基于高光谱的甜菜SPAD值估算研究

叶绿素作为植物体内参与光合作用的重要色素,其含量对作物生长状况、产量和品质有很大影响。为此,利用野外便携式ASD光谱仪,实测了田间甜菜冠层光谱数据,且用SPAD-502叶绿素仪测定叶片SPAD值。基于原始光谱和一阶导数光谱与SPAD值相关性,选取植被指数和波段深度信息建立SPAD值预测模型,并用对照田试验数据对模型进行验证。通过对比植被指数建立的回归模型及波段深度分析,结合多元逐步回归建立的估算模型可知,波段深度比(BDR)结合SMLR建立的估算模型验证结果最好(RMSE=2.54,RE=4.5%)。研究结果表明:导数处理能提高光谱数据与SPAD值相关系数,波段深度信息结合多元逐步回归相比植被指数能提高SPAD值估算精度。     

基于高分一号卫星数据的冬小麦叶片SPAD值遥感估算

以陕西省关中地区冬小麦不同生育期冠层高光谱反射率为数据源,模拟国产高分辨率卫星高分一号(GF-1)的光谱反射率,提取18种对叶绿素敏感的宽波段光谱指数,构建了基于遥感光谱指数的冬小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)遥感监测模型,并利用返青期的GF-1卫星数据对研究区的冬小麦叶片SPAD值进行了估算和验证。结果表明:返青期、孕穗期和全生育期SPAD值均与TGI指数相关性最高,相关系数分别为-0.742、-0.740和-0.483。拔节期和灌浆期SPAD值分别与SIPI指数和GNDVI指数相关性最高,相关系数分别为0.788和0.745。GNDVI、GRVI和TGI植被指数在各个生育期都和冬小麦叶片SPAD含量在0.01水平下呈显著相关。基于此3类植被指数构建的冬小麦叶片SPAD值回归模型精度较高,其中基于随机森林回归算法的估算模型效果最优,各类模型均在冬小麦拔节期的预测效果最佳。GF-1号卫星数据结合SPAD-RFR模型对研究区冬小麦叶片SPAD的估算结果最为理想,可用于大面积空间尺度的冬小麦叶片SPAD值遥感监测。     

基于特征波长优化的便携式作物叶绿素检测仪研究

为了满足田间作物长势快速检测与指导变量管理的需求,基于作物叶绿素光谱响应特征波长筛选与优化,开发了一款便携式作物叶绿素检测仪。首先,采用高光谱仪采集玉米冠层325～1 075 nm反射光谱,并采样萃取叶片叶绿素含量真值,开展叶绿素敏感响应波长筛选。经蒙特卡洛无信息变量消除(MC-UVE)算法在10～100个特征波长范围内进行变量筛选,表明采用50个特征波长时具有最优的叶绿素含量检测能力。其次,选择AS7265x型光谱传感器,以半峰宽20 nm的12个区间覆盖筛选的50个波长,设计的叶绿素检测仪包括传感器、主控制器、显示和控制等模块,实现作物冠层反射光数据采集、处理、显示和存储功能。开展传感器反射率标定与田间应用测试,基于传感器获取的反射率构建叶绿素含量偏最小二乘检测模型验证集决定系数为0.628;进一步组合归一化红边植被指数(NDRE:730、900 nm)和绿光归一化差值植被指数(GNDVI:535、900 nm),检测模型精度提高到0.69,模型嵌入系统最终实现了田间叶绿素含量快速检测,为作物长势高效分析提供了技术支持。     

基于无人机多光谱遥感的矮林芳樟光合参数估测

为探讨应用无人机多光谱技术估算矮林芳樟(Cinnamomum camphora(Linn.)Presl)光合参数的有效分析模型和方法，本研究以矮林芳樟为研究对象，通过无人机搭载的多光谱相机获取其冠层六波段光谱反射率，同步测量其净光合速率(Pn)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)4种光合参数，采用最佳指数因子(OIF)筛选光谱反射率和植被指数的组合作为自变量，分别采用偏最小二乘法(Partial least squares method, PLS)、反向传播神经网络(Back propagation neural network,BPNN)和随机森林(Random forest, RF)构建自变量与光合参数的估算模型，并分析比较各估算模型的精度。结果显示：矮林芳樟光合参数与叶片红边波段2(中心波长750 nm)和近红外波段(中心波长840 nm)反射率有密切关系；红边波段2、增强型植被指数2(EVI2)、红边叶绿素指数(CI_rededge)组合的OIF值最大，为0.012 6,可作为模型自变量的最佳组合；Pn、Ci、Gs、Tr 4种光合参...     

冬小麦SPAD值无人机可见光和多光谱植被指数结合估算

SPAD(Soil and plant analyzer development)值能够反映作物叶片叶绿素含量,是表征作物健康状态的重要指标。采用无人机搭载可见光和多光谱相机同步获取冬小麦可见光和多光谱影像,同时获取冬小麦叶片SPAD值,探究了可见光和多光谱植被指数与SPAD值的关系,将可见光植被指数与多光谱植被指数相结合进行SPAD值估算,利用逐步回归和随机森林回归方法估算SPAD值,并将估算结果进行对比,筛选出冬小麦叶片SPAD值的最优估算模型。结果表明,SPAD值与可见光植被指数(IKAW和RBRI)、多光谱植被指数(GNDVI、CI、GMSR和GOSAVI)具有较好的相关性,与可见光植被指数(CIVE)和多光谱植被指数(GNDVI)的相结合指数具有较好的相关性,其估算模型的R²为0.89,模型验证的RMSE为2.55,nRMSE为6.21%。研究表明,可见光植被指数与多光谱植被指数相结合指数逐步回归和随机森林回归模型估算SPAD值的精度高于仅用可见光植被指数或多光谱植被指数,采用逐步回归的估算模型R²为0.91,模型验证R^2...     

基于无人机多光谱遥感的芳樟矮林SPAD反演

为实现利用多光谱技术开展芳樟叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)监测,及时快速诊断芳樟矮林生长状况,为田间管理决策提供信息支持,以红壤区芳樟矮林为研究对象,利用无人机多光谱遥感影像,提取波段反射率,筛选植被指数,分别以波段反射率和植被指数为模型输入量,采用偏最小二乘回归、支持向量回归、反向传播(Back propagation, BP)神经网络和径向基函数(Radial basis function, RBF)神经网络4种方法构建芳樟矮林SPAD反演模型,并对比不同输入量、不同模型模拟结果的反演精度。研究结果表明：对比两种不同的输入量,在同一模型反演的精度相差不大;其中,基于偏最小二乘回归法,以植被指数为模型自变量估测芳樟矮林SPAD效果略优;基于支持向量回归、BP神经网络和RBF神经网络,以波段反射率为模型自变量估测芳樟矮林SPAD效果略优;对比4种建模方法,不同方法建模预测精度不同,与偏最小二乘回归、支持向量回归和BP神经网络相比,基于RBF神经网络反演芳樟SPAD的精度最高,以波段反射率和植被指数为模型输入量的测试集为例,其决定系数R²分别为0.788、0.751,均...     

马铃薯晚疫病叶片SPAD值的高光谱研究

对晚疫病害胁迫下马铃薯叶片中叶绿素含量(SPAD)及植被指数与高光谱特性进行了关联研究。首先,对接种晚疫病菌的马铃薯叶片进行连续观测7天,获取375~1 018nm波段范围内叶片的高光谱信息和SPAD信息;然后,应用ENVI软件提取高光谱数据中感兴趣区域的平均光谱信息,选择预处理效果最好的方法建立不同的预测模型,包括基于全光谱和连续投影算法(Successive Projection Algorithm,SPA)选择特征波长的偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR)模型与最小二乘支持向量机(Least Squares Support Vector Machines,LS-SVM)模型,以及4种植被指数RENDVI、VOG1、VOG2、VOG3建立的简单经验估测模型。建模结果表示:全光谱的PLSR模型预测效果最好,而基于特征波长的LS-SVM模型和植被指数的二次多项式模型预测效果稍差,但大大简化了模型,为后续开发便携式仪器提供理论依据。研究表明:应用高光谱技术检测遭受晚疫病害的马铃薯叶片的SPAD及植被指数是可行的,为病害胁迫下作物的其他化学指标实时监测提供了新的路径。     

基于无人机多光谱影像的夏玉米SPAD估算模型研究

快速获取作物叶片叶绿素含量对及时诊断作物健康状况、指导田间管理具有重要意义。本研究以关中地区2020年夏玉米为研究对象,获取试验区无人机多光谱影像,提取植被指数,分析所选植被指数与SPAD的相关性,筛选得到模型的输入变量,利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)、随机森林回归(RF)和分层线性模型(HLM)分别构建拔节期、抽雄期、灌浆期以及全生育期的SPAD估算模型,最终选出最优估算模型,以期为快速获取夏玉米SPAD提供参考。研究发现：除NRI之外,NDVI、OSAVI、GNDVI、RVI、MCARI、MSR、CIre与SPAD均显著相关,其中,OSAVI、NDVI与SPAD呈现出较强且稳定的相关性;各个生育期的最优模型均是RF模型,在拔节期、抽雄期、灌浆期和全生育期,验证集R²分别为0.81、0.81、0.73、0.61,RMSE分别为1.24、2.32、3.13、3.20;对于SPAD估算模型,将降雨量、最高气温这两个气象因子与植被指数耦合的HLM模型可以一定程度提升线性模型的估算精度,但其精度低于RF模型。因此,基于无人机多光谱影像的RF模型可以实现夏玉米SPAD的快速准...     

苹果叶片氮素含量快速检测模型

利用UV-2450型光谱分析仪测量苹果叶片光谱反射率,同时在实验室利用凯氏定氮法测量苹果叶片的氮素质量比,建立了适用于便携式检测仪的苹果叶片氮素含量快速检测模型.研究了苹果叶片光谱特性并进行了光谱反射率与氮素的相关性分析,获得了两个氮素敏感波长652 nm和772 nm.同时,利用分段减量精细采样法,构建了350 ～ 730 nm与740～880 nm波段内所有两两波段形成的归一化植被指数NDVI,并获取了与氮素含量相关性最高的波段组合(859 nm,364 nm)来构建苹果树NDVI.最后建立了基于苹果树NDVI、652 nm处反射率以及772 nm处反射率的偏最小二乘回归模型,建模精度达到0.904 8,均方根误差为0.159 7,检验模型精度达到0.917,均方根误差为0.283 3.     

基于Hyperion高光谱影像的冬小麦地上干生物量反演

在黄淮海粮食主产区选择河北省衡水市深州市为试验区,以冬小麦地上干生物量为研究对象,以作物冠层高光谱和EO-1 Hyperion高光谱卫星数据为主要数据源,在分析冠层高光谱构建的窄波段植被指数(N-VIs)与实测冬小麦地上干生物量间相关性基础上,提出了利用拟合精度R2极大值区域重心确定冬小麦干生物量敏感的光谱波段中心的方法,并运用该方法确定了冬小麦生物量敏感波段中心。在此基础上,以敏感波段中心筛选结果为指导,利用窄波段植被指数及相关波段开展Hyperion高光谱卫星遥感区域冬小麦干生物量遥感反演和精度验证。最终,按精度最高原则优选区域冬小麦地上生物量反演结果。其中,研究采用了冬小麦孕穗期Hyperion数据,涉及的植被指数包括窄波段归一化植被指数(N-NDVI)、窄波段差值植被指数(N-DVI)和窄波段比值植被指数(N-RVI)。结果表明,通过与实测冬小麦地上干生物量对比,利用冠层高光谱冬小麦地上干生物量反演敏感波段筛选结果及其相应波段构建的Hyperion窄波段植被指数进行孕穗期作物干生物量估算取得了较好结果,其精度由大到小为:NNDVI、N-RVI、N-DVI。其中,以波段B18(波长528.57 nm)、波段B82(波长962.91 nm)构建的Hyperion N-NDVI估算区域冬小麦地上干生物量精度最高,相对误差(RE)和归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)分别为12.65%和13.78%。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。