环形槽位置对高速诱导轮空化性能的影响

为抑制由高速诱导轮叶顶间隙泄漏涡引起的空化,在高速诱导轮上游和下游设立能吸纳泄漏涡的结构(即环形槽),并设计了5种环形槽方案,通过试验及数值计算相结合的方法研究不同环形槽方案对空化的抑制机理.研究发现:空泡最先出现在诱导轮吸力面进口边与轮缘相交的位置,随着管道进口压力的不断降低,空泡会不断向诱导轮流道内发展,进而漫延至...     

诱导轮离心泵空化条件下扬程下降分析

以空化条件下离心泵的扬程下降为切入点,基于RNGk -ε湍流方程和Rayleigh-Plesset空化模型研究带诱导轮的离心泵空化流动,获得了空化条件下离心泵流道的空泡分布及扬程下降规律,分析结果表明,空泡发展至诱导轮的喉部时,扬程开始下降;随着压力的降低,空泡首先出现在叶轮进口,并逐步发展至整个流道,进而影响离心泵的内部流动及能量转换;空化同时会引起局部流道的压增现象,压增的位置随空化强度的增大向下游流道移动.验证了诱导轮可以改善泵的空化性能,它能抑制空泡在主叶轮内的扩散,使空化仅造成主叶轮叶片进口处压力的缓慢下降,而主叶轮的扬程并未明显下降.     

叶片缝隙引流对高速诱导轮性能的影响

为了研究叶片缝隙引流对高速诱导轮性能的影响,以1台带前置诱导轮的高速离心泵为研究对象,就诱导轮叶片设置5种不同缝隙下高速离心泵内部流场进行数值模拟,研究诱导轮叶片缝隙引流对其自身及高速离心泵性能的影响.对比分析了开缝后诱导轮截面内速度分布、诱导轮外特性曲线、高速离心泵空化特性曲线、诱导轮流道内空泡分布以及诱导轮沿轴向位置各截面静压分布规律.结果表明,叶片表面设置缝隙可减弱诱导轮叶顶间隙泄漏流对管道壁面的冲击,削弱叶片进口边吸力面附近的旋涡,改善该区域的流态;缝隙可改变诱导轮流道内压力的分布,从而影响诱导轮流道内的空泡的分布,且合理设计缝隙的大小可使高速离心泵的空化性能得到改善.     

不同几何形状环形槽对高速诱导轮空化性能的影响

为进一步探究提升航空航天用高速离心泵空化性能的方法,研究环形槽几何形状对高速诱导轮空化性能的影响,设计了矩形、单曲率、双曲率3种不同几何形状的环形槽.使用原模型泵的外特性和空化性能试验验证了数值模拟方法的有效性,对不同方案进行数值模拟,分析不同几何形状环形槽对高速诱导轮离心泵空化性能、流道内能量分布以及诱导轮入口流态的影响.结果发现：在高速诱导轮上游设置环形槽可以降低泵的必需汽蚀余量,其中单曲率槽可以使离心泵的必需汽蚀余量降低得更多,为27.0%,双曲率槽和矩形槽分别使必需汽蚀余量降低14.7%和5.4%;环形槽可以减小叶顶间隙回流对上游主流的影响,诱导轮叶片上湍动能分布更加均匀,诱导轮流道内的压力明显提升;回流在单曲率槽中的过渡更为平滑而对周向旋涡的抑制作用较弱,矩形槽和双曲率槽吸收壁面旋涡的能力更强,可以削弱上游不对称涡向诱导轮流道的发展和影响.     

离心泵汽蚀非稳定流动特性数值模拟

为研究离心泵发生汽蚀时流道内部变化规律,通过三维软件Pro/E对离心泵内部流道进行三维造型,利用雷诺时均N-S方程和RNG k-ε两方程及SIMPLEC算法,采用全空化模型并考虑水中未溶解气体对空化的影响,应用计算流体力学软件CFX对离心泵全流道内的气液两相湍流进行了数值模拟计算,分析了离心泵内部发生汽蚀时的非定常流动的规律。结果表明:在汽蚀初生到临界汽蚀余量这一区间范围内,气体体积分数主要集中在无量纲径向位置为0.2附近的一段区间内。随着汽蚀余量的降低,气体体积分数的密度会相应地增加,受叶轮和蜗壳的耦合作用呈现不对称分布,在汽蚀初生时叶轮流道内压力波动呈正弦周期性变化。随着汽蚀余量的降低和气体分数的增加,叶轮流道内压力呈现不规则变化,压力脉动从隔舌处开始沿着叶轮旋转方向逐渐衰落。     

叶片数对高比转数轴流泵空化特性的影响

基于shear stress transport（SST）k-ω湍流模型和Zwart空化模型,针对某一高比转数轴流泵模型,对叶片数分别为3、4和5的3组叶轮方案,分别进行了空化流场模拟和实验,计算了不同叶片数下的流量-扬程曲线、流量-效率曲线和空化性能曲线,得到了3组叶轮的临界空化余量NPSHc分别为6.19m、5.122m和4.765m。与叶片数为3的叶轮方案对比,另外2组叶片数方案的NPSH值分别降低了17.25%和23.02%。在空化充分发展的工况范围,发现叶片数多的叶轮的扬程对NPSH降低较敏感;针对轴流泵叶片背面的固定空化和叶顶间隙的旋涡空化,用空泡分布来表征空化的程度,分析了其在不同空化余量下空泡分布的变化规律。通过对比得到,相同NPSH下,叶片数Z=5的叶轮,叶片背面空泡分布体积较少,即空化的程度较低;但其空化严重区的空泡体积增幅较大,即空化发展的速度较快;叶顶区域的叶顶涡诱导的低压区随叶片数减少,范围逐渐向上游扩大,轮缘的空泡体积也随之增大,叶顶泄漏空化更加严重。即叶片数对不同类型空化情况,以及相同类型的不同程度的空化情况影响不同。     

灯泡式贯流泵空化流的数值研究和性能预测

采用RNG k-ε湍流模型、完全空化模型对低扬程灯泡式贯流模型泵设计工况下的空化流动进行全流道数值计算,并预测其汽蚀性能曲线.选择包括空化开始出现、临界汽蚀余量点、空化严重时6个工况比较分析贯流泵内部空化流动的发展情况.计算获得了不同汽蚀余量时灯泡式贯流模型泵叶轮叶片吸力面静压、气体体积分数分布以及不同轴截面上的气体体积分数分布.计算结果表明:在给定的计算流量条件下,空化发生初期,空化发生在叶轮叶片吸力面的进口边,随着有效汽蚀余量的降低,预测了叶轮流道内的空化区域的演变,这些现象将会影响贯流泵的能量特性;在给定流量的其他空化条件下,当汽蚀余量为0.81 m时,Z=-20 mm横截面上的气体体积分数超过10%的区域占据了Z=-20 mm横截面进口流道的1/3,此时大量气泡严重堵塞叶轮流道.该灯泡式贯流泵空化流动的所有计算成果都可以被用来优化贯流泵的水力与结构设计.     

离心泵内部非定常空化流动及其可视化

基于混合多相流模型,不同的湍流模型及完整空化模型,对比转数为86的离心泵内部流道的空化流动进行了定常和非定常的数值模拟,预测了空化初生阶段、发展阶段和空化严重阶段叶轮流道内空泡分布的形态特征。利用高速摄像机和设计的可视化离心泵,对空泡形态特征和连续时间内的叶轮内空化流场的观察与分析,获得了叶轮旋转过程中相邻叶片流道中非定常空化流动的变化规律。结果表明:拍摄所得空泡形态特征随NPSH的变化规律与数值计算结果基本一致,验证了数值计算的有效性;当某一叶片背面上或某一叶片流道内出现严重空化时,紧跟其后的叶片背面上或叶片流道内空化现象会受到抑制,但在其工作面上会出现明显的空化区。     

变螺距诱导轮对高速离心泵空化性能的影响

为了研究诱导轮的几何形状以及诱导轮与叶轮之间的相互配合对于高速离心泵的空化性能的影响,基于RNG k-ε模型和Schnerr-Sauer空化模型,对于高速离心泵在前置不同几何结构的变螺距诱导轮和多种诱导轮与叶轮的配合条件下进行了数值模拟.结果表明,与叶片直径线性变化的变螺距诱导轮相比,叶片直径为常数的变螺距诱导轮可以更好地改善高速离心泵的空化性能;诱导轮与叶轮直径轴向距离太小或者过大,将导致叶轮的压力系数与空化数减小,叶轮流道气相体积占比增加,高速离心泵的效率及扬程下降;另外,高速离心泵的空化性能随周向夹角改变而产生很大波动,但是变化规律不明显.     

不同空化数下轴流泵叶顶间隙区空化特性

基于修正的SST k-ω湍流模型和空化模型,对叶顶间隙为0.5 mm轴流泵模型进行了数值计算,分析了不同空化数下叶顶区不同圆柱截面的空化面积、叶轮出口轴向速度以及叶顶区空泡体积分数等特性。数值计算与高速摄影试验结果表明,数值模拟方法准确预测了轴流泵NPSH曲线和叶顶区空化流场;轴流泵初生空化出现在叶顶区,其空化类型主要包括刮起涡空化、泄漏流空化、卷吸区空化及叶顶泄漏涡空化;在空化数为0.451时,叶顶泄漏涡具有明显的涡带空化特性,随着空化数的逐渐降低,叶顶泄漏涡卷吸区的空化范围逐渐扩展,并与泄漏流空化区连成一片,且空泡云扩展到整个叶片吸力面;在间隙泄漏流作用下,叶轮出口轴向速度在靠近间隙区域逐渐降低,并随着空化数减小,轴面速度进一步下降;在不同空化数下,叶片吸力面圆周截面空化面积系数从轮毂到轮缘先增大,在叶片中部达到最大值,然后迅速减小,在叶顶区由于受到间隙效应的影响,叶顶区空化面积迅速增大。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。