滤网需要承受的压强差越大,故实际运行中容易因该处滤网变形甚至破损而需要更换新的滤网。     

滤网孔径对网式过滤器内部流场的影响

为探究典型滤网孔径（0.180、0.150、0.125 mm）对全自动网式过滤器内部流场在过滤时的影响,采用Fluent软件提供的Realizable k-ε模型和多孔阶跃模型模拟其清水流场,讨论和分析不同滤网孔径下的速度场、压强场及能态场。结果表明,滤网孔径为 0.180、0.150、0.125 mm 的实测水头损失和数值计算的相对误差分别为 4.00%、3.52%、7.32%,可知选择的数学模型具有较高的可靠度;滤网孔径越小,网式过滤器过滤时的内部流场越紊乱,水头损失越大,罐体与出水管交界处的滤网需要承受的压强差越大,故实际运行中容易因该处滤网变形甚至破损而需要更换新的滤网。     

不同流量下泵前微压网式过滤器内部流场的数值模拟

泵前微压网式过滤器作为一种新型的灌溉过滤装置,具有结构简单、适配性高以及能耗低等优点。为了探究泵前微压网式过滤器内部流场的运行状态,采用了物理模型试验、数值计算及理论分析的方法,从微观角度对清水条件下泵前微压网式过滤器在不同流量(5、8、11、14、17 m³/h)的水力性能和水流运动状态进行分析。结果表明：标准k-ε模型可作为模拟泵前微压网式过滤器清水流场的湍流模型;滤网内部流速分布不均匀,随流量呈现不同形态的“火烛”形态,出水口对过滤器内部影响范围随流量增加而增大;过滤器内部同时出现高压区和负压区,滤网底部为水头损失主要发生位置。研究成果可为泵前过滤设备的浑水数值模拟和结构优化提供理论和技术支撑。     

出水管角度对网式过滤器内部流场影响研究

以全自动网式过滤器为研究对象,基于Fluent软件,用多孔阶跃模型模拟滤网,采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型对其内部流场进行了数值模拟。结果显示数值计算与物理试验的进出口压降相对误差为6.77%,说明选择的数学模型具有一定的准确性和可靠度。在此基础上,分析了过滤器内部流场,发现压降发生的部位主要为滤网;出水管内速度、压强分布不均匀,有漩涡区存在。在保持滤网面积不变的情况下,分别模拟了出水管与罐体夹角α为75°、60°、45°、30°时过滤器的流场,结果表明:夹角α对出水管内流场影响较大。随着夹角α的减小,出水管上部流速、压强分布均趋于均匀;出水管左侧漩涡区域逐渐消失,右侧漩涡区域有所增大,但对进、出口压降及其他部位的流场影响较小。出水管与罐体夹角α并不是影响过滤器流场的主要原因,若要对过滤器进行结构优化,需从滤网着手。     

微灌条件下三种过滤器过滤效果试验研究

为了探索砂石、筛网和叠片过滤器对黄河泥沙的过滤效果及其差异性,在不同过滤流量下进行了室内模型试验,并对比分析了过滤后水浊度、颗粒质量浓度、水头损失、瞬时流量等指标。结果表明,砂石过滤器过滤后水浊度和颗粒质量浓度低于筛网和叠片过滤器,且砂石过滤器过滤后水的水浊度和颗粒质量浓度变化曲线较为稳定,筛网和叠片过滤器的浊度滤除比率和颗粒质量浓度滤除比率均低于砂石过滤器。砂石过滤器截留的泥沙粒径分布均匀,而筛网和叠片过滤器截留能力体现在大粒径,因而砂石过滤器更能充分实现过滤功能。砂石过滤器水头损失随时间呈现递增趋势,而筛网和叠片过滤器变化幅度不大,分析认为后者未能充分截留泥沙,判定水头损失小不代表过滤效果好。综合可知,砂石过滤器过滤黄河泥沙效果优于筛网和叠片过滤器。     

网式过滤器的计算模型选择及内部流场分析

为了解网式过滤器内部流场特性,分别采用Fluent软件提供的Standard k-ε、RNGk-ε及Realizable k-ε模型同多孔介质阶跃模型耦合计算,通过物理试验与计算结果对比,确定了Realizable k-ε模型与多孔介质阶跃模型能更好地模拟网式过滤器中的流场。在此基础上,分析了该过滤器的内部流场,指出排污口固体边界和出水口边界条件对该过滤器的速度流场和压强场分布规律影响很大;滤网内、外侧的水流流速沿X轴分布不均匀,从而影响了网式过滤器的过滤效率及使用寿命,其结构有待进一步研究。     

不同工况下砂石过滤器对黄河水和再生水过滤性能影响

为了了解不同水源条件下砂石过滤器的过滤性能,选取黄河水及再生水2种典型滴灌水源,测试了3种粒径石英砂滤料,5种滤速条件下砂石过滤器颗粒物去除率和水头损失,重点对比了2种水源下砂石过滤器过滤性能的差异.研究发现:砂石过滤器对再生水的浊度去除效果优于黄河水,浊度去除率提高5.95%~65.30%.在黄河水条件下,砂石过滤器水头损失大于再生水,水头损失增加了34.90%~68.40%;随着运行时间的增加,砂石过滤器对再生水的浊度去除率缓慢上升,而对黄河水的浊度去除率呈先升后降趋势;随过滤流速增加,砂石过滤器对再生水的浊度去除率呈先增后减趋势,而对黄河水的浊度去除率随流速增加并未有明显变化;黄河水条件下砂石过滤器的过滤参数建议选择粒径1.00~1.70 mm,过滤流速0.012 m/s,再生水建议选择粒径1.70~2.35 mm,过滤流速0.015 m/s.结果为不同水质条件下过滤器的选择提供一定参考.     

基于多孔介质模型下微灌网式过滤器CFD湍流模型选择及流场分析

应用Fluent软件可快速准确地进行流场分析,但针对微灌网式过滤器,如何构建流体模型以及如何选择湍流计算方法,值得探讨。基于多孔介质模型,分别采用3种不同湍流模型计算方法对过滤器展开了数值模拟,并以AZUD-M100网式过滤器为样品进行了对比试验。结果表明,不同湍流模型有一定差异,标准k-ε模型、Realizable k-ε模型的模拟值与试验结果偏差在3%以内,具有更高的精度,基于多孔介质模型的标准k-ε模型或Realizable k-ε模型更适合过滤器的数值模拟。研究了微灌网式过滤器内部流动规律,发现压力损失主要发生在滤网2侧;进出水管路与滤筒间的夹角,以及其交界处过流截面的骤变易产生速度、压力、湍动能的变化,造成流动紊乱和能量损失。     

高含沙水流条件下过滤系统水力性能试验研究

以离心过滤器和筛网过滤器组合而成的过滤系统为研究对象,通过田间模拟试验,重点研究该系统在处理高含沙水时的局部水头损失变化规律、局部水头损失与过流量间的关系以及系统的泥沙分离效率.结果表明:在设计流量范围内,系统局部水头损失随运行时间呈现先缓慢后急剧的变化特点,当筛网过滤器局部水头损失超过2～3 m范围值以后,局部水头损失开始急剧增大,流量开始急剧减小;离心过滤器受筛网过滤器堵塞影响,局部水头损失随系统过流量减小而减小;系统初始局部水头损失与过流量成二次函数关系,且受水质变化影响较小;系统泥沙分离效率与流量关系密切,离心过滤器过流量越大泥沙分离效率越高.     

微灌用网式过滤器数值模拟与结构优化

针对微灌用网式过滤器研究主要集中在水力性能试验研究方面,以进口直径为50 mm的阿速德(AZUD)普通微灌网式过滤器为研究对象,利用Pro/E软件完成过滤器的三维造型,基于计算流体动力学软件Fluent 6.3,采用多孔介质模型对过滤器内部流场进行数值模拟,得到了过滤器内部的速度分布和水力特性.为了增强数值模拟的可靠性,将模拟计算结果与试验结果对比,最大偏差和平均偏差分别为7.4%和4.1%,具有较好的吻合性,证实了数值模拟的可行性,可用于微灌网式过滤器的结构优化.在保证滤网面积与进口直径不变的前提下,优化过滤器筒体形状、进出口位置和进出口角度,改善过滤器内部流场分布,提高速度分布的均衡性和均匀性,延长滤网使用寿命.优化模拟结果表明水头损失降低69%,滤网过滤面上下两侧最大平均速度差由1.0 m/s减小为0.1 m/s.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。