自走式制种玉米联合收获机设计与试验

大田玉米收获机收获制种玉米时容易产生伤穗落籽、杂物堵塞等现象,本文针对适收期制种玉米生物特性,设计了一种大型制种玉米联合收获机,采用小行距对行柔性板式摘穗割台和可替换组合式剥皮装置,确保低损摘穗、输送、剥皮作业,降低籽粒损失与损伤;其中割台上方配备钢质覆胶弧形摘穗板,“橡胶+钢质”夹持输送链和六棱低速拉茎辊,可替换组合式剥皮装置采用柔性破皮+揉搓+降速组合形式。通过Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选提取影响机具指标的主要因素,采用Box-Behnken试验设计原理,以机具前进速度、拉茎辊转速和剥皮辊转速为试验因素,以总损失率与含杂率为性能指标,通过田间试验对机具进行检验,优化得出机具最佳作业参数。试验结果表明,优化后,当机具前进速度为4.87km/h、拉茎辊转速为877.27r/min、剥皮辊转速为442.52r/min时,果穗总损失率为1.61%,含杂率为0.55%。田间试验结果表明,当收获机前进速度为4.9km/h、拉茎辊转速为880r/min、剥皮辊转速为450r/min时,果穗总损失率为1.64%,含杂率为0.57%,满足制种玉米机械化联合收获的作业要求,可为制种玉米联合收获机设计与试验提供参考。     

压蔗辊和刀盘对蔗茎切割质量影响的试验研究

压蔗辊和刀盘直接关系到蔗茎的切割质量及损失,为提高蔗茎的切割质量和降低甘蔗的损失并满足低破头率的前提下,在田间对甘蔗收获机进行系列试验研究。通过调整不同的压蔗辊转动、不同的刀盘转速和压蔗辊转速并分别研究其对蔗茎切割质量的影响。试验表明不同的压蔗辊转动以及刀盘转速和压甘蔗辊转速对蔗茎切割质量具有显著影响。在该试验条件下,最优组合为上下压蔗辊同时转动、刀盘转速为750rpm、压蔗辊转速为180rpm,切断后的蔗茎头部完好率为53.21%,蔗茎头部粉碎率为10.78%。     

拉茎辊式油葵割台的参数优化及试验

为有效提高油葵割台的收获性能,针对目前油葵割台装置工作效率低、丢盘及损失率较高等问题,结合油葵种植特点,设计了一种拉茎辊式油葵割台.首先,阐述了机具的整体结构和工作原理;然后,根据理论分析及前期试验确定以前进速度、拉茎辊转速、分禾器倾角为试验因素,油葵籽粒损失率为目标值,利用Design-expert数据处理软件对其目...     

4GZ-56型履带式甘蔗联合收获机设计与试验

在消化吸收国外甘蔗收获机械先进技术的基础上,设计了一种切段式甘蔗联合收获机.该机能够在甘蔗收获作业过程中一次完成分行、根部切割、输送、切段、风选杂质和收集蔗段等工序的作业.对各工序主要装置的设计进行了简述,并在甘蔗存在严重倒伏的田间对该样机的主要性能指标进行了测试,实测的各项指标为总损失率2.25%、宿根破头率11.3%、含杂率7.75%、蔗段合格率94.55%和切割高度合格率94.3%.结果表明,该机能够在倒伏严重的蔗田顺利作业,各项指标达到了设计要求.     

4GZ-56型履带式甘蔗联合收获机设计与试

在消化吸收国外甘蔗收获机械先进技术的基础上,设计了一种切段式甘蔗联合收获机。该机能够在甘蔗收获作业过程中一次完成分行、根部切割、输送、切段、风选杂质和收集蔗段等工序的作业。对各工序主要装置的设计进行了简述,并在甘蔗存在严重倒伏的田间对该样机的主要性能指标进行了测试,实测的各项指标为总损失率2.25%、宿根破头率11.3%、含杂率7.75%、蔗段合格率94.55%和切割高度合格率94.3%。结果表明,该机能够在倒伏严重的蔗田顺利作业,各项指标达到了设计要求。     

多棱立辊式玉米收获机割台FMECA分析

针对目前农业装备故障率高的问题,在分析自主研发的多棱立辊式玉米收获机割台工作原理的基础上,运用FMECA分析方法对多棱立辊式玉米收获机割台的可靠性进行了分析。为此,建立了多棱立辊式玉米收获机割台的分级功能框图,并依据可靠度标准对多棱立辊式玉米收获机割台的零部件进行了定性危害性分析,得出多棱立辊式玉米收获机割台的定性危害性矩阵,最后建立了FMECA分析工作表,为多棱立辊式玉米收获机割台的可靠性分析提供了有益的依据,为复杂农业装备的FMECA可靠性分析提供了参考。     

立辊式玉米收获机割台间隙夹持输送装置设计与试验

针对立辊式玉米收获机割台夹持输送装置存在夹持均匀性和稳定性差,故障率高等问题,设计了一种结构简单、输送效果好、可靠性高的间隙定位夹持输送装置。提出了玉米植株间隙定位夹持输送方式,分析了间隙夹持定位输送装置主要结构与运动参数的设计方法;通过正交试验确定了影响夹持输送质量的3个主次因素依次为输送轨道间隙、夹持输送链速度和夹持输送链长度;确定A2B3C3为较优组合,即夹持输送链长度为130 cm、输送轨道间隙为3.1 cm、夹持输送链速度为4.5 m/s;在该条件下喂入姿态成功率为92.5%、断茎率为0.25%,输送过程稳定可靠,不存在堵塞问题,满足立辊式玉米收获机的作业要求。     

秸秆回收式玉米收获机割台设计与试验

针对玉米收获后玉米秸秆散落,二次捡拾含杂率高,造成环境污染与资源浪费等问题,提出一种秸秆回收式玉米收获机割台装置。割台装置分上下两部分:上层部分主要有摘穗齿轮箱、摘穗装置、拨禾轮以及分禾器;下层部分主要有秸秆切茬装置和揉切装置。对秸秆回收式割台装置的揉切装置和切茬装置进行试验研究,对揉切装置的动刀片和动刀主轴静力学分析后,制作样机并进行田间试验。试验结果表明,秸秆回收式玉米收获机割台的落地籽粒损失率为1.84%,果穗损失率为1.71%,籽粒破损率平均值为0.73%,秸秆的平均留茬高度为96.2 mm,秸秆揉切长度合格率平均为90.04%,秸秆回收率达95.78%,主要性能指标达到预期试验目标,本研究为秸秆回收式玉米收获机割台设计和改进提供了理论参考。     

预切种式宽窄行甘蔗种植机单辊排种系统设计与试验

针对目前预切种式宽窄行甘蔗种植机排种系统存在排种不均、合格率低、漏种率高、耗种多、卡种堵塞严重等问题,通过ADAMS进行仿真虚拟试验分析及试验研究,设计了一种由转向导流有序集蔗机构和单辊排种器构成的甘蔗预切种排种系统。通过自行搭建的试验平台,研究了转向导流有序集蔗机构和单辊排种器的集蔗箱弹性控流板结构形式、侧板夹角及排种辊转速等参数对排种性能的影响。研究结果表明：自动转向导流有序集蔗合格率为95.1%;单辊排种器的集蔗箱弹性控流板结构对排种合格率具有极显著影响,侧板夹角和排种辊转速对排种合格率具有显著影响;单辊排种器优化参数组合为：两段圆弧式集蔗箱弹性控流板结构、集蔗箱两侧板夹角为105°、排种辊转速为6r/min（理论排种速度：0.83s/根）。最后进行了优化组合参数的验证试验,结果表明：排种平均合格率为91.0%、平均漏种率为4.5%、平均堵塞率为0.5%,排种均匀性显著提高。     

玉米穗茎兼收割台切碎装置参数优化

针对玉米穗茎兼收割台的需求,设计了一种横置滚筒式茎秆切碎装置,并对其切碎性能及割台摘穗性能进行了试验研究。通过对切碎装置工作原理的分析,确定在拉茎速度与切碎滚筒转速比值一定的条件下,以机器作业速度、动刀切割前角、切碎滚筒转速为自变量,以玉米果穗损失率、籽粒破碎率、籽粒损失率、茎秆平均切段长度和几何标准差为试验指标,利用Box-Benhnken Design中心组合试验设计原理,进行了3因素3水平正交旋转组合田间试验,利用Design-Expert软件对试验结果进行了响应面分析和回归分析,得到试验指标与试验因素间的数学模型。试验结果表明：机器作业速度和切碎滚筒转速与5个试验指标有二次非线性关系,动刀切割前角仅与茎秆平均切段长度、几何标准差有二次非线性关系,因素的交互项中仅机器作业速度与切碎滚筒转速的交互项对籽粒破碎率、茎秆平均切段长度有显著影响。对切碎滚筒转速进行圆整,得到最优参数组合为：机器作业速度为1.35m/s,动刀切割前角为52°,切碎滚筒转速为1350r/min,此时果穗损失率为1.1%,籽粒破碎率为0.23%、籽粒损失率为0.74%、茎秆平均切段长度为30.73mm、几何标准差为1.28。与田间试验结果对比可知,回归模型有很好的可靠性。将最优组合试验结果与优化前的参数组合（机器作业速度为1.11m/s,动刀切割前角为53°,切碎滚筒转速为1657r/min）得到的结果进行比较可知：优化后较优化前果穗损失率降低0.4%,籽粒破碎率降低0.784%,籽粒损失率降低1.318%,茎秆平均切段长度缩短12.20mm,几何标准差减少0.34。优化后试验指标低于标准规定的指标值,满足设计要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。