提高奶牛受胎率的几项措施

一、选择输精部位在对奶牛实行冻精配种时，要注意对奶牛选择最佳输精部位，实践证明这能提高奶牛受胎率。此技术就是将精液直接输到卵泡发育一侧子宫角内或采用子宫分岔部输精法或采用凌晨一次性输精法，这项技术在奶牛冻配新技术推广中经实践试验是行之有效的，是提高奶牛受胎率的较好方法。     

关于黄牛冻配最佳输精部位的探讨

每年选择160头可繁母牛均分成4组,通过对黄牛四个输精部位三年的研究结果,提出了输精器通过子宫颈,全部精液都输入到卵泡发育好的一侧子宫角内与将精液输入到子宫颈5～8cm处及输入到子宫分叉处,组间相比较差异显著(P<0.05)。其主要原因是此部位缩短了精子运行的距离,延长了精子的寿命,到达受精部位有受精能力的精子数量增多,有利于与卵子的结合,提高了受胎能力。因此情期受胎率较高。     

对母牛输精部位与受胎效果的观察

几年业,我们采用不同的输精部位对1807头母牛进行受胎效果的观察,结果证明,深部输精的受胎率低于浅部输精的受胎率。现将试验情况介绍如下: (一) 试验方法 1.子宫角深部输精法:按常规直肠把握输精法将精液输到有成熟卵泡侧的子宫角内(子宫角上1/3处)。输精时将子宫角端平,以防损伤子宫角内膜。 2.子宫分叉部输精法:同样用直肠把握法将精液输到有卵泡成熟侧子宫分叉部位。     

影响曲靖肉牛冻精冷配受胎率的因素

本研究围绕解冻后精液保存温度、母牛发情规律、输精部位和情期输精次数等影响牛冻精冷配受胎率的因素进行分析。结果表明，冻精解冻后，在低温（4℃）下保存6h、在常温（10-15℃）下保存4h和在高温（28℃）下保存2h输精对受胎率没有显著影响；曲靖母牛发情表现明显，在发情母牛卵泡发育至成熟期时冷配受胎率最高（84．40％）;母牛发情配种所占比重依次为秋季〉夏季〉春季〉冬季;母牛2-4胎时冷配受胎率最高，达72．03％，5胎以上的冷配受胎率则有所下降；母牛冷配最佳输精部位是卵泡发育好的一侧子宫角和子宫体内，同时输精可得到较高冷配受胎率（80．38％）。在同一个情期，输精1次与2次对受胎率的影响差异不显著。     

绵羊腹腔内窥镜子宫角深部冷冻精液输精试验

采用人用黄体酮，ＰＭＳＧ对绵羊进行同期发情处理，４６只绵羊４８ｈ同期发情率为９５．６５％，用冷冻精液经解冻后，活力仅０．２，借助腹腔内窥镜子宫角深部输精，情期受胎率达到７２．７３％，与澳大利亚Ｓａｌａｍａｎ教授腹腔内窥镜子宫角冷冻精液输精情期受胎率７４．０４％，仅差１．３１个百分点（Ｐ＞０．０５），且其解冻后活力为０．５；与常规冷冻精液输精的情期受胎率５５．４５％相比高出１７．２８个百分点（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

不同输精部位对奶牛X性控冻精情期受胎率的影响

为了验证不同输精部位对情期受胎率的影响,在发情开始后的20h～24h内进行人工授精,分别对子宫颈内口、子宫体分岔处、滤泡发育侧的子宫角大弯处、滤泡发育侧的子宫角小弯处4个不同输精部位的情期受胎率结果进行统计,分别为43．339／6、50．00％、77．979／6、80．00％,各组间差异板显著（P〈0．01）。试验结果表明,距离精子和卵子结合部位（输卵管壶腹部）越近,情期受胎率越高。表明最佳的输精部位是在滤泡发育侧的子宫角大弯到小弯之间。     

不同输精部位对母牛配种受胎率的影响研究

随机选择自然发情的母牛900头,其中黄牛450头,水牛450头,采用冷冻精液和新鲜精液进行人工授精,观察不同输精部位对母牛配种受胎率的影响。试验结果表明,①冷冻精液组:采用子宫颈内输精,配种受胎率黄牛和水牛均为0;采用子宫颈与子宫体交界处输精,配种受胎率黄牛达86.67%,水牛达66.67%;采用子宫体前1/3处输精,配种受胎率黄牛为60.0%,水牛为40.0%;采用子宫颈内5～6 cm处输精,配种受胎率黄牛为26.67%,水牛为6.67%;在子宫体与子宫角交界处输精,配种受胎率黄牛达13.33%,水牛达6.67%;采用子宫颈与子宫体交界处输精,配种受胎率显著高于其他输精部位(P0.01);②新鲜精液组:采用子宫颈内输精,配种受胎率黄牛为46.67%,水牛为13.33%;采用子宫颈与子宫体交界处输精,配种受胎率黄牛为80.0%,水牛为60.0%;采用子宫体前1/3处输精,配种受胎率黄牛为66.67%,水牛为33.33%;采用子宫颈内5～6 cm处输精,配种受胎率黄牛为33.33%,水牛为20.0%;采用子宫体与子宫角交界处输精,配种受胎率黄牛和水牛均为13.33%。同样表明采用子宫颈与子宫体交界处输精,配种受胎率显著高于其他输精部位(P0.01),为母牛输精的最佳输精部位。     

性控精液人工授精试验

针对性控精液人工授精情期受胎率较低的问题，通过不同输精部位、不同输精时间、母牛子宫净化处理、LHRH—A，调节处理、不同日粮蛋白质营养水平及同期发情等试验研究，观察比较各项措施对性控精液人工授精情期受胎率的影响。结果表明，性控精液人工授精部位以子宫角输精为好；输精时间育成母牛于发情后12～14h、经产母牛于发情后12～18h为宜；肌注低剂量（25mg）外源性激素LHRH—A3、子宫净化处理、饲喂中等蛋白质水平日粮的受胎率提高显著；同期发情处理对受胎率无不良影响。     

不同部位输精对母牛受胎率影响的研究

把自然发情的母牛分2组,即冷冻精液组、鲜精组,观察不同部位输精对母牛受胎率的作用及影响.结果表明①冷冻精液组在子宫颈内输精,受胎率黄牛为0,水牛为0;在子宫颈与子宫体交界处输精,受胎率黄牛达86.67%,水牛达66.67%;在子宫体前1/3段输精,受胎率黄牛达60%,水牛达40%;在子宫颈内约5～6 cm输精,受胎率黄牛达26.67%,水牛达6.67%;在子宫体与子宫角交界处输精,受胎率黄牛达13.33%,水牛达6.67%.表明在子宫颈与子宫体交界处输精,受胎率显著高于其他输精部位(P＜0.01);②鲜精组在子宫颈内输精,受胎率黄牛为46.67%,水牛为13.33%;在子宫颈与子宫体交界处输精,受胎率黄牛达80%,水牛达60%;在子宫体前1/3段输精,受胎率黄牛达66.67%,水牛达33.33%;在子宫颈内约5～6 cm输精,受胎率黄牛达33.33%,水牛达20%;在子宫体与子宫角交界处输精,受胎率黄牛达13.33%,水牛达13.33%.表明在子宫颈与子宫体交界处输精,母牛受胎率显著高于其他输精部位(P＜0.01),为母牛冻配的最佳输精部位.     

奶牛子宫角深部输精法应用性控冻精技术研究

本研究于2006年10月-2007年12月,利用内蒙古蒙牛赛科星生物技术有限责任公司生产的性控冻精105支,北京奶牛中心精通冻精35支,在山西省长治市的八个奶牛场采用性控冻精对不同母牛分别采取卵泡发育侧子宫角深部（上1/3处）、子宫体分叉部、子宫颈内口前端（对照组）配种的对比试验,采用卵泡发育侧子宫角深部（上1/3处）配种方法的情期受胎率接近80%,与蒙牛公司公布的该类冻精平均60%的情期受胎率高近20个百分点。与常规方法冷冻精液输精情期受胎率相比（最高水平63%）高出近17个百分点,差异显著（P〈0.05）。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -