射流式离心泵性能及内部流动特性

为研究射流式离心泵内流动机理,以JET750G1型射流式离心泵为研究对象,搭建试验测试系统,分别对不同安装高度下射流式离心泵的空化及能量特性进行试验研究;基于k-ω湍流模型和Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型,对0 mm安装高度下泵各工况点内部流动进行数值模拟.试验结果表明:当流量增大到一定程度之后,扬程-流量、功率-流量、效率-流量曲线均急剧下降;随着安装高度的增大,陡降起始点向小流量工况偏移.数值计算结果表明:扬程、功率、效率的数值模拟结果与试验值基本吻合,数值模拟性能陡降起始流量点比试验值大0.5 m³/h;射流式离心泵由于其面积比值较小,射流剪切层被迅速排挤到喉管壁面,泵内最低压力点出现在喉管内喷嘴稍后处,空化最早发生在该处;随着流量的增大,空化区域急剧向叶轮进口扩展,性能陡降起始点正好是泵内初生空化流量点,射流式离心泵的空化性能取决于其射流器的空化性能;射流器能提升离心泵扬程和自吸性能,但射流器内高速回流及强剪切流动,导致其效率及空化性能大幅下降.     

前置叶片式叶轮对微型高速离心泵性能的影响

离心泵叶轮进口处回流会降低泵的效率,破坏离心泵运行稳定性。为探求前置叶片式叶轮对离心泵叶轮进口涡量,湍动能,进口回流量及压力脉动的影响,提出了3种叶轮型式:基础叶轮不做改变(方案一),叶轮前盖板处增置直叶片(方案二),叶轮前盖板处增置圆柱形叶片(方案三)。在此基础上结合SST湍流模型对三种叶轮型式的离心泵进行数值模拟。结果表明:与方案一相比,方案二和方案三的扬程和效率在各个工况点都有所提高,口环处回流量降低;方案二叶轮进口附近的涡量区域和叶轮内部湍动能最小,其次为方案三;方案二与方案三在蜗壳内部及叶轮进口处的压力脉动系数基本相同,且均明显小于方案一,说明前置叶片式叶轮可以提高离心泵运行稳定性。     

射流式离心泵不同喉管长度对自吸性能的影响

为研究射流式离心泵喉管长度对泵自吸性能的影响规律,运用CFX软件提供的Eulerian-Eulerian多相流模型,对不同喉管圆柱段长度的射流式离心泵内部气液两相流动进行定常数值模拟,得到泵内部压力、气相速度以及的气相体积分数的变化规律,分析其对自吸性能的性影响,并通过试验进行验证.模拟结果表明:当喉管圆柱段长度为10 mm时,喉管处静压值将降低,卷吸作用得到加强,且其轴线上的气相过流速度进一步提高,整体增强了气相分离能力,泵的自吸性能明显提高;当喉管圆柱段长度为15 mm时,其对射流器内部静压值以及气相速度影响甚微,由于流动损失增加导致做功能力减弱,泵的水力性能降低.试验发现:当喉管圆柱段为10 mm时,自吸高度由原来的7.45 m提高至9.15 m,自吸时间也由原来的148.5 s缩短至90.0 s左右,自吸性能得到明显提高,且满足设计运行要求.     

离心泵叶轮斜切对出口回流及驼峰特性的影响

为研究叶轮出口斜切对于离心泵驼峰性能的影响,选用离心泵(IS 65-50-174)作为研究对象,利用试验获得叶轮斜切前后的外特性,并利用SST k-ω模型进行非定常数值模拟以获得内流场以及压力脉动特性.试验结果表明,叶轮出口斜切后,可以消除原模型泵中的驼峰现象,并在小流量区域引起更高的耗功.对驼峰附近工况0.2,0.3,0.4倍设计流量下的内部流动进行分析,可以得到以下结论:随着流量的减小,原模型泵叶轮出口的低能量区,从前盖板转移到后盖板附近;而叶轮斜切之后,回流发生在叶轮后盖板附近,并随着流量的减小出口回流强度逐渐上升,进而形成较为稳定的性能曲线.对叶轮出口的压力脉动进行分析,发现斜切后低频脉动幅值减小,叶轮出口流动不稳定性有所下降.     

液体射流泵内部流动分析:Ⅰ试验与三维数值模拟

对偏向吸入和水平放置的液体射流泵的基本性能和内部流动分别进行了试验和三维数值模拟．数值模拟采用k-ε双方程湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,数值模拟结果与试验结果在最高效率工况附近基本重合．利用数值模拟结果对射流泵内两股流体的混合过程和流动规律进行了分析,发现对于大流量工况(流量比q>08),在喉管入口06倍喉管直径长度内,出现由局部损失和摩阻损失引起的当地压力比降低,被吸流体能量损失的现象;随着流量比的增大,单位被吸流体获得能量减少,两股流体传能距离增加,速度混合均匀长度为6～8倍喉管直径,大于喉管内压力比达到峰值的长度;喉管内两股流体混合流动过程与形成充分发展湍流过程类似;对偏向吸入的射流泵,吸入腔体内流动不对称,导致内部截面存在二次流动诱导旋涡,但是喉管内二次流动速度远小于主流速度,因此采用二维理论分析能够反映射流泵性能的主要特征．     

高空化性能多喷嘴射流离心泵的研制

离心泵进口加装射流装置可以提高泵的空化性能.传统的单喷嘴射流装置由于结构尺寸的限制,喉管部分不能很长,使液流混合不充分,导致射流装置效率低,空化性能改善不理想.提出利用多喷嘴射流装置来提升被吸液体的能量,在短喉管情况下能量能均匀混合,提高了射流装置的传能效率.大幅度改善了离心泵的空化性能.简要介绍了多喷嘴射流离心泵的基本结构,并对其做了相应的理论分析与对比性试验研究,结果表明加装多喷嘴射流装置后离心泵进口压力增加1.53 m.     

基于大涡模拟的射流自吸式离心泵非定常流动分析

为了研究射流自吸式离心泵的非定常流动特性,选取内置射流喷嘴的自吸式离心泵作为研究对象,在定常数值计算的基础上采用大涡模拟技术对其进行了非定常数值求解,获得了全流场的流动信息,以第4圈收敛后的流场为例,分析了1个周期内不同时刻下的流场变化规律,并监测射流器内监测点的压力脉动,通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)分析了监测点的频域特性.结果表明:在1个旋转周期内低压区始终位于射流器直线段,高压区位于泵腔内;靠近叶轮进口位置监测点的压力脉动值要小于靠近喷嘴附近的值;设计工况下,各个监测点的压力脉动最强频率在290.06 Hz附近,监测点的数值模拟主频与理论计算所得的转频与叶频略有偏差,压力脉动集中在fn~3f_n区间的低频区域.     

泵腔内部环流对射流式自吸泵自吸性能的影响

为了研究自吸泵内部气液两相流动情况,选取JETST-100型射流式自吸泵作为研究对象,运用CFX软件提供的欧拉—欧拉多相流模型,对导叶背面添加防止环流筋板后的泵腔内气液混合及气液分离情况进行了三维非定常数值模拟,得到了各过流部件压力和速度分布等内部流动信息,分析了射流器进口和泵腔出口处各监测点气相体积分数的变化情况,并将模拟结果与试验进行对比。结果表明:液体从导叶出流后,会形成一个较大的速度环量,导致气液分离不充分,大量液体进入出水管路,泵腔内液体减少;在导叶背面添加筋板后,射流器进口处气相体积分数减小,喷嘴出流的工作液体中夹杂的气相体积分数减小,泵腔出口气相体积分数增大,从而提高了自吸性能。     

射流自吸式离心泵三维湍流数值模拟与实验分析

为了获取射流自吸式离心泵内部流动信息,以一内置射流喷嘴的自吸式离心泵为研究对象,建立了各过流部件三维水体,采用了RNG k-ε湍流模型,通过6组网格无关性检查,确定了计算所需网格,运用CFX 14.0流场分析软件数值模拟预测了7种不同工况下外特性和内部流动,得到了全流场压力、速度等物理量变化规律,并将数值模拟结果与开式实验台测试结果作了对比分析。结果表明,设计工况下数值模拟与实验扬程、轴功率和效率的相对误差为2.63%、6.16%和14.29%,泵实际效率较低,其值为15.68%;当流量Q3.5 m3/h时数值模拟和实验的功率曲线呈近似水平直线,变化很平缓;喷嘴到直线段之间的速度分布沿旋转轴对称,扩散段和叶轮进口之间速度呈上大下小分布,液流不均匀进入叶轮进口;L=0.148 m处是静压、速度和湍动能耗散率等物理量剧烈变化的分界点,静压在此处为最小值,而速度和湍动能耗散率为最大值。数值计算结果为该泵性能预测设计提供了直观的理论依据。     

斜流泵小流量工况压力脉动数值模拟与实验

基于标准的Smagorinsky亚格子尺度模型,对斜流泵全流场进行大涡模拟并结合压力脉动实验对小流量工况下的压力脉动和内部流场进行研究。实验结果表明,叶轮进口处的脉动幅值最高,随着流量的降低压力脉动幅值逐渐增加,不同工况下叶轮进口、叶轮出口、导叶进口的压力脉动主频为叶频,但导叶出口脉动主频随着流量的变化而变化。大涡模拟表明,0.8Qopt工况下叶轮进口流动状态较好,叶轮进口轴面速度变化较小,而在0.4Qopt工况下叶轮进口流动状态较复杂,轴面速度变化较大,0.4Qopt工况时叶轮进口冲角增加以及受到相邻叶片叶顶泄漏流的影响,在t*=0.041 6时叶片进口吸力面已发生流动分离,当叶轮从t*=0.041 6旋转到t*=0.124 9时,叶片吸力面流动分离加剧,轮缘处的轴面速度明显升高,同时分离涡的旋转强度也逐渐增强,导致该区域的静压下降,逆压梯度上升,促使回流的产生,当回流到达叶片进口时进口处的静压逐渐恢复,因此叶轮进口流动分离是引起叶轮进口压力脉动幅值增加的重要因素。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。