大力发展农业社会化服务 推进新型农业现代化——关于建立健全农业社会化服务体系的思考

从河南省农业社会化服务体系的现状、推进新型农业现代化面临的形势、建立健全农业社会化服务体系是发展现代农业的必然要求三个方面论述了关于建立健全农业社会化服务体系的思考。旨在大力发展农业社会化服务,推进新型农业现代化。     

开发性金融支持现代农业示范区建设的实践与探索

济源市作为农业部首批认定的河南省2个国家现代农业示范区之一,积极构建"四台一会"融资服务体系(管理平台、统贷平台、担保平台、公示平台、信用协会),累计为100家新型农业经营主体提供贷款支持28 110万元,有力支持了济源市新型农业经营主体的发展。     

关于中国发展现代农业的道路与目标任务思考

分析了中国发展现代农业面临的若干矛盾与制约因素,提出了发展现代农业始终需要坚定不移统筹处理好六大关系、实现六大统一的战略与原则,探讨了中国发展现代农业的基本目标和任务,从加强农业基础设施建设、继续推进体制创新、建立完善农民组织、加强政府支持和保护的力度、构建社会化服务体系、加大国家支持和财政投入的力度、加速集约化经营进程、优化农业内部产业结构、建设国家新型农业科技创新体系、建立新型农技推广体系、建立完善农业教育培训体系等方面详细讨论了发展现代农业的优先重点。     

农业产业化经营在培育农业新型经营主体中的作用

近些年,周口市在加快发展现代农业、促进农民增收过程中,着重培育农业产业化经营体系,培育和发展了一批农业龙头企业、农民专业合作社等农业新型经营主体,推动了现代农业发展和农业产业化经营,拓展了农民增收渠道。     

四川省农业循环经济发展评价

摘 要：党的十八大以来,农业循环经济逐步成为现代农业的发展方向,四川省作为农业大省,面源污染、资源短缺等问题尤为突出,开展农业循环经济发展评价极为迫切。以BPEIR概念模型为理论基础,根据四川农业发展特点,结合德尔菲法(Delphi)与主层次分析法(AHP)对筛选的17个因子进行综合发展指数和障碍度分析。结果表明：四川农业循环经济发展指数处于总体不断上升的趋势;影响当前四川省农业循环经济的主要障碍因素为资源减量投入,单指标障碍度大小依次为化肥施用强度、农膜使用水平、农药使用水平、人均耕地面积、人均粮食产量、复种指数6个因子。结合研究结果提出4点建议：把握良好势头,对接国家政策制定本土生态农业发展规划;围绕制约生态循环农业的障碍因素,补齐资源减量投入等短板;加大农业生态资源保护力度,稳定农业用地面积,提升耕地地力;加强农民培训和新型经营主体培育,创新农民增收利益联结机制。     

全力推动现代农业示范区工作

近日,农业部部长韩长赋在全国现代农业建设现场交流会上提出,各级农业部门要认真学习《全国现代农业发展规划》,全力推动现代农业示范区建设迈出新步伐,推动现代农业又好又快发展。当前和今后一个时期,要把示范区作为中国特色农业现代化建设的“突破口”,作为农业发展方式转变的“排头兵”,作为统筹城乡发展的“实验田”,充分发挥基础好、水平高的优势,以率先基本实现农业现代化为建设目标,以发展粮食等主要农产品生产和促进农民增收为中心任务,着力完善现代农业产业体系,着力提高设施装备水平,着力加快农业科技推广应用,着力创新农业经营体制机制,着力提升农业效益和农产品质量安全水平,力争“十二五”期间示范区现代农业建设取得突破性进展,示范引领全国现代农业发展迈上新台阶。     

农业信息化在河南省现代农业发展中的作用及对策研究

农业信息化程度是农业现代化的重要标志。河南省作为一个农业大省,是实现工业化、城镇化和农业现代化协调发展的重要示范区。同时作为新进的国家农村信息化示范省,依靠发展农业信息化,是河南省加速实现农业现代化的重要手段。通过分析“十二五”期间河南省农业信息化发展现状,阐述了信息化在现代农业发展中的作用,总结可借鉴的经验模式,以期为河南农业信息化的进一步发展指明方向。有针对性的提出促进河南省农业信息化的对策建议：搭建涉农数据共享云平台,提高农业资源利用率;构建中原农业科技信息港综合信息服务平台,实现高效农业信息服务;建立农村农业信息化应用与示范,加快推进现代农业发展。     

粮食良种补贴对加快河南省农业经济发展的贡献

党的十七届三中全会通过了推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定，标志着我国农村发展即将进入一个崭新的时代。要实现我国农村社会新的发展，建立现代农业体系是一个重要途径。培育现代农业，大力提高农业产业化水平，可以提高农民收入，进一步发展农村经济，从而走出一条具有中国特色的农业现代化道路。应用农业补贴政策加大落实支农惠农政策力度，可以增强农业综合生产能力，促进农业科技进步，健全农村市场和农业服务体系，最终实现提高农业产业化经营水平的目标。河南作为全国农业大省、第一产粮大省，在利用粮食良种补贴政策进一步推进现代农业体系建设方面取得了突出的成就。     

发展现代农业是加快推进新农村建设的重要举措

重视和发展农业是中国实施可持续发展战略的关键。当前传统农业发展模式制约了农业经济的发展和劳动生产率的提高。为探寻适合农业快速发展的方式,对传统农业和现代农业两种发展方式进行了比较,得出发展现代农业不仅是增加农民收入,实现农业可持续发展,保证国家粮食安全的需要,而且也是提高中国农产品国际竞争力和建设新农村的必然选择。农民是新农村建设的主体,因此,要发展现代农业必须首先提高农民对发展现代农业的认识,并依靠科技培养现代化的新型农民;为加快解决农村富余劳动力转移问题,必须完善土地承包经营权流转制度;为满足新农村建设的需要,还应构建符合现代农业发展要求的新型农村金融服务体系,以及加大财政资金转移支持力度等措施。     

河南省现代农业发展中存在的主要问题及对策分析

从河南省农业生产的实际情况出发,分析了河南省现代农业发展中存在的问题,并提出加快河南省现代农业发展应该从大力调整优化农业产业和行业结构、积极拓展农业多功能性、深化农村土地制度改革、健全农业科技服务体系、搞好农田基础设施建设、建立生态环境保护机制等方面进行。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.