玉米联合收获机贯流风阶梯式振动筛设计与试验

为降低筛分作业后籽粒损失率,同时保证籽粒一定清洁率,分析了玉米脱出物在气流场中运动状态,基于贝壳筛设计阶梯式筛体,并通过籽粒碰撞理论设计阶梯缓冲带,使籽粒在阶梯暂时“滞留”,减少杂余对籽粒夹带作用。在筛面振幅19 mm的条件下,采用CFD-DEM耦合仿真方法,以入风口气流速度、气流角度、阶梯高度和筛面振动频率为试验因素,玉米籽粒清洁率和损失率为试验指标,进行二次正交旋转组合试验。通过响应曲面方法对试验结果分析,利用软件对回归数学模型进行优化。结果表明:当气流速度、气流角度、阶梯高度和振动频率分别为16 m/s、25°、8.36 mm和4.45 Hz时,籽粒损失率和清洁率分别为1.69%和98.8%,均满足玉米籽粒联合收获机性能要求,进行贯流风阶梯式振动筛台架试验验证了结果准确性。通过对比试验得到,相比于平面贝壳筛,阶梯式贝壳筛作业后籽粒损失率降低为2.12%,清洁率提高到99.16%,清选性能得到提高。     

玉米清选组合孔筛体设计与试验

为增强玉米清选筛体对高喂入量脱出物的筛分能力,以适应玉米联合收获机快速发展要求,以玉米籽粒为研究对象,对贝壳筛体作业机理进行分析,探究筛分过程中籽粒在贝壳筛体上运动状态,得到贝壳筛对籽粒的筛分特性和籽粒的透筛模型。为增大籽粒透筛概率,基于贝壳筛和圆孔筛的筛分特性,设计了贝壳-圆孔组合孔筛体。在玉米脱出物不同喂入量条件下进行仿真试验,对组合孔筛、圆孔筛、贝壳筛作业效果进行对比,结果表明:在喂入量为6 kg/s情况下,组合孔筛作业后的籽粒损失率、清洁率和筛分时间分别为1. 15%、97. 53%和5. 50 s,均满足国家标准要求,且组合孔筛的籽粒损失率比圆孔筛和贝壳筛分别减少了5. 79个百分点和7. 84个百分点,通过台架试验验证了仿真结果准确性。在喂入量分别为5 kg/s和6 kg/s条件下对组合孔筛与阶梯筛筛分效果进行对比,在喂入量为6 kg/s、气流速度为12. 8 m/s、气流方向角30°、振动频率为5. 15 Hz时,组合孔筛相对阶梯筛籽粒损失率降低5. 60个百分点,筛分时间缩短0. 93 s,清选效果提高。     

玉米收获机清选曲面筛设计与试验

为提高玉米收获机风筛式清选装置的清选效果,通过筛上颗粒受力分析,确定筛上颗粒运动状态与筛面方程f(x)存在函数关系。以编织筛为研究对象,利用CFD-DEM耦合技术,通过对比清选装置内平面、凸面、凹面3种编织筛的气流场及不同区域筛分特点,提出一种正弦曲线编织筛,并与去除尾筛的正弦曲线筛进行性能对比,确定保留尾筛筛分性能更好。以正弦曲线筛筛形系数、入口气流速度、气流方向角为试验因素,以籽粒清洁率和籽粒损失率为评价指标,设计二次正交旋转组合试验,建立了各因素与指标间回归数学模型,运用Design-Expert软件的多目标优化算法进行参数优化。获得参数最优组合为:筛形系数32. 35 mm,入口气流速度13. 73 m/s,气流方向角23. 86°。当玉米脱出物喂入量为5 kg/s,筛面振动频率为5. 15 Hz时,利用高速摄像及室内台架进行了正弦曲线筛工作机理试验和性能对比试验。试验结果表明,正弦曲线筛可实现对杂余的快速推移,并提高籽粒透筛概率。正弦曲线筛清选装置的籽粒清洁率为98. 07%,籽粒损失率为1. 16%,相较平面编织筛清洁率提高2. 45个百分点、损失率降低0. 79个百分点,满足国家筛分质量评价技术规范要求。     

玉米籽粒收获机分段式振动筛清选装置设计与试验

针对目前玉米籽粒收获机籽粒清洁率和损失率不能满足国家标准要求的问题,设计了一种分段式振动圆孔筛清选装置。利用CFD-DEM耦合技术对传统双层往复振动筛清选装置内气固两相运动进行仿真,根据上筛纵向区域内籽粒透筛规律和上筛长度,确定合适的分段式振动筛前筛长度,并设计分段式振动筛后筛,使玉米脱出物在前筛尾部下落到后筛之前可以被前筛上下混合气流继续分散、分层,以提高籽粒清洁率,降低籽粒损失率。在保证分段式振动筛前筛清选性能不变的条件下,以后筛频率、后筛振幅、前后筛垂直间距、前后筛水平间距为试验因素,以籽粒的清洁率和损失率为评价指标,设计二次正交旋转中心组合试验,建立各因素与指标之间的回归数学模型。利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件的多目标优化算法获得最佳参数组合:后筛频率为4.44 Hz、后筛振幅为15.65 mm、前后筛垂直间距为114 mm、前后筛水平间距为18.53 mm。在清选装置入口气流速度为12.8 m/s、气流方向角为25°、清选装置入口玉米脱出物喂入量为5 kg/s时,分段式振动筛清选装置使籽粒清洁率提高到98.34%,籽粒损失率降至1.45%,籽粒清洁率比传统双层往复振动筛清选装置提高1.26个百分点,损失率降低0.81个百分点,满足国家筛分质量评价技术规范要求。     

玉米籽粒收获机清选装置分段式振动筛设计与试验

针对现今玉米籽粒收获机收获时存在籽粒清洁率和损失率不能满足国家标准要求的问题,设计一种分段式振动圆孔筛清选装置。利用CFD-DEM耦合技术对传统双层往复振动筛清选装置内气固两相运动进行仿真,参考上筛纵向区域内籽粒透筛规律和上筛长度,确定合适的分段式振动筛前筛长度并设计分段式振动筛后筛,使玉米脱出物在前筛尾部下落到后筛之前可以被前筛上下混合气流继续分散、分层,提高籽粒的清洁率,降低籽粒的损失率。在保证分段式振动筛前筛清选性能不变的条件下,以后筛频率、振幅、前后筛垂直间距、前后筛水平间距为试验因素,以籽粒的清洁率和损失率为评价指标,设计二次正交旋转中心组合试验,建立各因素与指标之间的回归数学模型。利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件的多目标优化算法获得最佳参数组合为：后筛频率为4.44 Hz、振幅为15.65 mm、前后筛垂直间距为114 mm、水平间距为18.53 mm。在清选装置入口气流速度为12.8 m/s、气流方向角为25°、清选装置入口玉米脱出物喂入量为5 kg/s时,分段式振动筛清选装置使籽粒清洁率提高到98.34%,籽粒的损失率降为1.45%,相比于传统双层往复振动筛清选装置籽粒的清洁率提高1.26个百分点,损失率降低0.81个百分点,满足国家筛分质量评价技术规范要求。     

大喂入量玉米籽粒收获机清选系统双层筛孔抖动板研究

为满足玉米籽粒收获机对大喂入量玉米脱出物的清选要求,设计了一种使玉米脱出物在进入清选装置时分流的双层筛孔式抖动板。对玉米脱出物离开抖动板到达振动筛前的运动进行了分析,确定了上、下抖动板相对于振动筛的位置,并参考圆孔筛确定了上抖动板筛孔的分布和尺寸。以抖动板的安装倾角、振幅和频率作为试验因素,以振动筛筛分玉米脱出物时间、清选系统收集籽粒的清洁率和损失率为性能评价指标,基于CFD-DEM耦合仿真方法确定各试验因素对性能指标的影响,并设计了二次正交旋转中心组合试验,建立了各因素与指标之间的回归数学模型。在清选系统入口气流速度、气流方向角和玉米脱出物喂入量分别为12.8 m/s、25°和7 kg/s的条件下,获得最优参数组合：抖动板安装倾角、抖动板频率、抖动板振幅分别为-3.85°、5.62 Hz、44.77 mm,此时清选系统收集的籽粒清洁率为98.36%,籽粒损失率为1.45%,振动筛筛分玉米脱出物时间为6.74 s,并通过台架试验验证了仿真结果的准确性,相比于带有单层抖动板的清选系统,籽粒清洁率提高了1.72个百分点,损失率降低了0.84个百分点,振动筛筛分玉米脱出物时间缩短了0.57 ...     

玉米籽粒收获机清选装置参数优化试验

针对玉米籽粒直收过程中清选作业损失率高、籽粒含杂率高的问题,开展玉米籽粒收获机清选作业参数优化试验,探究整机作业工况下清选装置作业参数对籽粒损失率和含杂率的影响规律,得到清选作业参数最优组合,并进行田间验证试验。玉米籽粒收获机清选作业参数较优水平区间为风机转速800～1 000 r/min,振动频率6～8 Hz,上清选筛筛孔开度15～25 mm。清选作业籽粒含杂率最优作业参数组合为风机转速1 000 r/min,振动频率7 Hz,上清选筛筛孔开度20 mm;籽粒损失率最优作业参数组合为风机转速900 r/min,振动频率6 Hz,上清选筛筛孔开度20 mm;清选作业综合指标最优作业参数组合为风机转速900 r/min,振动频率7 Hz,上清选筛筛孔开度20 mm。得到玉米籽粒收获机清选作业籽粒含杂率、籽粒损失率和综合指标的回归模型,田间验证试验表明,籽粒含杂率相对误差为5. 56%,籽粒损失率相对误差为5. 10%,综合指标相对误差为4. 60%,最优作业参数组合表现良好,且回归模型可靠。     

基于EDEM-Fluent耦合胡麻清选装置过程模拟分析

针对胡麻分离清选过程高损失率、高含杂率问题,设计了风筛式胡麻清选装置。利用EDEM-Fluent耦合方法,对胡麻清选装置清选过程进行仿真分析,探究清选装置作业参数对胡麻籽粒含杂率和清选损失率的影响规律,确定最优的组合参数。基于清选装置气流场胡麻脱粒物料的运动分析,建立了胡麻清选装置简化模型;对风机风速、气流倾角、清选筛振动频率和振幅4个参数进行单因素试验和正交试验。结果表明,风机风速、气流倾角、清选筛振动频率和振幅是影响清选装置清选性能的显著因素。应用Design-Expert软件建立了籽粒含杂率和清选损失率的数学回归模型,获得最佳工作参数组合:风机风速4.5 m/s、气流倾角4°、清选筛频率6 Hz、清选筛振幅9 mm,最优工作参数组合下胡麻籽粒含杂率为2.97%,清选损失率为2.39%。该研究结果可为胡麻清选装置的设计和优化提供参考。      

纵轴流联合收获机双层异向清选装置设计与试验

针对传统纵轴流联合收获机清选系统单层筛架在作业过程中存在大喂入量下损失率和含杂率高等问题,设计了一种结构紧凑、清选能力强、清选效果好的双层振动清选装置,提出了双层异向独立振动的玉米籽粒清选方式,分析确定了筛面和物料的运动规律、清选筛和双风道的结构参数以及传动机构的运动参数。以籽粒含杂率、籽粒损失率和分布比例为评价指标,对曲柄转速进行单因素试验,确定最佳工作参数为上曲柄转速220r/min、下曲柄转速190r/min;选取上筛曲柄长度和下筛曲柄长度为试验因素,进行了两因素三水平正交试验,确定较优组合为：上、下筛曲柄长度分别为50mm与40mm。在较优水平组合下,以8kg/s的喂入量进行验证试验,试验结果表明籽粒损失率为0.45%,籽粒含杂率为0.76%,籽粒分布比例为1.92%,清选效果较好,能满足清选性能要求。     

玉米收获机清选筛体结构优化

为提高玉米籽粒收获机风筛式清选装置的清选效果,通过对比编织筛和贝壳筛的筛分性能,以贝壳筛筛体结构为主要研究对象,采用CFD-DEM耦合的方法,选取振动筛筛分效率和籽粒清洁率为性能指标,筛孔长度、筛孔高度和筛孔纵向间距为试验因素,设计二次正交旋转组合试验。通过响应曲面方法对试验结果分析,并利用DesignExpert软件对回归数学模型进行多目标优化。结果表明,各因素对试验指标影响由强到弱顺序为:筛孔高度、筛孔纵向间距、筛孔长度。筛体结构参数优化为:筛孔长度21.68 mm,筛孔高度10.86 mm,筛孔纵向间距55.04 mm。通过试验验证此因素条件下振动筛筛分效率由81.79%提高到89.91%,籽粒清洁率增加到97.28%,清选装置的性能得到提高。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。