盐胁迫对冬小麦花后抗氧化酶、渗透调节物质的影响

探究小麦花后遭遇盐胁迫下,小麦抗氧化酶、渗透调节物质的变化。本试验以‘青麦6号’、‘济麦22’为材料,以普通土壤为对照,设置2‰、4‰2个NaCl浓度盐胁迫梯度。利用土壤水分用时域水分测定仪(TDR)严格控制0~40 cm土层灌水量,获取冬小麦花后0、7、14、21、28天的小麦旗叶,测定旗叶中超氧化物酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量的变化。结果表明,随盐浓度及胁迫时间的增加,叶片SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性蛋白含量不同程度的减小;MDA含量、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量不同程度地升高。‘青麦6号’具有较好的抗盐性,游离脯氨酸含量与小麦耐盐性呈正相关关系,SOD、POD、MDA能够作为作物抗逆性的衡量标准。     

干旱对不同类型冬小麦根系可溶性物质、相关酶活性及地上部形态的影响

为研究干旱对不同类型冬小麦根系抗氧化酶和渗透物质的影响,以水肥型冬小麦品种‘济麦22’、抗旱节水型冬小麦品种‘青麦6号’为材料,通过PVC土柱试验,设置全生育期正常浇水和不浇水2个处理,观察拔节、挑旗、开花、灌浆期小麦的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)等渗透调节物质及地上部形态的变化。随着生育时期的进行,冬小麦的群体数量、根系内过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性糖含量呈逐渐降低的趋势;根系内SOD活性、脯氨酸含量呈先增加后减少的趋势;MDA含量呈逐渐增加的趋势。2个冬小麦品种在不同控水条件下表现出不同的变化趋势,‘济麦22’在满足水分条件下根系内的SOD活性、POD活性以及可溶性糖含量显著大于‘青麦6号’。但在全生育期不浇水处理下,‘青麦6号’的群体数量、SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性糖含量以及脯氨酸含量均表现出显著增加的趋势。干旱胁迫下,‘青麦6号’在根系方面表现出较强的抗氧化能力与调节细胞渗透势的能力,以实现维持体内水分平衡、增强对干旱胁迫的适应性。     

干旱胁迫对不同冬小麦品种幼苗期生理特性的影响

研究小麦幼苗时期生理指标等方面的抗旱特性,为今后抗旱小麦新品种的培育提供基础的理论依据。选用5个肥水类型不同的小麦品种,在20% PEG-6000(w/v)水分胁迫条件下,研究不同冬小麦品种幼苗时期的生理抗旱特性,并对幼苗期抗旱生理指标与抗旱指数做了相关性分析。结果表明,在20%的PEG-6000(w/v)渗透胁迫后,5个小麦品种渗透调节物质可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均上升,且上升的程度与抗旱性一致;胁迫条件下保护酶系统SOD和POD活性均降低,其中POD活性呈先上升后降低的趋势;膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量升高。与高肥水品种相比,‘青麦7号’和‘鲁麦21’的可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量较高,随胁迫时间延长增加的幅度大;MDA含量积累的速度以及SOD、POD活性降低的速度较为缓慢。其中,可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、SOD活性以及POD活性与抗旱性鉴定指标抗旱指数存在极显著相关性,可以作为小麦抗旱性鉴定的早期生理指标。     

盐胁迫对不同耐盐类型小麦花后光合特性及产量的影响

为研究盐胁迫对不同耐盐类型小麦花后光合特性及产量的影响,以‘青麦6号’、‘济麦22’为材料,以普通土壤为对照,研究了不同梯度NaCl胁迫对小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,不同耐盐类型小麦品种对盐胁迫的响应不同,‘济麦22’叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率下降幅度大,而‘青麦6号’的这五项指标下降较为缓慢,胞间CO₂浓度升高幅度与‘济麦22’相比也较低;与对照比较,盐胁迫下2个品种公顷穗数、穗粒数、千粒重均减少,且降幅随盐浓度的增加而加大,但‘青麦6号’产量相对‘济麦22’下降幅度较小。盐胁迫仍能保持较高的光合特性的‘青麦6号’,获得高产稳产的关键因素是具有较高的公顷穗数。本研究为小麦在不同盐渍程度的盐碱地上种植提供理论参考。     

灌浆期高温对小麦旗叶与非叶器官光合和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为揭示小麦叶与非叶器官抗氧化系统对灌浆期高温胁迫的反应特征,探讨不同品种和不同器官耐热性差异机制,以小麦强耐热品种石家庄8号和弱耐热性品种河农341为材料,于灌浆期用塑料膜搭棚进行增温处理(花后第8天至第22天),研究高温胁迫对旗叶光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素含量、旗叶和非叶器官中丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。高温处理下,两品种Pn比正常温度下(对照)低18.7%~24.9%,叶绿素含量低5.7%~6.2%;旗叶、旗叶鞘、穗下节、颖片和籽粒的MDA含量和Pro含量均升高,其中MDA升高幅度为旗叶非叶器官,Pro升高幅度为非叶器官旗叶。旗叶、颖片、籽粒的SOD活性和旗叶、旗叶鞘、籽粒的CAT活性以及旗叶、旗叶鞘、颖片的POD活性在高温胁迫初期即诱导增强,而其他器官的抗氧化酶活性则在高温持续一段时间后诱导增强,之后随着高温的持续各器官抗氧化酶活性多表现为低于对照,高温解除后旗叶鞘、穗下节、颖片的SOD活性和旗叶、颖片、籽粒的POD活性有恢复迹象,高温对其他器官的SOD和POD活性以及所有器官的CAT活性造成不可逆影响;总体来看,非叶器官持续抗氧化能力和耐热性强于叶片。石家庄8号叶与非叶器官细胞膜稳定性、抗氧化酶活性均高于河农341,显示其整株耐热性强于河农341,这是石家庄8号在高温胁迫下产量下降幅度低于河农341的重要生理基础。因此认为,非叶器官在小麦适应灌浆期高温逆境中发挥重要作用。     

干旱胁迫对不同品种小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

为筛选适于山东省旱作区栽培的优良小麦品种,在大田雨养条件下,以‘冀麦5265’、‘鲁麦13’、‘济麦22’、‘临麦6号’、‘青麦6号’5个小麦品种为试验材料,利用叶绿素仪和光合仪分别测定了旗叶SPAD值及净光合速率、蒸腾速率等光合作用相关指标和产量。结果表明:干旱胁迫使小麦旗叶SPAD值降低,‘济麦22’和‘临麦6号’的SPAD值相对较高,说明叶绿素含量较高,叶片持绿性好,旗叶制造光合产物的能力强,抗旱性强。干旱胁迫使小麦旗叶光合速率降低,‘济麦22’降低较多,‘青麦6号’降低较少,‘青麦6号’抗旱性较‘济麦22’更强。干旱胁迫下‘鲁麦13’‘、青麦6号’能在较高的蒸腾速率下保持较高的光合速率。综合考虑,水分充足条件下‘冀麦5265’和‘济麦22’适合本地区推广栽种,在干旱条件下‘鲁麦13’和‘青麦6号’产量较稳定。     

多胺对高温胁迫下小麦灌浆的影响及生理机制研究

以新春6号和新春31号为材料,采用大田试验在小麦灌浆初期模拟高温胁迫,在高温胁迫下对小麦进行喷施精胺(Spm)和亚精胺(Spd)处理,监测小麦籽粒灌浆动态、高温处理后的旗叶抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性糖含量等指标,分析外源Spm和Spd对高温胁迫下小麦籽粒灌浆的影响及其生理机制。结果表明:高温胁迫对小麦籽粒灌浆显著抑制,外源Spm和Spd显著促进高温胁迫下小麦籽粒灌浆、旗叶POD和CAT活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量以及抑制SOD活性和MDA含量的升高,外源Spd在喷施前期(花后13 d)对籽粒灌浆的调节效果优于外源Spm,此后外源Spm的缓解效果始终优于Spd。说明外源多胺对高温胁迫下小麦籽粒灌浆的影响与其调控叶片抗氧化酶活性、MDA含量以及渗透调节物质的含量有关,不同类型多胺在缓解高温胁迫对小麦灌浆抑制上存在时间差异。     

镉胁迫对糜子幼苗生长及抗性生理的影响

为了探明糜子(Panicum miliaceum L.)对镉毒害的形态和生理响应,采用室内水培试验,以‘晋糜9号’和‘陇糜6号’为试验材料,通过测定营养液(CK)、200μmol/L含镉营养液处理下(T)糜子幼苗地上部和根系形态指标、干物质和叶片生理等指标,研究镉胁迫对糜子幼苗生长及抗性生理的影响。结果表明：镉胁迫下2个糜子品种的株高、倒二叶叶长、叶宽、叶面积等指标基本均降低。随着胁迫时间的推移,2个糜子品种总根长、根表面积、根干重、茎干重、叶干重等指标呈现先增加后降低的趋势;2个品种根冠比均增加;胁迫后8 d‘晋糜9号’叶干重和茎干重下降幅度高于‘陇糜6号’。镉胁迫下2个品种的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、氧自由基含量等指标均增加,其中‘晋糜9号’的MDA、氧自由基增加幅度均高于‘陇糜6号’。研究发现,长时间镉胁迫能够抑制糜子幼苗地上部和根系生长,提高MDA含量和氧自由基积累量,‘陇糜6号’可能通过提高POD活性以降低氧自由基积累和膜质过氧化程度,减弱地上部生长受伤害程度,以达到耐镉能力强于‘晋糜9号’。本研究结果可为镉污染地区应用新型...     

高粱不同品种应对碱胁迫的生理响应及产量表现

为探明碱胁迫对高粱不同品种生理生化及产量的影响,笔者运用以品种为主区,碱浓度为副区的裂区设计法对其进行了研究。结果表明：碱胁迫提高了高粱的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性以及游离脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,在碱浓度20~40 mmol/L范围内,随着碱胁迫浓度的增加SOD、POD、Pro 及MDA都在增加;随生育期的推进,SOD、POD、MDA增加,而Pro 则降低,但‘纽S×7’品种增加的幅度不明显,而‘13H2842’品种增加的幅度较明显;不同品种的光合速率均随着碱浓度的增加而降低,由此导致产量构成因素呈现出相似的变化趋势,最终形成了不同的产量。所以,在盐碱地上种植高粱,应选择对碱不敏感的品种,这样才有利于稳产和高产。     

低温胁迫对4个菜用甘薯品种生理生化特性的影响

为探索菜用甘薯抗寒机理,以‘宁菜3号’、‘CH-2’、‘福薯18’、‘福薯10号’4个菜用甘薯品种为试验材料,采用温室越冬和人工气候室模拟低温胁迫的方法,对菜用甘薯抗寒性与POD、SOD活性及可溶性蛋白质含量间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:受低温胁迫后,‘宁菜3号’、‘CH-2’的POD活性增加速度快、活性强、酶活力持久,SOD活性高,SOD活性及可溶性蛋白质含量下降幅度相对较小。在低温胁迫后,POD、SOD活性变化及可溶性蛋白质含量的不同可能是引起菜用甘薯抗寒性差异的原因之一。本研究对菜用甘薯栽培的品种选择具有一定的指导意义,为进一步探索菜用甘薯抗寒机理提供参考。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.