水田侧深施肥装置关键部件设计与试验

针对水田侧深施肥装置施肥均匀性低、作业性能不稳定、输肥管路堵塞等问题,结合水田侧深施肥的农艺特点,对水田侧深施肥装置关键部件排肥器和气力输送系统进行设计与分析,通过运动学和动力学的方法得出排肥轮转速越大越有利于提高施肥均匀性,计算得出排肥轮转速的最大理论值为150 r/min,并设计了适宜输送颗粒肥的气力输送系统。采用二次正交旋转组合设计试验,以排肥轮转速、插秧机前进速度、风机风速为影响因素,以施肥均匀性施肥量均值和施肥均匀性变异系数为响应指标,利用JPS-12型排种器检测试验台对施肥装置的排肥性能进行台架试验,运用Design-Expert软件对试验数据进行方差分析和响应面分析,得到影响因素与响应指标之间的数学模型,并对数学模型进行优化及验证。试验结果表明:在排肥轮转速21.96 r/min、前进速度0.93 m/s、风机风速22.93 m/s条件下,施肥装置的施肥均匀性变异系数为28.25%,且满足黑龙江省寒地稻作区侧深施肥最小施肥量150 kg/hm2的农艺要求。     

叶片调节式水田侧深施肥装置设计与试验

为提高水田深施肥的施肥质量,设计了一种叶片调节式水田侧深施肥装置。应用水田侧深施肥肥量调节装置计算机优化软件V1.0优化求解施肥量调节机构结构参数,通过施肥量调节机构受力分析,确定步进电动机的输出扭矩应大于680 N·mm。建立叶片调节式侧深施肥装置仿真模型,应用离散元EDEM软件进行排肥虚拟试验,分析螺旋钢丝和毛刷在工作时受到肥料颗粒的作用力,从而确定肥箱直流电动机和防堵装置直流电动机的输出扭矩应分别大于5 345 N·mm和8 N·mm。通过JPS-12型排种性能检测试验台对槽轮式和叶片调节式水田侧深施肥装置进行施肥性能研究,获得了槽轮式水田侧深施肥装置的槽轮转速和前进速度对施肥稳定性和均匀性影响规律,以及叶片调节式水田侧深施肥装置的开口直径和前进速度对施肥稳定性和均匀性影响规律。对比试验结果表明:叶片调节式水田侧深施肥装置施肥稳定性和施肥均匀性指标满足国家标准要求,在施肥质量上优于槽轮式水田侧深施肥装置,施肥能力满足农艺要求。     

刮板式有机肥条铺与旋耕混合施肥机设计与试验

针对果园有机肥人工施肥量不准确、施肥不均匀等问题,本文根据施肥农艺要求,设计了一种有机肥条铺与旋耕混合施肥机。该装置采用刮板式结构,通过圆环链带动刮板向前排肥,将有机肥呈条状铺撒在地表,通过旋耕装置将其与土壤混合。通过计算确定了施肥装置最大开口高度、肥箱容积等结构参数,分析了上、下层有机肥排肥过程。以排肥口开口高度、前进速度、链轮转速和刮板间距为试验因素进行离散元仿真试验,以有机肥相对误差和变异系数为评价指标,对排肥过程工作参数进行优化求解,得到最优参数组合：开口高度为53.17 mm、前进速度为2.8 km/h、链轮转速为15.96 r/min、刮板间距为160 mm。在最优工作条件下进行试验验证,得到有机肥平均排肥量为5.099 kg/m²,与理论施肥量相对误差为4.5%,变异系数为8.8%,表明仿真优化结果可靠,排肥量准确且排肥均匀性较好,该施肥装置施肥性能较优。在旋耕混合试验中,通过测定得到上层有机肥混合比例为11.83%,下层有机肥混合比例为6.29%,表明经过旋耕后,能够实现土肥混合效果,上层土肥混合比例高于下层。     

轮盘式液态肥穴播深施机设计与试验研究

液态肥穴播深施是利用高压液柱冲击土壤,通过精确控制流体喷射进行肥料定向深施的一种农机农艺新方法。为此,设计并研制了一种轮盘式液态肥穴播深施机,并通过土槽试验研究了液态肥穴播深施的可行性、成穴的基本规律及合适的工作参数范围。设计的开穴施肥轮上分布着多个导流开穴器,当导流开穴器插入土壤后,端面凸轮控制其开启,经过增压的高压液态肥沿导流开穴器射入土壤,解决了液态肥施肥过程中作业速度低、喷肥孔易堵塞及施肥量调节复杂等问题。研制了施肥机工作参数的试验测试系统,通过正交试验确定了其工作压力、流量和转速的最佳参数。试验表明:当压力取0.3MPa、节流阀开度为50%、转速为30r/min(对应机具速度0.86m/s)时,施肥量可满足设计要求。田间试验表明:轮盘式液态肥穴播深施机对覆膜、秸秆覆盖地、免耕地等作业环境有很强的适应性,比普通喷洒施肥节约肥料42%、提高作业效率30%以上。本研究为液态肥的深施肥作业机具研究和田间追肥农艺改进提供了参考。     

机械深施化肥技术

第五讲机械深施化肥作业技术要点(一)机械深施化肥作业标准要求: 1、排肥断条率≤3%。2、肥条均匀度:碳酸氧铵为20—30%,尿素等颗粒肥为20—25%,其中底肥深施均匀性变异系数≤60%;播种深施排肥均匀性变异系数≤40%;中耕深追施肥均匀性变异系数≤40%。3、各行排量一致性变异系数均应≤13%。4、化肥的土壤覆盖率要达到100%,种肥、追肥作业还要保证镇压密实。     

2FPG-40型葡萄开沟施肥机的设计与试验

根据新疆葡萄种植施肥需要,设计2FPG-40型葡萄开沟施肥机,该机能一次完成开沟、施肥和覆土三项作业。机具由40.4kW拖拉机牵引和驱动,作业幅宽1.7m,一次可开沟施肥1行,最大开沟深40cm,沟宽15cm,作业速度1km/h。以机具的前进速度、开沟深度和绞龙转速为因素进行田间试验,结果表明机具前进速度和开沟深度对排肥变异系数差异并不显著,绞龙转速对排肥变异系数差异显著,各因素对排肥变异系数影响程度为:绞龙转速机具前进速度开沟深度。通过正交试验极差和方差分析得出最优组合方案为绞龙转速60r/min,机具前进速度为1.5km/h,开沟深度为30cm。     

深施型液态施肥装置的设计与试

在分析液态肥深施特点的基础上,针对深施过程中人工开沟、覆埋难度大的问题,设计了一种可深施液态肥的装置.对此装置的施肥性能进行了二次旋转正交试验,利用Design-Expert 6.0.1软件分析,获得了液泵压力、喷口直径、土槽台车前进速度和截止阀开度之间交互作用对施肥损失率的影响.最终确定了液态施肥装置的最佳工作参数为:液泵压力0.2MPa、喷肥针喷口直径3mm、土槽台车前进速度0.975m/s和截止阀开度60%,此时施肥损失率为2.8%.根据最佳工作参数进行了验证试验,结果表明最佳工作参数组合得到的施肥量能满足设计要求,且施肥损失率最小.     

化肥机械施用要点与方法

1技术要点犁底施肥在耕地的同时,运用犁底施肥机,深施基肥。施肥深度10～25cm;肥带宽度3～5cm;排肥均匀连续,无明显断条;施肥量满足作物栽培的农艺要求。2施肥方法2.1深施追肥主要运用追肥机、中耕施肥机等机械在农作物各生长期(主要环节)进行化肥追施。技术要点:施肥量应满足     

玉米行间滚轮式穴施排肥器设计与试验

针对玉米在大喇叭口时期追肥机械化水平低的问题,结合黄淮海地区玉米播种行距、株距的农艺要求,设计了一种滚轮式穴施排肥器。为满足穴施排肥器稳定深施要求,基于Abaqus建立成穴器动力学模型,对穴施排肥器进行成穴性能和扎穴压力分析,利用分析结果对液压系统进行设计选型;根据穴施排肥器排肥稳定性要求,应用EDEM建立机具-土壤-肥料离散元模型,进行3种作业速度下的抛土特性和穴施量分析,得出当滚轮式穴施排肥器作业速度为1.5m/s时,排肥效果最佳。试验结果表明：该排肥器以速度1.5m/s作业时,平均穴排肥量为9.01g,穴施肥量偏差为11.2%,施肥均匀性变异系数为4.17%;施肥深度合格率92%,施肥深度变异系数6.57%,符合设计要求。     

2FK-40型果园开沟施肥机的设计与试验

针对果园经济作物葡萄、红枣等人工开沟施肥劳动强度大、效率低等问题,设计了2FK-40型果园开沟施肥机。该机可以代替人工完成集开沟、施肥、覆土一体连续作业,并且开沟距作物根茎50~80cm,开沟宽度15cm,最大开沟深度40cm。田间试验表明:机具作业速度为1.6km/h,纯工作小时生产率0.56hm2/h,排肥均匀性变异系数2.96%,开沟深度及施肥量可以根据用户需求方便调节,能够满足果园经济作物葡萄、红枣等施肥的农艺要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。