防治山东省特色小宗作物金银花尺蠖试验研究

为明确1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂和15%茚虫威悬浮剂用于防治金银花尺蠖的有效性和安全性，本研究采用浸渍法、喷雾法分别测定了2种药剂对金银花尺蠖的室内活性、田间防效以及对金银花的安全性。室内活性试验结果表明，甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和茚虫威对金银花尺蠖均具有较高活性，LC₅₀值(48h)分别为0.276 5、9.288 3 mg/L,且较高于对照药剂高效氯氟氰菊酯(LC₅₀值11.370 3mg/L)的活性。安全性试验结果表明，1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂和15%茚虫威悬浮剂对金银花植株安全，安全系数分别为4.0。田间药效验结果表明，1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂和15%茚虫威悬浮剂试验剂量下药后3～14d防效>80%。研究表明，1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂和15%茚虫威悬浮剂对金银花尺蠖具有较好的防治效果，可推荐作为田间防治金银花尺蠖的药剂。     

甲维·茚虫威对稻纵卷叶螟的田间防效

以5%甲维盐乳油和15%茚虫威悬浮剂两种单剂作为对照药剂,研究了复配剂15%甲维·茚虫威悬浮剂8、11、16g/667m2共3个制剂用量处理对稻纵卷叶螟的田间防效。调查发现,单次施药19 d后,15%甲维·茚虫威悬浮剂较高用量(16 g/667m2)处理的防效为89.35%,显著高于其他处理;该复配剂中等用量(11 g/667m2)处理的防效与15%茚虫威悬浮剂处理接近,略高于5%甲维盐乳油;较低用量(8 g/667m2)处理的防效与5%甲维盐乳油接近,显著低于其他施药处理。15%甲维·茚虫威悬浮剂对稻纵卷叶螟的总体防效较高,具有较好的速效性与持效性,并对水稻生长安全。     

30%茚虫威悬浮剂防治稻纵卷叶螟效果

每667 m~2用30%茚虫威悬浮剂15 g、30%茚虫威悬浮剂15 g+1.8%阿维菌素乳油20 g、15%多杀·茚虫威悬浮剂15 g防治稻纵卷叶螟,在稻纵卷叶螟第四代卵孵化高峰期施药,对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果较好。     

茚虫威对草地贪夜蛾的毒力及解毒酶的诱导作用

茚虫威对鳞翅目害虫幼虫具有卓越的杀虫活性,是替代传统杀虫剂及治理抗药性害虫的理想药剂。为了明确茚虫威对草地贪夜蛾的生物活性及对其主要解毒酶活性的影响,为使用茚虫威科学防治草地贪夜蛾提供参考,本研究采用浸叶法测定了广西南宁草地贪夜蛾种群3龄幼虫对茚虫威敏感性及增效醚(PBO)、磷酸三苯酯(TPP)、顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)对茚虫威的增效作用;并测定了亚致死浓度(LC_(20))茚虫威对草地贪夜蛾体内MFO、GSTs和CarE酶的诱导作用。结果表明,茚虫威对草地贪夜蛾的LC_(20)、LC_(50)和LC_(90)分别为8.95、20.62 mg/L和73.57 mg/L。DEM、PBO和TPP对茚虫威的增效倍数依次为2.24、2.05和0.50倍。亚致死浓度(LC_(20))茚虫威处理后对3龄幼虫体内GSTs的活性和MFO含量与无药剂处理(CK)相比显著升高(P0.05),而CarE活性无显著变化(P0.05)。本文结果显示,广西草地贪夜蛾仍可以用推荐剂量80 mg/L茚虫威防治,而代谢抑制剂PBO和DEM对茚虫威有明显的增效作用,且GSTs活性和MFO含量在茚虫威诱导后显著升高,初步推测这两种解毒酶可能影响将来草地贪夜蛾对茚虫威的抗药性发展。     

几种杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟的田间药效试验

稻纵卷叶螟是水稻上一种重要的迁飞性害虫,对其防控的研究具有重要意义。为筛选出防效好的杀虫剂,在再生稻田开展了7种杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟的田间小区防控试验。结果表明,48%毒死蜱乳油、6%阿维·氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂、15%茚虫威悬浮剂对稻纵卷叶螟速效性和持效性均较好,药后14 d防效仍能保持在>75%;20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂和10%甲维·茚虫威悬浮剂防效略低,第14 d防效达分别达到71.59%和69.25%;而1.8%阿维菌素乳油和11.6%甲维·氯虫苯悬浮剂对稻纵卷叶螟防效最低,第14 d防效达仅达到64.63%和61.56%。综上,48%毒死蜱乳油、6%阿维·氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂、15%茚虫威悬浮剂对稻纵卷叶螟具有较好的防治效果,可推荐防控稻纵卷叶螟。     

茚虫威在金银花中的残留动态研究及安全性评价

为了探明茚虫威在金银花中的残留特性和安全性,对茚虫威在金银花中的消解动态及最终残留进行了研究。样品经乙腈提取,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测,外标法定量。运用所建立的方法对茚虫威在山东泰安、河北邢台、浙江杭州、湖南邵阳、广东湛江和重庆九龙坡6个试验点的金银花中的残留消解动态和最终残留进行了研究。试验结果表明:茚虫威残留量在金银花中随时间延长而递减,符合一级反应动力学方程,消解速度较快,半衰期为1.5～2.2 d,属易消解型农药。参照中国制定的茶叶中茚虫威的最大残留限量(MRL)5 mg/kg,15%茚虫威悬浮剂按推荐使用剂量90 g/hm~2,施药1次,施药后7 d,所采收的金银花中的茚虫威残留量低于5 mg/kg。研究结果可为茚虫威在金银花上的合理使用及其最大残留限量制定提供参考。     

新化合物氟氧虫酰胺对蔬菜鳞翅目害虫的毒力及田间防治效果

为明确新化合物氟氧虫酰胺(ZJ3757)的杀虫活性,采用浸叶法测定了其对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura和甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua的毒力,得其LC50值分别为0.088、0.905和0.095 mg/L,与氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫双酰胺的杀虫毒力相当。田间试验结果表明,20%氟氧虫酰胺悬浮剂(SC)在有效成分15 g/hm2剂量下对小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾和菜青虫Pieris rapae药后7 d的防效分别达88.41%、92.72%、82.07%和98.39%,与氯虫苯甲酰胺相当,高于或相当于氟虫双酰胺、茚虫威和甲氨基阿维菌素的防效。可考虑将氟氧虫酰胺用于蔬菜上小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和菜青虫的防治。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺20%悬浮剂和茚虫威15%乳油对水稻纵卷叶螟药效试验

水稻纵卷叶螟在我县已连续多年大发生,为了有效地控制纵卷叶螟的为害,寻找理想药剂,我们对美国杜邦公司提供的氯虫苯甲酰胺20%悬浮剂和茚虫威15%乳油防治在水稻纵卷叶螟上进行了防效试验。试验表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺20%悬浮剂10mL/667m^2和茚虫威15%乳油12mL/667m^2对水稻纵卷叶螟有比较好的防效,药效相对较长,药后14d在80%以上。     

主要农业害虫对茚虫威的抗性现状及其治理策略

茚虫威属于噁二嗪类杀虫剂,与大多数杀虫剂不同的是其进入害虫体内需要经活化代谢转变成N-去甲氧羰基代谢物（decarbomethoxylated metabolite,DCJW）后不可逆地阻断钠通道,进而发挥杀虫活性。茚虫威由于其作用机制不同于常见的使钠离子通道延迟关闭的菊酯类药剂而被广泛用于鳞翅目和一些同翅目、鞘翅目害虫的防治。抗药性是任何杀虫药剂使用后面临的问题,茚虫威也不例外,许多害虫对其产生了不同程度的抗性。昆虫对茚虫威产生抗性的机制包括酯酶活性、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）和P450活性的增加以及分子靶标F1845Y、V1848I、L1014P的突变,这些对茚虫威抗性机制的研究基本都是基于抗性种群和敏感种群开展的,需要进一步验证其对抗性研究的贡献度。针对我国田间害虫种群对茚虫威的抗性现状,及时实施对茚虫威有效的抗性治理是迫切的。对于茚虫威的抗性治理除了传统的杀虫药剂轮用、混用外,需要利用其作用机制特点开展抗性治理策略研究。一是充分利用其活化代谢的特点,开展组合药剂的研究应用;二是菊酯类药剂和茚虫威的作用机制均与钠离子通道有关,但是前者是使钠离子通道关闭延迟,而后者是阻断钠离子通道,开展相关基础研究,使菊酯类药剂与茚虫威合理地用于抗性治理中。本文综述了茚虫威的抗性现状、抗性机制与交互抗性、茚虫威的抗性风险评价,针对茚虫威的抗性特点提出了抗性治理策略。     

羊肚菌重要害虫跳虫的鉴定与防治药剂的筛选

为了明确为害栽培羊肚菌的跳虫种类,筛选对跳虫杀虫效果明显且对羊肚菌菌丝生长影响较小的杀虫剂,通过COⅠ基因片段系统进化分析对不同地区羊肚菌上的跳虫进行分类,结果显示四川成都和河南驻马店虫样属长角跳科,四川金堂虫样属棘跳科,四川泸定和河南郑州虫样属球角跳科。采用菇片浸渍法和药膜法测定了9种杀虫剂对跳虫的杀虫活性,2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯ME、10%吡虫啉WP和0.5%苦参碱EW的LC_(50)在10 mg/L以下,杀虫活性最好;其次为10%烯啶虫胺EW、25%噻虫嗪WP。采用平皿菌丝生长速率法测定了9种杀虫剂对羊肚菌菌丝生长的影响,10%吡虫啉WP对菌丝的抑制作用最小,EC_(50)为707.353 mg/L;其次为45%马拉硫磷EC、10%烯啶虫胺EW、150 g/L茚虫威SC、25%吡蚜酮SC和2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯ME。基于杀虫活性和对羊肚菌的安全性评价综合考虑,吡虫啉为最佳选择,其次为烯啶虫胺和茚虫威。     

Cross-resistance and biochemical mechanisms of abamectin resistance in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

Abamectin resistance was selected in the western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] under the laboratory conditions, and cross-resistance patterns and possible resistance mechanisms in the abamectin-resistant strain (ABA-R) were investigated. Compared with the susceptible strain (ABA-S), the ABA-R strain displayed 45.5-fold resistance to abamectin after 15 selection cycles during 18 generations. Rapid reversion of abamectin resistance was observed in the ABA-R strain in the absence of the insecticide selection pressure. Moderate and low levels of cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos (RR 11.4) and lambda-cyhalothrin (3.98) were observed in the ABA-R strain, but no significant cross-resistance was found to spinosad (2.00), acetamiprid (1.47) and chlorfenapyr (0.26). Our studies also showed that the esterase inhibitor S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and glutathione S-transferase inhibitor diethyl maleate (DEM) were not able to synergize the toxicity of abamectin, whereas the oxidase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) conferred a significant synergism on abamectin in the ABA-R strain (SR 3.00). Biochemical analysis showed that cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity of the ABA-R strain was 6.66-fold higher than that of the ABA-S strain. It appears that enhanced oxidative metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases was a major mechanism for abamectin resistance in the western flower thrips.     

Recent studies on the effects of DDT and pyrethroid insecticides on nervous activity in cockroaches

A summary is given of the results of three sets of electrophysiological experiments on the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). The effects of DDT and S-bioallethrin [bioallethrin (S)-cyclopentenyl isomer] on single giant axons were studied using the voltage-clamp technique. Whereas both molecules induced long tails of inward (sodium ion) current, the voltage and time-dependency of these tails differed. With DDT, the tail was proportional to the activation of the peak current and decreased with the duration of the pulse, suggesting that the molecules were bound to open sodium channels and delayed their closing. With S-bioallethrin, the voltage dependency of the tail was different from that of the peak current, and the tail current increased exponentially with the duration of the depolarisation, suggesting that the pyrethroid insecticide modified resting (or silent) sodium channels into slowly activating channels. Modified action potentials, mimicking those produced by the two molecules, were computed on the basis of these results. Deltamethrin, one of the most potent pyrethroid insecticides, was applied topically on a leg mechanoreceptor and was found to have little effect on the local ‘receptor potential’ but to inhibit action potential production. The effects of topical applications of deltamethrin on the dorsal part of the abdomen, on nervous activity in the abdominal connectives, were studied under different experimental conditions. The results suggest that the insecticide molecules diffused rapidly through the cuticle, were concentrated in the haemolymph, and eventually reached the central nervous system, where they inhibited nerve activity.     

The role of glutathione S-transferases in the detoxification of some organophosphorus insecticides in larvae and pupae of the yellow mealworm,Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The correlation between the natural levels of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the tolerance to the organophosphorus insecticides parathion-methyl and paraoxon-methyl, as well as the interaction of affinity-purified enzyme and the insecticides were investigated in order to collect further information on the role of the glutathione S-transferase system as a mechanism of defence against insecticides in insects. The studies were carried out on the larvae and pupae of the coleopteran Tenebrio molitor L, which exhibit varying natural levels of GST activity. Stage-dependent susceptibility of the insect against insecticides was observed during the first 24 h. However, 48 h after treatment, the KD₅₀ value increased significantly due to the recovery of some individuals. Simultaneous injection of insecticide with compounds which inhibit GST activity in vitro caused an alteration in susceptibility of insects 24 or 48 h post-treatment, depending on stage and insecticide used. Inhibition studies combined with competitive fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the insecticides probably bind to the active site of the enzyme, thus inhibiting its activity towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene in a competitive manner. High-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography revealed that T molitor GST catalyses the conjugation of the insecticides studied to a reduced form of glutathione (GSH). From the above experimental results, it is considered that GST offers a protection against the organophosphorus insecticides studied by active site binding and subsequent conjugation with GSH. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis and insecticidal activity of nitroguanidine derivatives

Nitroguanidine derivatives with thiazol-5-ylmethyl moieties were prepared and their insecticidal activities against homopterous pests were tested. New synthetic routes for 2-chloro-5-chloromethylthiazole from 2,3-dichloro-1-propene and for substituted nitroguanidines from S-methyl-N-nitroisothiourea were established. Biological evaluation led to a novel insecticide (E)-1-(2-chlorothiazol-5-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-2-nitroguani dine (TI-435) which has a broad activity spectrum and is under development. ©1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

虱螨脲亚致死浓度对小菜蛾保护酶系和解毒酶系活力的影响

为阐明虱螨脲对小菜蛾亚致死效应的生化机制,采用室内生物测定法测定了LC_(10)和LC_(25)亚致死浓度处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫1、6、12、24、48和72 h后其体内保护酶系和解毒酶系的活力变化。结果表明:虱螨脲LC_(10)处理对小菜蛾幼虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力表现为早期诱导、后期抑制的作用,而对过氧化物酶(POD)则表现为先抑制后诱导的作用,对过氧化氢酶(CAT)仅在72h时具有诱导作用;LC_(25)处理对SOD表现为诱导-抑制-诱导-抑制的作用,对POD具有抑制作用,而对CAT具有诱导作用。经虱螨脲亚致死浓度处理后,小菜蛾幼虫体内酯酶和多功能氧化酶活力被明显抑制,且基本表现为浓度越高抑制作用越强;而谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活力仅在处理后1 h被诱导,之后被显著抑制。表明虱螨脲进入小菜蛾幼虫体内后,初期可诱导SOD、CAT和GST活力升高,以适应外界毒害的影响;但随着时间的延长,3种解毒酶活力被抑制,使其难以代谢,从而增强了对小菜蛾的毒性。     

Esterase inhibition by synergists in the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis

BACKGROUND: Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is among the most important crop pests in the south‐eastern region of Spain. Its increasing resistance to insecticides constitutes a serious problem, and understanding the mechanisms involved is therefore of great interest. Use of synergists to inhibit the enzymes involved in insecticide detoxification is widely used to determine their responsibility for insecticide resistance. However, they do not always act as intended or expected, and caution must be exercised when interpreting synergist results. RESULTS: Laboratory‐selected strains of WFT were used to analyse the effects of the synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and methiocarb on total esterase activity. Significant differences were found, indicating esterase activity inhibition by DEF, a lower effect for methiocarb and a small inhibition of the activity by PBO. Esterase isoenzyme inhibition by these compounds showed a similar result; this assay revealed an extreme sensitivity of Triplet A (resistance‐associated esterases) to DEF. In an in vivo assay carried out with these compounds at different incubation times, only DEF caused posterior in vitro esterase activity inhibition, with a maximum effect 1 h after treatment. CONCLUSION: In this work, only DEF shows true synergistic inhibition of WFT esterases. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Quantification of GST and esterase activities in pyrethrin-resistant mosquitoes using pyrethroid-like fluorescent substrates

Botanical pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids are highly potent and environmentally safe insecticides that are used to control a wide range of disease vector and pest arthropods. Unfortunately, resistance to these insecticides has been demonstrated in numerous medically important mosquito species. In this study, adult Culex pipiens sensu lato were captured in agricultural and urban locations in Fresno County, California, and subsequently exposed to a commercial formulation of pyrethrin insecticide by ultra-low-volume spraying. Following insecticide exposure, two pyrethroid-like, fluorescent substrates (4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-6-yl, cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (cis-DCVC) and 4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-6-yl, cis-3-((Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (cis-TFMCVC)) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) were used to measure esterase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in surviving mosquitoes. Elevated esterase activity (2.5-fold) was found in surviving urban mosquitoes at 12-h post-pyrethrin exposure (in comparison to non-insecticide-exposed control mosquitoes) when cis-TFMCVC was used as a substrate. Additionally, when CDNB was used as a substrate, 2.8-fold higher GST activity was found. A simple assay was established using our pyrethroid-like, fluorescent substrates that was able to detect low-level esterase activities in homogenates made from individual mosquitoes. The cis-TFMCVC-based assay suggested that esterase activity plays a role in pyrethrin resistance in urban mosquitoes in California.     

害虫对Bt杀虫蛋白抗性相关受体蛋白互作网络分析

为对Bt杀虫蛋白与化学杀虫剂的协同使用提供理论指导，通过蛋白互作分析方法，以黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster为模型，对化学杀虫剂与Bt杀虫剂作用受体以及抗性相关蛋白的互作网络进行研究。结果表明，Bt杀虫蛋白的27个受体在黑腹果蝇中共存在50个互作蛋白，其中有39个蛋白只与Bt杀虫蛋白抗性相关，11个蛋白还与化学杀虫剂抗性相关，这2类杀虫剂抗性互作网络交集较小，并且重叠蛋白的变异引起交互抗性的概率不大。表明Bt杀虫蛋白与化学杀虫剂产生交互抗性的概率较小，可以将Bt杀虫剂与化学杀虫剂协同使用，提高害虫防治效果，并有效克服或延缓害虫抗性产生。     

长翅型与短翅型褐飞虱对杀虫剂的敏感性比较

采用稻苗浸渍法测定了长、短翅型褐飞虱对烯啶虫胺、环氧虫啶、呋虫胺、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、敌敌畏、噻嗪酮、异丙威、吡蚜酮和醚菊酯的敏感性,并对其体内解毒酶活力进行了比较分析。结果表明:长翅型与短翅型褐飞虱若虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂呋虫胺、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和吡虫啉的敏感性存在显著差异,长翅型比短翅型更敏感;相反,对于有机磷类杀虫剂毒死蜱,短翅型褐飞虱则更敏感;2种生物型对烯啶虫胺、环氧虫啶、敌敌畏、噻嗪酮、异丙威、吡蚜酮和醚菊酯的敏感性无显著差异。解毒酶相对比活力测定结果表明,长翅型褐飞虱若虫酯酶比活力显著高于短翅型,细胞色素P450单加氧酶比活力显著低于短翅型,而谷胱甘肽S-转移酶比活力无显著性差异。本研究结果可为褐飞虱的有效防控提供科学参考。     

喜旱莲子草次生代谢物对莲草直胸跳甲谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和淀粉酶活性的影响

为明确喜旱莲子草的次生代谢物对其专食性天敌-莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila成虫解毒酶和消化酶的影响,利用不同浓度的橙花叔醇、齐墩果酸和甜菜碱浸叶处理喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides,连续饲喂莲草直胸跳甲1~3 d后,测定莲草直胸跳甲谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和淀粉酶(AMS)的活性变化。结果表明,橙花叔醇、齐墩果酸和甜菜碱均能抑制莲草直胸跳甲的GSTs活性,0.1%橙花叔醇和20%甜菜碱处理24 h时的GSTs活性最低,分别为45.67 U/mg和53.95 U/mg,0.2%齐墩果处理72 h时的GSTs活性最低,为98.77 U/mg,且莲草直胸跳甲对橙花叔醇的刺激存在着一种适应机制;0.5%橙花叔醇和0.1%齐墩果酸处理24 h后的GSTs活性最高,分别为243.10 U/mg和250.22 U/mg,是对照的1.55倍和1.59倍,存在诱导激活现象。甜菜碱对莲草直胸跳甲的AMS活性有明显的抑制作用,20%甜菜碱处理72 h后AMS活性最低,为1.01 U/mg,是对照的55.92%。表明喜旱莲子草3种次生代谢物均能抑制谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性,其中橙花叔醇和齐墩果酸对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶有诱导激活作用,而甜菜碱对淀粉酶抑制作用较强。